What Saturn's most mysterious moon could teach us about the origins of life | Elizabeth Turtle

77,980 views ใƒป 2020-09-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva Livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Matan Ventura
00:15
Picture a world with a variety of landforms.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื˜ื—.
00:18
It has a dense atmosphere
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื“ื—ื•ืกื”
00:19
within which winds sweep across its surface
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืคื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื•
00:21
and rain falls.
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ื•ื’ืฉื ื™ื•ืจื“.
00:23
It has mountains and plains,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื,
00:24
rivers, lakes and seas,
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ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืื’ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืžื™ื,
00:26
sand dunes and some impact craters.
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื›ืชืฉื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื”.
00:30
Sounds like Earth, right?
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ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:32
This is Titan.
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ื–ื”ื• ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
00:33
In August 1981,
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ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1981,
00:35
Voyager 2 captured this image of Saturn's largest moon.
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ื•ื•ื™ืื’'ืจ 2 ืฆื™ืœืžื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
00:39
The Voyager missions have traveled farther than ever before,
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืื’'ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื™ ืคืขื,
00:42
making the solar system and beyond
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”
00:44
part of our geography.
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ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:46
But this image, this hazy moon
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ ื”ื–ื”
00:49
was a stark reminder of just how much mystery remained.
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชืจื”.
00:53
We learned an exponential amount as the Voyagers flew by it,
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื™ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืื’'ืจ,
00:58
and yet we had no idea what lay beneath this atmospheric blanket.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:03
Was there an icy surface with landforms like those of the other moons
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืžืฉื˜ื— ืงืจื— ืขื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
01:07
that had been observed at Saturn and Jupiter?
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ืฉื ืฆืคื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื˜ืจ?
01:09
Or perhaps simply a vast global ocean of liquid methane?
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืชืืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™?
01:14
Shrouded by the obscuring haze,
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ืืคื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ื‘ืš ื”ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ,
01:17
Titan's surface was a huge, outstanding mystery
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ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื• ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ
01:19
that Cassini-Huygens, an orbiter lander pair launched in 1997,
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ืฉืงืืกื™ื ื™-ื”ื•ื™ื’ื ืก, ื–ื•ื’ ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงื• ื‘ 1997,
01:24
was designed to solve.
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ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ.
01:26
After arrival in 2004,
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ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004,
01:29
the early images Cassini sent back of Titan's surface
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืฉืงืืกื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื—ื”
01:32
only heightened the allure.
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ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืฆืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™.
01:34
It took months for us to understand what we were seeing on the surface,
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ืœืงื— ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
01:39
to determine, for example,
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืข, ืœืžืฉืœ,
01:40
that the dark stripes,
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ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื ื”ื›ื”ื™ื,
01:42
which were initially so unrecognizable that we referred to them as cat scratches,
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ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืืœ ืฉืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื,
01:47
were actually dunes made of organic sand.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™.
01:51
Over the course of the 13 years Cassini spent studying Saturn
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 13 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืงืืกื™ื ื™ ื—ืงืจื” ืืช ืฉื‘ืชืื™,
01:54
and its rings and moons,
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ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
01:56
we had the privilege
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช
01:57
of going from knowing almost nothing about the surface of Titan
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ
02:01
to understanding its geology,
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ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
02:03
the role the atmosphere plays in shaping its surface,
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื•,
02:06
and even hints of what lies deep beneath that surface.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขืžื•ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืืœื”.
02:10
Indeed, Titan is one of several ocean worlds,
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ืื›ืŸ, ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืžื” ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:14
moons in the cold outer solar system
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ืžื™ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื”
02:16
beyond the orbits of Mars and the asteroid belt
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืžืื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื
02:19
with immense liquid water oceans beneath their surfaces.
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ืขื ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื”ื.
02:24
Titan's interior ocean may have more than 10 times as much liquid water
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ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ 10 ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื
02:28
as all of the Earth's rivers, lakes, seas and oceans combined.
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ืžืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืื’ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:32
And at Titan, there are also exotic lakes and seas
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืื’ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื
02:36
of liquid methane and ethane on the surface.
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ืฉืœ ืžืชืืŸ ื•ืืชืืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
02:39
Ocean worlds are some of the most fascinating places
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ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:42
in the solar system,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
02:44
and we have only just begun to explore them.
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ื•ืจืง ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.
02:48
This is Dragonfly.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจื’ื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ (ืฉืคื™ืจื™ืช).
02:51
At the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory,
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก,
02:53
we're building this mission for NASA's new Frontiers program.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื" ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื.
02:57
Scheduled to launch in 2026 and reach Titan in 2034,
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ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืœื”ืฉืงื” ื‘ 2026, ื•ืœื”ื’ืขื” ืœื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื‘ 2034,
03:02
Dragonfly is a rotorcraft lander,
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ื“ืจื’ื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืชืช ืจื•ื˜ื•ืจืงืจืืคื˜,
03:04
similar in size to the Mars rovers or about the size of a small car.
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ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืœื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ื™ื ืื• ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš.
03:09
Titan's dense atmosphere, combined with its low gravity,
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ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื”ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœื•,
03:12
make it a great place to fly,
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ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ืก ืืœื™ื•,
03:14
and that's exactly what Dragonfly is designed to do.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื’ื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
03:18
Technically an octocopter,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ื›ืื•ืงื˜ื•ืงื•ืคื˜ืจ,
03:20
Dragonfly is a mobile laboratory that can fly from place to place
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ื“ืจื’ื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื˜ื•ืก ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื
03:24
taking all of its scientific instruments with it.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
03:27
Dragonfly will investigate Titan in a truly unique way,
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ื“ืจื’ื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ ืชื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืžืฉ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช,
03:31
studying details of its weather and geology,
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ืชื•ืš ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื•,
03:34
and even picking up samples from the surface
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืืกื•ืฃ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื•
03:36
to learn what they're made of.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื.
03:38
All told, Dragonfly will spend about three years exploring Titan,
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื“ืจื’ื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ ืชื‘ืœื” ื› 3 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
03:42
measuring its detailed chemistry,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืฉืœื•,
03:45
observing the atmosphere and how it interacts with the surface,
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ื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
03:48
and even listening for earthquakes,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ืื–ื ื” ืœืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื”,
03:50
or technically titanquakes, in Titan's crust.
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ืื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช-ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื‘ืงืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
03:54
The Dragonfly team,
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ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ื•ื ืคืœื™ื™,
03:56
hundreds of people across North America and around the world,
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ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
03:59
is hard at work on the design for this mission,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช,
04:02
developing the rotorcraft, its autonomous navigation system
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ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื˜ื•ืจืงืจืืคื˜, ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”
04:05
and its instrumentation,
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœื”,
04:07
all of which will need to work together to make science measurements
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช
04:10
on the surface of Titan.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
04:12
Dragonfly is the next step in our exploration
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ื“ืจื’ื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
04:15
of this fascinating natural laboratory.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžืจืชืงืช ื–ื•.
04:18
In flying by, Voyager hinted at the possibilities.
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืกืช ื•ื•ื™ืื’'ืจ, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืจืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:21
In orbiting Saturn for over a decade
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ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืฉื•ืจ
04:24
and descending through Titan's atmosphere,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ,
04:26
Cassini and Huygens pulled Titan's veil back a bit further.
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ืงืืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื˜ื” ืžืขืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
04:31
Dragonfly will live in the Titan environment,
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ื“ืจื’ื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ ืชืชืžืงื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ,
04:35
where, so far, our only close-up view
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขื“ ื›ื”, ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืชืงืจื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
04:38
is this image the Huygens probe took in January 2005.
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ื”ื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืฆื™ืœืžื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2005.
ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื
04:43
In many ways, Titan is the closest known analogue we have to the early Earth,
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04:47
the Earth before life developed here.
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ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื›ืืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:50
From Cassini-Huygens' measurements,
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ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืืกื™ื ื™-ื”ื•ื™ื’ื ืก,
04:52
we know that the ingredients for life,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:54
at least life as we know it,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื,
04:55
have existed on Titan,
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ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ,
04:57
and Dragonfly will be fully immersed within this alien environment,
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ื•ื“ืจื’ื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉืงื•ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื–ืจื” ื–ื•.
05:02
looking for compounds similar to those
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ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืืœื•
05:05
that might have supported the development of life here on Earth
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
05:08
and teaching us about the habitability of other worlds.
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ื•ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืื™ื›ืœื•ืก ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:13
Habitability is a fascinating concept.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืื™ื›ืœื•ืก ืจืื•ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืจืชืง.
05:16
What's necessary to make an environment suitable to host life,
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ืžื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืชืชืื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
05:21
whether life as we know it here on Earth,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
05:23
or perhaps exotic life that has developed under very different conditions?
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“?
05:28
The possibility of life elsewhere
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
05:30
has inspired human imagination and exploration throughout history.
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ืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื
05:35
On a grand scale,
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
05:36
it's why the ocean worlds in the outer solar system
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
05:39
have become such important targets for study.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ.
05:42
It's the "what if" that drives human exploration.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” "ืžื” ืื™ืœื•" ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ื—ืงืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™
05:47
We don't know how chemistry took the step to biology here on Earth,
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขื“ ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
05:52
but similar chemical processes may have happened on Titan,
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ืืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืงืจื• ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ,
05:56
where organic molecules have had the opportunity
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
05:58
to mix with liquid water at the surface.
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ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ืขื ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
06:01
Has organic synthesis progressed under these conditions?
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ื”ืื ืกื™ื ืชื–ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื”?
06:05
And if so, how far?
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ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ืขื“ ืœืืŸ?
06:07
We don't know ... yet.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ... ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
06:10
What we will learn from Dragonfly, this fundamentally human endeavor,
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ืžื” ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ื“ืจื’ื•ื ืคืœื™ื™, ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•,
06:15
is tantalizing.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืชื”.
06:17
It's a search for building blocks, foundations, chemical steps
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื
06:21
like those that ultimately led to life on Earth.
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:24
We're not sure exactly what we will find when we get to Titan,
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื ื’ืœื” ื›ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ,
06:28
but that's exactly why we're going.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืคื ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื.
06:31
In 1994, Carl Sagan wrote,
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ื‘ 1994 ืงืืจืœ ืกื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื›ืชื‘:
06:34
"On Titan, the molecules that have been raining down
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"ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ื›ื’ืฉื
06:37
like manna from heaven for the last four billion years
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืจื“ ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
06:40
might still be there,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
06:42
largely unaltered, deep-frozen, awaiting the chemists from Earth."
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื• ืžืื•ื“, ืงืคื•ืื•ืช ืขืžื•ืง, ื•ืžืฆืคื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ."
06:47
We are those chemists.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื ื ื• ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืืœื”.
06:50
Dragonfly is a search for greater understanding,
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ื“ืจื’ื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื“ืข,
06:53
not just of Titan and the mysteries of our solar system,
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ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื•ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
06:56
but of our own origins.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืื ื• ืื ื•.
06:59
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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