A brief tour of the last 4 billion years (dinosaurs not included) | Lauren Sallan

127,192 views ใƒป 2020-03-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Tal Hemu ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:13
Paleontology,
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ืคืœืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
00:14
a science geared towards small children,
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ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
00:17
focused on digging up dinosaurs
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ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
00:20
while sporting a "Jurassic Park" costume.
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ื‘ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช "ืคืืจืง ื”ื™ื•ืจื”".
00:23
Skulls are popped out of the ground
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ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื•ืคืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ืžื”
00:25
and put on display for public gawking.
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ื•ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชื•ืžื.
00:28
The relevance of this, beyond clickbait, coloring books and monster movies
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ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืœื™ืงื‘ื™ื™ื˜, ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื•ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช
00:32
is unknown.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข.
00:34
No ...
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ืœื...
00:36
Wait.
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ืจื’ืข.
00:38
That's not paleontology at all.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืคืœืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
00:41
Paleontology is nothing less than the study of past life.
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ืคืœืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
00:45
All past life.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
00:47
From ancestors to alien forms.
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ืžืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื•ืช.
00:50
It involves fundamental questions like "Who are we?"
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•?"
00:54
And "How did we get here?" --
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ื•-"ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื›ืืŸ?"
00:56
using the broadest possible definition of "we":
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื ื—ื ื•":
00:59
life itself.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
01:01
Dinosaurs, a category of birds,
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ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื, ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
01:04
are just a small percentage of that.
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ื”ื ืจืง ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื–ื”.
01:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:08
Yet they get the most media attention.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:11
[The incredible diversity of ancient life, Dinosaurs, Paleontology]
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[ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื, ืคืœืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”]
01:14
It's a very accurate meme; I didn't even make this one.
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ื–ื” ืžึดื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืžืื•ื“. ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื›ื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•.
01:17
This is just the truth.
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ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืืžืช.
01:18
Anyway, most of us paleontologists consider dinosaurs to be a gateway drug.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืคืœืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืœ"ืกื ืžืขื‘ืจ".
01:24
There is so much cooler stuff in the fossil record,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
01:27
and we know so much about it.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”.
01:30
Let's go on a brief, dinosaur-free tour
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฆื ืืœ ืกื™ื•ืจ ื ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
01:33
of the last four billion years.
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ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:36
First up, genetic material.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
01:38
Viruses, basically, started producing proteins
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
01:41
and wrecking their environment.
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ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:44
The Earth was infected with life.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:47
Some of these new bacteria learned how to eat sunshine,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœืžื“ื• ืื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืงืจื ื™-ืฉืžืฉ,
01:51
producing oxygen,
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ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
01:53
pulling in carbon from the air
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ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
01:55
and destroying the iron food of other microbes
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ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
01:59
by turning it into rust.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืœื•ื“ื”.
02:00
This went on for billions of years.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:03
Some bacteria consumed other bacteria,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื›ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:06
gaining their power to turn oxygen into energy,
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ืœืงื—ื• ืžื”ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
02:10
becoming the precursors of animals and plants.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
02:13
But as a result, there were climate shocks,
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ืืš ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื™ื• ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
02:16
from hot to cold and back again,
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ืžื—ื•ื ืœืงื•ืจ ื•ื—ื–ืจื”,
02:19
which ended up turning the Earth into a snowball covered with glaciers.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื’ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื.
02:23
The technical term for this time period is "Snowball Earth."
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ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื "ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื’".
02:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:30
Seven hundred, eight hundred million years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ 700-800 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
02:32
Anyway, microbes banded together,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืชืื’ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“
02:35
creating multicellular life.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘-ืชืื™ื™ื.
02:37
Six hundred million years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 600 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
02:39
geometric colonies appeared, sucking microbes from the water.
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ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื.
02:43
These were soon replaced by the ancestors of modern animals.
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ืืœื• ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช.
02:48
The Cambrian explosion.
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ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ืงืžื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™.
02:50
Lobster relatives ate other animals,
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ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืœื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ ืื›ืœื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:53
capturing them using their grasping arms.
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ืื•ืชื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:56
Armored wriggling clam worms crawled across the seafloor and into it,
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ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืฆื“ืคื” ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืคืชืœื•ืช ื–ื—ืœื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื”,
03:01
creating new ecosystems.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
03:04
Our tadpole-like ancestors flitted along ancient coastlines,
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ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™-ื”ืจืืฉืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื•ื™ ื—ื•ืฃ ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื
03:08
while their eel-like relatives with gnashing throat teeth
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืฆืœื•ืคื— ืขื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™-ื’ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจืงื•ืช
03:12
swam above the ice-cream cone corals of the first reefs,
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ืฉื—ื• ืžืขืœ ืœืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื’ื‘ื™ืขื™ ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
03:16
dodging school-bus-sized krakens
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื—ืžืงื•ืช ืžืงืจืืงื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก
03:18
and hungry sea scorpions.
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ื•ืขืงืจื‘ื™ ื™ื ืจืขื‘ื™ื.
03:21
Plant fungus came onto land.
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ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื‘ืฉื”.
03:23
But then the glaciers returned, killing pretty much everything.
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ืื•ืœื ืื– ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืœ.
03:27
But mass extinctions open opportunities.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:30
Jawless fishes invaded the ocean,
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ื“ื’ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™-ืœืกืช ืคืœืฉื• ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
03:32
sporting points, prongs, and finally, fins.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื.
03:36
Spiders, scorpions, snails and worms came onto land.
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ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื, ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื“ืžื”.
03:41
Somewhere around China, a fish developed jaws,
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ืื™ืคืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืกื™ืŸ, ื“ื’ ืคื™ืชื— ืœืกืชื•ืช,
03:45
and its descendants drove jawless fishes,
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ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื• ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™-ืœืกืช,
03:47
sea scorpions and branching plankton
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ืขืงืจื‘ื™ ื™ื ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืกืชืขืฃ.
03:49
to extinction.
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03:51
Some of these fishes,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
03:52
which had arm bones in their fins,
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ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืข ื‘ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
03:54
sprouted fingers,
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ื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช,
03:56
seven or eight per flipper.
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ืฉื‘ืข ืื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื ืคื™ืจ.
03:59
On land, plants became trees,
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ื‘ืื“ืžื”, ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืขืฆื™ื,
04:01
growing massive
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ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื
04:02
or spreading their spores only once before dying.
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ืื• ืฉื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื ึถื‘ึถื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืชื•.
04:06
But then the glaciers came back again,
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ืืš ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘,
04:08
and it was mass extinction number two.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
04:11
It was the age of weird fishes and plated sea lilies.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืฆืœื•ืช ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืคื•ืช.
04:15
Sharks with wings.
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืขื ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื.
04:16
Sharks with buzz saw jaws.
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืขื ืœืกืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืกื•ืจ ืขื’ื•ืœ.
04:18
Sharks with fins covered in tiny teeth.
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืขื ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
04:21
Sharks with crushing tooth plates.
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืจืกืงื•ืช.
04:23
Bony fishes that looked like modern angelfish and eels
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ื“ื’ื™ ื’ึถึผืจึถื ืฉื ืจืื• ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ื™ ืžืœืืš ื•ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื
04:26
for the first time.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
04:28
Wetlands developed,
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืช,
04:30
sporting ten-foot-long millipedes and giant dragon flies.
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ืขื ืžืจื‘ื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืขืฉืจื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช.
04:33
These spread across the supercontinent of Pangaea and died,
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ื”ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉืช-ื”ืขืœ ืคื ื’ื™ืื” ื•ืžืชื•,
04:37
creating coal,
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืคื—ื,
04:39
leading to a 100-million-year Ice Age.
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ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ืงืจื— ืฉืœ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
04:42
Finally, vertebrates made it onto land on a permanent basis,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ืข,
04:47
leading to alligator-like amphibians
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืชื ื™ืŸ
04:49
and saber-toothed protomammals.
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ื•ืงื“ื-ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ื ื™-ื—ืจื‘.
04:52
But then, volcanoes erupted all over Siberia,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ,
04:56
everything almost died
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืช,
04:57
and it was mass extinction number three.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ 3.
04:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:01
The day life nearly died.
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ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืชื•.
05:03
A single, lonely tusked mammal survived and thrived,
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ื™ื•ื ืง ื‘ืขืœ ืงืจื ื™ื™ื, ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ืฉืจื“ ื•ืฉื’ืฉื’,
05:08
but it was soon replaced by galloping crocodiles.
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ืืš ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืงืจื•ืงื•ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ืขื˜ื™ื.
05:11
In the ocean, marine reptiles,
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ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
05:14
giant rafts made of the living relatives of sea urchins
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ืจืคืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ืคื•ื“ ื”ื™ื
05:18
and armored squids, ammonoids, of every kind and form.
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ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืึทืžึผื•ึนื ึดื™ื˜ึดื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื•ืฆื•ืจื”.
05:24
But then, Pangaea started to split apart,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืคื ื’ื™ืื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืฆืœ,
05:26
forming a sea of lava
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœึธื‘ึธื”
05:28
that would one day become the Atlantic Ocean,
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ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™,
05:31
spewing toxic gas into the atmosphere
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ืฉืคื™ื–ืจ ื’ื– ืจืขื™ืœ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”
05:33
and mass extinction number four.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ 4.
05:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:37
Yeah, there's actually a lot more than these five,
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ืืžืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืืœื•,
05:39
these are the big ones.
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ืืœื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
05:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:44
So, finally, there were whale-sized fishes,
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ืื–, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื• ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ,
05:48
and modern fishes mobbed corals,
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ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉื“ื“ื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
05:50
made gigantic by using their captured algae to eat sunshine.
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ื•ื ืขืฉื• ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื“ื• ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืงืจื ื™-ืฉืžืฉ.
05:56
Crabs, stingrays and other fishes with crushing teeth appeared,
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ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื, ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืจืกืงื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื•,
06:00
smashing shells
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ื ื™ืคืฆื• ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช,
06:01
and leading to an arms race between predators and prey.
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ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืœื˜ืจืฃ.
06:05
There was an explosion of marine biodiversity.
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ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื™ืžื™.
06:09
Mammals climbed trees, flew
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืกื• ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื, ืขืคื•,
06:11
and did a lot of other things that are seemingly sort of modern.
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ื•ืขืฉื• ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื”.
06:16
They were feeding on the first flowers pollinated by the first bees.
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ื”ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื• ืžื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืื‘ื™ืงื• ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
06:20
There were ecological revolutions on land and at sea,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ื
06:24
leading to the modern world.
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
06:26
Except that an asteroid hit Mexico,
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ืืœื ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื•,
06:29
and then that triggered volcanoes on the other side of the world in India,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชื ื™ืข ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
06:33
and everything almost died again.
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืช.
06:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:37
But -- there's always a but, because we're still here --
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ืื‘ืœ -- ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืื‘ืœ, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ --
06:42
mammals arose from the ashes,
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืงืžื• ืžื”ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช,
06:44
became small under extreme heat and then ever larger.
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ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงื˜ื ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื—ื•ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืื– ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื™ ืคืขื.
06:48
There were palm trees and snakes in the Arctic.
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ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืขืฆื™ ื“ืงืœ ื•ื ื—ืฉื™ื.
06:50
Predatory deer dogs frolicked along ancient rivers,
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ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ ืื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื,
06:54
while their relatives returned to the ocean
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
06:57
to become the first otter-like whales.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืœื•ื˜ืจื•ืช.
07:00
Not hyenas and other sort of carnivores
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ืœื-ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
07:03
were chased off by giant long-necked rhinos.
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ื”ื•ื‘ืจื—ื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื ืคื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™-ืฆื•ื•ืืจ.
07:06
Everything at this point seems kind of familiar
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ืขื“ ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ
07:09
but not really.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช.
07:11
In Antarctica, an ice age started,
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ื‘ืื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื—ืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืงืจื—,
07:14
forming the first permanent polar ice cap in two hundred million years.
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ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
07:19
This dried out the rest of the world,
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
07:21
but it allowed the rise of grasses, of rodents, of cats.
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ืืš ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืขืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื, ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื.
07:25
Somewhere in Africa,
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ืื™ืคืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
07:27
an ape started walking across the new savannah.
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ืงื•ืฃ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
07:31
Oh, and there were giant saber-toothed salmon,
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ืื”, ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื’ื™ ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ื ื™-ื—ืจื‘,
07:33
I just have to mention that.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
07:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:38
So, we know all of this happened
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ืื–, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื”,
07:41
and so much more.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš.
07:42
How?
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ืื™ืš?
07:43
Why?
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ืžื“ื•ืข?
07:45
Paleontology is a thriving science
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ืคื™ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืข ืžืฉื’ืฉื’
07:47
at the intersection of multiple other fields and technologies.
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ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
07:52
There is no bigger data than the fossil record,
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ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืื’ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
07:55
and we mine every bit of it.
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ื•ืื ื• ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกื” ืžืžื ื•.
07:57
We use CAT scans,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช,
07:58
we use isotopes,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื,
07:59
we use genomes,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื•ื,
08:01
we use robots,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื,
08:02
we use mathematical simulations
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช
08:04
and all kinds of analytics.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช.
08:07
We maximize all of it so that we can understand the past
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ืื ื• ืžืžืงืกืžื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
08:10
and how evolution works.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
08:13
It also lets us make predictions for the future.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“.
08:16
What will happen after the next mass extinction?
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื”?
08:18
What weird things will show up?
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ืื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื•?
08:21
Will mammals get smaller again?
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ื”ืื ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘?
08:23
Will there even be mammals?
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ื”ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื?
08:26
In sum,
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ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื,
08:28
we have learned a lot about dinosaurs.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
08:32
But there's so much left to learn
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื” ืœืœืžื•ื“
08:33
from the other 99.9 percent of things that have ever lived.
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ืขืœ 99.9 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ ืื™ ืคืขื.
08:38
And that's paleontology.
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ื•ื–ื• ืคืœืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
08:40
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
08:42
(Applause and cheers)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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