We need nuclear power to solve climate change | Joe Lassiter

125,488 views ใƒป 2016-12-19

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: hila scherba ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
00:12
It's easy to forget that last night,
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00:16
one billion people went to sleep without access to electricity.
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืœืœื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ืฉืžืœ.
ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื.
00:20
One billion people.
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00:22
Two and a half billion people did not have access to clean cooking fuels
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ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื“ืœืง ื ืงื™ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ
00:27
or clean heating fuels.
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ืื• ื“ืœืง ื ืงื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื.
00:30
Those are the problems in the developing world.
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ืืœื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—.
00:32
And it's easy for us not to be empathetic
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืœื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืžืคื˜ื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื.
00:35
with those people who seem so distanced from us.
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00:38
But even in our own world, the developed world,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—,
00:41
we see the tension of stagnant economies
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืชืงื•ืขื•ืช
00:45
impacting the lives of people around us.
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ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
00:48
We see it in whole pieces of the economy,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
00:51
where the people involved have lost hope about the future
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
00:55
and despair about the present.
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ื•ืžื™ื•ืืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”.
00:57
We see that in the Brexit vote.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜.
00:59
We see that in the Sanders/Trump campaigns in my own country.
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ืื—ื ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื ื“ืจืก/ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™.
01:03
But even in countries as recently turning the corner
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื”
01:08
towards being in the developed world,
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—,
01:10
in China,
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ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
01:11
we see the difficulty that President Xi has
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™
01:14
as he begins to un-employ so many people in his coal and mining industries
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ืืฆืœื• ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื™ื”
01:20
who see no future for themselves.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื.
01:23
As we as a society figure out how to manage
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ืœ
01:26
the problems of the developed world
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ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—
01:28
and the problems of the developing world,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—,
01:30
we have to look at how we move forward
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื
ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:33
and manage the environmental impact of those decisions.
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01:37
We've been working on this problem for 25 years, since Rio,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• 25 ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืื– ืจื™ื•,
01:40
the Kyoto Protocols.
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ืืžื ืช ืงื™ื•ื˜ื•.
01:43
Our most recent move is the Paris treaty,
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืืžื ืช ืคืจื™ื–,
01:46
and the resulting climate agreements
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ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืฉื•
ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
01:49
that are being ratified by nations around the world.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคื— ืชืงื•ื•ืช
01:52
I think we can be very hopeful
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01:54
that those agreements, which are bottom-up agreements,
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ืฉื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ืฉื”ื ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืžื”ืคืจื˜ ืืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ,
01:57
where nations have said what they think they can do,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืžืจื• ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
02:00
are genuine and forthcoming for the vast majority of the parties.
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ื”ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ื ืจื—ื‘ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื.
02:04
The unfortunate thing
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆืขืจ ื”ื•ื
02:07
is that now, as we look at the independent analyses
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ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืขืฆืžืื™
02:10
of what those climate treaties are liable to yield,
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืช,
ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื‘ืจื•ืจ.
02:15
the magnitude of the problem before us becomes clear.
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02:18
This is the United States Energy Information Agency's assessment
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ื–ื• ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
02:23
of what will happen if the countries implement the climate commitments
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ืœืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื” ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื•ืช
02:28
that they've made in Paris
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื–
02:30
between now and 2040.
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ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 2040.
02:33
It shows basically CO2 emissions around the world
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืจืื” ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
02:37
over the next 30 years.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
02:40
There are three things that you need to look at and appreciate.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš.
ืื—ื“, ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:44
One, CO2 emissions are expected to continue to grow
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02:48
for the next 30 years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
02:51
In order to control climate,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื,
ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™, ืœืจื“ืช ืœืืคืก
02:54
CO2 emissions have to literally go to zero
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02:57
because it's the cumulative emissions that drive heating on the planet.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื• ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:02
This should tell you that we are losing the race to fossil fuels.
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
03:07
The second thing you should notice
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื•
03:09
is that the bulk of the growth comes from the developing countries,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
03:13
from China, from India, from the rest of the world,
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ืžืกื™ืŸ, ืžื”ื•ื“ื•, ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
03:16
which includes South Africa and Indonesia and Brazil,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ,
ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
03:21
as most of these countries move their people
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03:24
into the lower range of lifestyles
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ืœืจืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:27
that we literally take for granted in the developed world.
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ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—.
03:32
The final thing that you should notice
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื•
03:34
is that each year,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
03:37
about 10 gigatons of carbon are getting added to the planet's atmosphere,
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ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ื’'ื™ื’ื” ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:44
and then diffusing into the ocean and into the land.
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ื•ืื– ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ืžื”.
ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœ-550 ื’'ื™ื’ื” ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื.
03:48
That's on top of the 550 gigatons that are in place today.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš 30 ืฉื ื”,
03:54
At the end of 30 years,
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03:55
we will have put 850 gigatons of carbon into the air,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ 850 ื’'ื™ื’ื” ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
ื•ืœื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
04:01
and that probably goes a long way
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04:03
towards locking in a 2-4 degree C increase in global mean surface temperatures,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 2-4 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
04:10
locking in ocean acidification
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04:13
and locking in sea level rise.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืคืœืก ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
04:16
Now, this is a projection made by men
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื• ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
04:20
by the actions of society,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
04:22
and it's ours to change, not to accept.
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ื•ืื•ืชื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ.
04:25
But the magnitude of the problem is something we need to appreciate.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš.
04:30
Different nations make different energy choices.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
ื–ื• ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:33
It's a function of their natural resources.
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04:35
It's a function of their climate.
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ื–ื• ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:37
It's a function of the development path that they've followed as a society.
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ื–ื• ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื” ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”.
04:42
It's a function of where on the surface of the planet they are.
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ื–ื• ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช.
04:46
Are they where it's dark a lot of the time,
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ื”ืื ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ,
04:48
or are they at the mid-latitudes?
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ืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื™ื?
04:50
Many, many, many things go into the choices of countries,
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ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
04:55
and they each make a different choice.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช.
04:58
The overwhelming thing that we need to appreciate
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš
ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืกื™ืŸ ืขืฉืชื”.
05:02
is the choice that China has made.
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05:04
China has made the choice,
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ืกื™ืŸ ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
05:07
and will make the choice, to run on coal.
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ื•ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื—ื.
05:10
The United States has an alternative.
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ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื”.
05:12
It can run on natural gas
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™
05:14
as a result of the inventions of fracking and shale gas,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื— ื”ื™ื“ืจืื•ืœื™ ื•ืคืฆืœื™ ืฉืžืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื–,
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ.
05:18
which we have here.
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05:19
They provide an alternative.
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ื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื”.
05:22
The OECD Europe has a choice.
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ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
05:25
It has renewables that it can afford to deploy in Germany
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืคืจื•ืก ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
05:28
because it's rich enough to afford to do it.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื–ื”.
05:31
The French and the British show interest in nuclear power.
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ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช.
05:37
Eastern Europe, still very heavily committed to natural gas and to coal,
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ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืคื—ื,
05:42
and with natural gas that comes from Russia,
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ื•ืขื ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืจื•ืกื™ื”,
ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืชืกื‘ื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื”.
05:45
with all of its entanglements.
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05:47
China has many fewer choices
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ืœืกื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:50
and a much harder row to hoe.
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05:53
If you look at China, and you ask yourself
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ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืŸ, ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื
05:56
why has coal been important to it,
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ืœืžื” ืคื—ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”,
05:58
you have to remember what China's done.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžื” ืกื™ืŸ ืขืฉืชื”.
06:01
China brought people to power, not power to people.
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ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืฉืžืœ, ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
06:05
It didn't do rural electrification.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื” ืœืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื.
06:08
It urbanized.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืขื™ื•ืจ.
06:09
It urbanized by taking low-cost labor and low-cost energy,
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ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืขื™ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื›ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื•ืœ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื•ืœื”,
06:14
creating export industries
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืžืŸ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช.
06:16
that could fund a tremendous amount of growth.
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06:19
If we look at China's path,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ,
06:21
all of us know that prosperity in China has dramatically increased.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืขืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
06:26
In 1980, 80 percent of China's population
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ื‘-1980, 80 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืกื™ืŸ
06:31
lived below the extreme poverty level,
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ื—ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
06:34
below the level of having $1.90 per person per day.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ืฉืœ 1.90 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืื“ื ืœื™ื•ื.
06:38
By the year 2000, only 20 percent of China's population
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000, ืจืง 20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืกื™ืŸ
ื—ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ --
06:44
lived below the extreme poverty level --
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06:47
a remarkable feat,
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ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
06:49
admittedly, with some costs in civil liberties
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง, ืขื ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜
06:52
that would be tough to accept in the Western world.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
06:56
But the impact of all that wealth
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”
06:59
allowed people to get massively better nutrition.
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ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
07:03
It allowed water pipes to be placed.
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ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื.
07:06
It allowed sewage pipes to be placed,
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ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื‘,
07:08
dramatic decrease in diarrheal diseases,
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ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ,
07:12
at the cost of some outdoor air pollution.
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ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ื‘-1980, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
07:16
But in 1980, and even today,
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07:18
the number one killer in China is indoor air pollution,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™,
07:22
because people do not have access to clean cooking and heating fuels.
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ื›ื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื“ืœืง ื ืงื™ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ื—ื™ืžื•ื.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2040,
07:28
In fact, in 2040,
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07:31
it's still estimated that 200 million people in China
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ-200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
07:36
will not have access to clean cooking fuels.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื“ืœืง ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื ืงื™.
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ.
07:41
They have a remarkable path to follow.
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07:44
India also needs to meet the needs of its own people,
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
07:49
and it's going to do that by burning coal.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืคื—ื.
07:52
When we look at the EIA's projections of coal burning in India,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืคื—ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
07:58
India will supply nearly four times as much of its energy from coal
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืคื—ื ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ืชืกืคืง ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืข
08:03
as it will from renewables.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช.
08:06
It's not because they don't know the alternatives;
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช;
08:09
it's because rich countries can do what they choose,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื•ืช,
ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
08:14
poor countries do what they must.
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08:18
So what can we do to stop coal's emissions in time?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ?
08:22
What can we do that changes this forecast that's in front of us?
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ืžื•ืœื ื•?
08:27
Because it's a forecast that we can change if we have the will to do it.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
08:33
First of all, we have to think about the magnitude of the problem.
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08:36
Between now and 2040,
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ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื“ ืœ-2040,
ื‘ื™ืŸ 800 ืœ-1,600 ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืคื—ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:39
800 to 1,600 new coal plants are going to be built around the world.
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ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ 1 ืœ-3 ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื’"ื™ื’ื” ื•ื•ืื˜ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื—ื ืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:46
This week, between one and three one-gigawatt coal plants
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08:50
are being turned on around the world.
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08:53
That's happening regardless of what we want,
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ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
08:57
because the people that rule their countries,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
09:00
assessing the interests of their citizens,
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ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
09:02
have decided it's in the interest of their citizens to do that.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
09:07
And that's going to happen unless they have a better alternative.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ืื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:11
And every 100 of those plants will use up
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ื•ื›ืœ 100 ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื”
09:15
between one percent and three percent
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09:18
of the Earth's climate budget.
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ืžื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:21
So every day that you go home thinking that you should do something
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
09:24
about global warming,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
09:26
at the end of that week, remember:
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืชื–ื›ืจื•:
09:28
somebody fired up a coal plant that's going to run for 50 years
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืชื—ื ืช ืคื—ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš 50 ืฉื ื”
09:32
and take away your ability to change it.
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ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
09:37
What we've forgotten is something that Vinod Khosla used to talk about,
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ืžื” ืฉืฉื›ื—ื ื• ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื™ื ื•ื“ ืงื•ืกืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•,
09:41
a man of Indian ethnicity but an American venture capitalist.
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ืื“ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื‘ืœ ื™ื–ื ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™.
09:45
And he said, back in the early 2000s,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช,
09:48
that if you needed to get China and India off of fossil fuels,
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ืฉืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ืžื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
09:52
you had to create a technology that passed the "Chindia test,"
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช "ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืกื™ื ื“ื•",
09:56
"Chindia" being the appending of the two words.
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"ืกื™ื ื“ื•" ื›ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื.
09:59
It had to be first of all viable,
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™,
10:02
meaning that technically, they could implement it in their country,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
10:05
and that it would be accepted by the people in the country.
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ื•ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
10:10
Two, it had to be a technology that was scalable,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™, ื–ื• ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื”,
10:16
that it could deliver the same benefits
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืืช ืื•ืชื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
10:19
on the same timetable as fossil fuels,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื;
10:23
so that they can enjoy the kind of life, again, that we take for granted.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•.
10:27
And third, it had to be cost-effective
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืœื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช
10:30
without subsidy or without mandate.
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ืœืœื ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืœื ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช.
10:33
It had to stand on its own two feet;
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™;
ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื–ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื
10:36
it could not be maintained for that many people
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ืื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฆื“ืงื”
10:40
if in fact, those countries had to go begging
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ืื• ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืชื’ื™ื“, "ืื ื™ ืื ืชืง ืงืฉืจ ืžืกื—ืจ ืืชื›ื,"
10:43
or had some foreign country say, "I won't trade with you,"
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10:47
in order to get the technology shift to occur.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืกื™ื ื“ื•,
10:52
If you look at the Chindia test,
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10:53
we simply have not come up with alternatives that meet that test.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
10:58
That's what the EIA forecast tells us.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื•.
11:02
China's building 800 gigawatts of coal,
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืœ 800 ื’'ื™ื’ื” ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื,
11:06
400 gigawatts of hydro,
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400 ื’'ื™ื’ื” ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื•,
11:09
about 200 gigawatts of nuclear,
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ื‘ืขืจืš 200 ื’'ื™ื’ื” ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
11:12
and on an energy-equivalent basis, adjusting for intermittency,
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ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™, ืžื•ืชืื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ,
11:16
about 100 gigawatts of renewables.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ื’'ื™ื’ื” ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช.
11:19
800 gigawatts of coal.
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800 ื’'ื™ื’ื” ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื.
11:21
They're doing that, knowing the costs better than any other country,
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช,
11:25
knowing the need better than any other country.
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช.
11:28
But that's what they're aiming for in 2040
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื–ื” ื”ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœ-2040
ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:31
unless we give them a better choice.
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11:34
To give them a better choice,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืกื™ื ื“ื•.
11:35
it's going to have to meet the Chindia test.
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11:38
If you look at all the alternatives that are out there,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—,
11:40
there are really two that come near to meeting it.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
11:43
First is this area of new nuclear that I'll talk about in just a second.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข.
ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ
11:48
It's a new generation of nuclear plants that are on the drawing boards
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11:51
around the world,
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
11:52
and the people who are developing these say
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื -
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืขื“ 2025
11:55
we can get them in position to demo by 2025
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11:59
and to scale by 2030, if you will just let us.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื“ 2030, ืื ืจืง ืชืชื ื• ืœื ื•.
12:03
The second alternative that could be there in time
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ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
12:06
is utility-scale solar backed up with natural gas,
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ื”ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
12:10
which we can use today,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
12:12
versus the batteries which are still under development.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
12:16
So what's holding new nuclear back?
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ืื– ืžื” ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”?
12:19
Outdated regulations and yesterday's mindsets.
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ืชืงื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžื ืŸ.
12:23
We have not used our latest scientific thinking on radiological health
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
12:28
to think how we communicate with the public
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
12:30
and govern the testing of new nuclear reactors.
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ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
12:33
We have new scientific knowledge that we need to use
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื“ืข ืžื“ืขื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•
12:37
in order to improve the way we regulate nuclear industry.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช.
12:42
The second thing is we've got a mindset
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืคื™ืกื”
12:45
that it takes 25 years and 2 to 5 billion dollars
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— 25 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ 2-5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช.
12:48
to develop a nuclear power plant.
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12:49
That comes from the historical, military mindset
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช
12:54
of the places nuclear power came from.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื.
12:57
These new nuclear ventures are saying
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ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื
12:59
that they can deliver power for 5 cents a kilowatt hour;
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘-5 ืกื ื˜ ืœืงื•ื˜"ืฉ;
13:03
they can deliver it for 100 gigawatts a year;
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื–ื” ืœ-100 ื’'ื™ื’ื” ื•ื•ืื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื”;
13:06
they can demo it by 2025;
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขื“ 2025;
ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื“ 2030,
13:09
and they can deliver it in scale by 2030,
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13:12
if only we give them a chance.
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ืื ืจืง ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
ื›ืจื’ืข, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื ืก.
13:16
Right now, we're basically waiting for a miracle.
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13:19
What we need is a choice.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
13:21
If they can't make it safe, if they can't make it cheap,
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื–ื•ืœ,
13:24
it should not be deployed.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืคืง.
13:26
But what I want you to do is not carry an idea forward,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืชืงื“ืžื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
13:30
but write your leaders,
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ืืœื ืชื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
13:32
write the head of the NGOs you support,
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ืชื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืฉืืชื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื,
13:34
and tell them to give you the choice,
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ื•ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืžื”ื ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
13:38
not the past.
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ืœื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
13:39
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
13:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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