You smell with your body, not just your nose | Jennifer Pluznick

140,437 views ใƒป 2017-08-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Alon Alboher ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Here's a question for you:
0
12500
1360
ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื
00:15
how many different scents do you think you can smell,
1
15260
3136
ื›ืžื” ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื—,
00:18
and maybe even identify with accuracy?
2
18420
2920
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช?
00:22
100?
3
22620
1200
100?
00:24
300?
4
24660
1200
300?
00:26
1,000?
5
26900
1200
1,000?
00:30
One study estimates that humans can detect up to one trillion different odors.
6
30100
5976
ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืขืจื™ืš ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ื›ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
00:36
A trillion.
7
36100
1616
ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
00:37
It's hard to imagine,
8
37740
1816
ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”,
00:39
but your nose has the molecular machinery to make it happen.
9
39580
3880
ืื‘ืœ ืœืืฃ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
00:44
Olfactory receptors --
10
44780
1776
ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— --
00:46
tiny scent detectors --
11
46580
1936
ื’ืœืื™ ื ื™ื—ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื --
00:48
are packed into your nose,
12
48540
1936
ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:50
each one patiently waiting to be activated by the odor,
13
50500
3416
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขืœืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ื—,
00:53
or ligand,
14
53940
1296
ืื• ืœื™ื’ื ื“,
00:55
that it's been assigned to detect.
15
55260
1840
ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื’ืœื•ืชื•.
00:58
It turns out we humans, like all vertebrates,
16
58340
3096
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช,
01:01
have lots of olfactory receptors.
17
61460
2600
ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื—.
01:04
In fact, more of our DNA is devoted to genes for different olfactory receptors
18
64620
6736
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ื“ื™.ืืŸ.ืื™ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ
ืœื’ื ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื—
01:11
than for any other type of protein.
19
71380
2320
ืžืืœื• ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
01:15
Why is that?
20
75060
1279
ืœืžื” ื–ื”?
01:17
Could olfactory receptors be doing something else
21
77460
3296
ื”ืื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
01:20
in addition to allowing us to smell?
22
80780
2200
ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื™ื—?
01:25
In 1991, Linda Buck and Richard Axel uncovered the molecular identity
23
85660
5056
ื‘1991, ืœื™ื ื“ื” ื‘ืง ื•ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืืงืกืœ
ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— --
01:30
of olfactory receptors --
24
90740
1496
01:32
work which ultimately led to a Nobel Prize.
25
92260
3160
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ.
01:36
At the time,
26
96380
1216
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช,
01:37
we all assumed that these receptors were only found in the nose.
27
97620
3800
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื ื—ื ื• ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืืฃ.
01:42
However, about a year or so later,
28
102300
2216
ืืš ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
01:44
a report emerged of an olfactory receptor expressed in a tissue
29
104540
4496
ืฆืฆื” ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืœืคื™ื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช
01:49
other than the nose.
30
109060
2096
ืžืœื‘ื“ ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืฃ.
01:51
And then another such report emerged,
31
111180
2656
ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆื•ืฅ,
01:53
and another.
32
113860
1200
ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช.
01:55
We now know that these receptors are found all over the body,
33
115700
4056
ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:59
including in some pretty unexpected places --
34
119780
3360
ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื --
02:03
in muscle,
35
123740
1616
ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
02:05
in kidneys,
36
125380
1576
ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
02:06
lungs
37
126980
1536
ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
02:08
and blood vessels.
38
128540
1776
ื•ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื.
02:10
But what are they doing there?
39
130340
3160
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื?
02:15
Well, we know that olfactory receptors act as sensitive chemical sensors
40
135580
4695
ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืฃ --
02:20
in the nose --
41
140299
1217
02:21
that's how they mediate our sense of smell.
42
141540
2040
ื›ื›ื” ื”ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื—.
02:24
It turns out they also act as sensitive chemical sensors
43
144300
4176
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
02:28
in many other parts of the body.
44
148500
1680
ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:31
Now, I'm not saying that your liver can detect the aroma of your morning coffee
45
151100
4896
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ
02:36
as you walk into the kitchen.
46
156020
1381
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—.
02:38
Rather, after you drink your morning coffee,
47
158300
3136
ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื•, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชืฉืชื• ืืช ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
02:41
your liver might use an olfactory receptor
48
161460
2976
ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื—
02:44
to chemically detect the change in concentration
49
164460
3176
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–
02:47
of a chemical floating through your bloodstream.
50
167660
2239
ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื.
02:50
Many cell types and tissues in the body use chemical sensors,
51
170820
3496
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืชืื™ื ื•ืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื
02:54
or chemosensors,
52
174340
1496
(ื›ื™ืžื•ืกื ืกื•ืจื™ื),
02:55
to keep track of the concentration of hormones, metabolites
53
175860
3976
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ื˜ืจ ืื—ืจ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื, ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื
02:59
and other molecules,
54
179860
1456
ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:01
and some of these chemosensors are olfactory receptors.
55
181340
4800
ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ื™ืžื•ืกื ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื—.
03:07
If you are a pancreas or a kidney
56
187140
1856
ืื ืืชื” ืœื‘ืœื‘ ืื• ื›ืœื™ื™ื”
03:09
and you need a specialized chemical sensor
57
189020
2816
ื•ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:11
that will allow you to keep track of a specific molecule,
58
191860
3576
ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช,
03:15
why reinvent the wheel?
59
195460
1600
ืœืžื” ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ?
03:19
One of the first examples
60
199460
1736
ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
03:21
of an olfactory receptor found outside the nose
61
201220
2936
ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืฃ
03:24
showed that human sperm express an olfactory receptor,
62
204180
4280
ื”ืจืืชื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ื‘ื–ืจืข ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
03:29
and that sperm with this receptor will seek out the chemical
63
209220
4296
ื•ื–ืจืข ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื™ื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ
03:33
that the receptor responds to --
64
213540
1936
ืฉื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืืœื™ื• --
03:35
the receptor's ligand.
65
215500
1656
ื”ืœื™ื’ื ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ.
03:37
That is, the sperm will swim toward the ligand.
66
217180
4400
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื–ืจืข ื™ืฉื—ื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœื™ื’ื ื“.
03:42
This has intriguing implications.
67
222060
2480
ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืกืงืจื ื•ืช.
03:45
Are sperm aided in finding the egg
68
225260
3016
ื”ืื ื”ื–ืจืข ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช
03:48
by sniffing out the area with the highest ligand concentration?
69
228300
3640
"ื”ืจื—ื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืขื ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืœื™ื’ื ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
03:53
I like this example because it clearly demonstrates
70
233420
3336
ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
03:56
that an olfactory receptor's primary job is to be a chemical sensor,
71
236780
5296
ืฉื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื,
04:02
but depending on the context,
72
242100
2896
ืืš ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืงืฉืจ,
04:05
it can influence how you perceive a smell,
73
245020
3696
ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืจื™ื—,
04:08
or in which direction sperm will swim,
74
248740
3600
ืื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื—ื” ื”ื–ืจืข,
04:13
and as it turns out,
75
253420
1296
ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ,
04:14
a huge variety of other processes.
76
254740
2320
ืฉืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
04:17
Olfactory receptors have been implicated in muscle cell migration,
77
257740
5016
ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ,
04:22
in helping the lung to sense and respond to inhaled chemicals,
78
262780
4016
ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื ืงืœื˜ื• ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื”,
04:26
and in wound healing.
79
266820
1560
ื•ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืคืฆืขื™ื.
04:29
Similarly, taste receptors once thought to be found only in the tongue,
80
269260
4576
ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
04:33
are now known to be expressed in cells and tissues throughout the body.
81
273860
4000
ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืชื ื‘ืชืื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:38
Even more surprisingly,
82
278980
2176
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืชื™ืข,
04:41
a recent study found
83
281180
1496
ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืฆื
04:42
that the light receptors in our eyes also play a role in our blood vessels.
84
282700
5560
ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:50
In my lab,
85
290620
1256
ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™,
04:51
we work on trying to understand the roles of olfactory receptors and taste receptors
86
291900
5456
ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ื•ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ืขื
04:57
in the context of the kidney.
87
297380
2280
ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
05:00
The kidney is a central control center for homeostasis.
88
300900
3776
ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื”ื•ืžืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก.
05:04
And to us,
89
304700
1216
ื•ืœื“ืขืชื ื•,
05:05
it makes sense that a homeostatic control center would be a logical place
90
305940
3776
ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื”ื•ืžืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช
05:09
to employ chemical sensors.
91
309740
2040
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
05:13
We've identified a number of different olfactory and taste receptors
92
313340
3656
ื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืจื™ื— ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
05:17
in the kidney,
93
317020
1336
05:18
one of which, olfactory receptor 78,
94
318380
3576
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉ ืจื™ื— ืžืกืคืจ 78,
05:21
is known to be expressed in cells and tissues
95
321980
3376
ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืื™ื ื•ืจืงืžื•ืช
05:25
that are important in the regulation of blood pressure.
96
325380
3000
ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื.
05:30
When this receptor is deleted in mice,
97
330100
3256
ื›ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืžื—ืง ืžืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื,
05:33
their blood pressure is low.
98
333380
2080
ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ืžื•ืš.
05:37
Surprisingly, this receptor was found to respond
99
337260
3456
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”, ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื›ืžื’ื™ื‘
05:40
to chemicals called short-chain fatty acids
100
340740
3216
ืœื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช
05:43
that are produced by the bacteria that reside in your gut --
101
343980
3816
ืฉืžื•ืคืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืขื™ --
05:47
your gut microbiota.
102
347820
1520
ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™.
05:50
After being produced by your gut microbiota,
103
350660
2696
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคืงืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™,
05:53
these chemicals are absorbed into your bloodstream
104
353380
2816
ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืืœื• ื ืกืคื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื
05:56
where they can then interact with receptors
105
356220
2096
ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื
05:58
like olfactory receptor 78,
106
358340
3016
ื›ืžื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื— 78,
06:01
meaning that the changes in metabolism of your gut microbiota
107
361380
4856
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืขื™
06:06
may influence your blood pressure.
108
366260
2560
ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื.
06:11
Although we've identified a number of different olfactory and taste receptors
109
371660
4296
ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืจื™ื— ืฉื•ื ื™ื
06:15
in the kidney,
110
375980
1256
ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
06:17
we've only just begun to tease out their different functions
111
377260
3136
ืจืง ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
06:20
and to figure out which chemicals each of them responds to.
112
380420
3440
ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
06:25
Similar investigations lie ahead for many other organs and tissues --
113
385060
3936
ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื --
06:29
only a small minority of receptors has been studied to date.
114
389020
3760
ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื ื—ืงืจ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
06:35
This is exciting stuff.
115
395060
1920
ื–ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืจื’ืฉ.
06:37
It's revolutionizing our understanding of the scope of influence
116
397900
3536
ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ืงืฉืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”
06:41
for one of the five senses.
117
401460
1920
ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื.
06:44
And it has the potential to change our understanding
118
404420
2656
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•
06:47
of some aspects of human physiology.
119
407100
2640
ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
06:51
It's still early,
120
411380
1216
ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื,
06:52
but I think we've picked up on the scent of something we're following.
121
412620
4256
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•
06:56
(Laughter)
122
416900
1016
[ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง]
06:57
Thank you.
123
417940
1216
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
06:59
(Applause)
124
419180
4440
[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7