A brief tour of the last 4 billion years (dinosaurs not included) | Lauren Sallan

126,680 views ใƒป 2020-03-10

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sienna Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
Paleontology,
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๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™,
00:14
a science geared towards small children,
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™,
00:17
focused on digging up dinosaurs
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๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŒŒํ—ค์น˜๋Š”
00:20
while sporting a "Jurassic Park" costume.
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"์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์›" ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ณ ์„œ์š”.
00:23
Skulls are popped out of the ground
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๋•… ์†์—์„œ ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์˜จ ํ•ด๊ณจ๋“ค์€
00:25
and put on display for public gawking.
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์ „์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉ์ฒญํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์ฃ .
00:28
The relevance of this, beyond clickbait, coloring books and monster movies
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ํด๋ฆญ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ผ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ƒ‰์น ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ดด๋ฌผ ์˜ํ™”์—์„œ์˜
00:32
is unknown.
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๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
00:34
No ...
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์•„๋‡จ...
00:36
Wait.
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์ž ์‹œ๋งŒ์š”.
00:38
That's not paleontology at all.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
Paleontology is nothing less than the study of past life.
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๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์€ ๊ทธ์ € ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
All past life.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์š”.
00:47
From ancestors to alien forms.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚ฏ์„  ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์š”.
00:50
It involves fundamental questions like "Who are we?"
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ€"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
And "How did we get here?" --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜„์žฌ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‚˜?" ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„์š”.
00:56
using the broadest possible definition of "we":
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ์˜ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ"๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:59
life itself.
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์ƒ๋ช… ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
Dinosaurs, a category of birds,
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๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
01:04
are just a small percentage of that.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:08
Yet they get the most media attention.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ธ๋ก ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
[The incredible diversity of ancient life, Dinosaurs, Paleontology]
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[๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ / ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™]
01:14
It's a very accurate meme; I didn't even make this one.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋งค์šฐ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ฐˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
01:17
This is just the truth.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
Anyway, most of us paleontologists consider dinosaurs to be a gateway drug.
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์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฌธ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
There is so much cooler stuff in the fossil record,
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ํ™”์„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—๋Š” ๋” ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
01:27
and we know so much about it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
Let's go on a brief, dinosaur-free tour
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์ง€๋‚œ 40์–ต ๋…„์„ ๊ณต๋ฃก ์—†์ด ์ž ๊น ์‚ดํŽด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:33
of the last four billion years.
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01:35
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:36
First up, genetic material.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์œ ์ „ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
Viruses, basically, started producing proteins
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
01:41
and wrecking their environment.
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
The Earth was infected with life.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
Some of these new bacteria learned how to eat sunshine,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋“ค์€ ํ–‡๋น›์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:51
producing oxygen,
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์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:53
pulling in carbon from the air
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๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ณ ,
01:55
and destroying the iron food of other microbes
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๋…น์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฒ ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
by turning it into rust.
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02:00
This went on for billions of years.
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ์–ต๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
Some bacteria consumed other bacteria,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋จน์–ด์„œ
02:06
gaining their power to turn oxygen into energy,
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์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ํž˜์„ ์–ป์–ด์š”.
02:10
becoming the precursors of animals and plants.
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๋™์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
But as a result, there were climate shocks,
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธฐํ›„์— ํฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„
02:16
from hot to cold and back again,
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๋”์œ„์—์„œ ์ถ”์œ„๋กœ ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:19
which ended up turning the Earth into a snowball covered with glaciers.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋น™ํ•˜๋กœ ๋ฎ์ธ ๋ˆˆ๋ฉ์ด๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
The technical term for this time period is "Snowball Earth."
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์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฌธ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๋ˆˆ๋ฉ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ(Snowball Earth)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:30
Seven hundred, eight hundred million years ago.
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7, 8์–ต ๋…„ ์ „์ด์—์š”.
02:32
Anyway, microbes banded together,
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์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋ญ‰์ณ์„œ
02:35
creating multicellular life.
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๋‹ค์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
Six hundred million years ago,
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6์–ต ๋…„ ์ „,
02:39
geometric colonies appeared, sucking microbes from the water.
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๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋นจ์•„๋“ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
These were soon replaced by the ancestors of modern animals.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณง ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
The Cambrian explosion.
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์บ„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํญ๋ฐœ์ด์ฃ .
02:50
Lobster relatives ate other animals,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€์žฌ ์นœ์ฒ™๋ป˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š”
02:53
capturing them using their grasping arms.
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ํŒ”์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์žก์•„ ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:56
Armored wriggling clam worms crawled across the seafloor and into it,
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๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ฌด์žฅ๋œ ๊ฟˆํ‹€๋Œ€๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฐœ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค์€ ํ•ด์ €๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ์–ด๋“ค์–ด์™€
03:01
creating new ecosystems.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:04
Our tadpole-like ancestors flitted along ancient coastlines,
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์˜ฌ์ฑ™์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋Š” ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”๊ณ 
03:08
while their eel-like relatives with gnashing throat teeth
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๋ชฉ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์— ์ด๋นจ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฑ€์žฅ์–ด ์นœ์ฒ™๋ป˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋Š”
03:12
swam above the ice-cream cone corals of the first reefs,
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์•”์ดˆ์ธ ์•„์ด์Šคํฌ๋ฆผ์ฝ˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ ์œ„๋กœ ํ—ค์—„์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
dodging school-bus-sized krakens
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์Šค์ฟจ๋ฒ„์Šค ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋งŒํ•œ ํฌ๋ผ์ผ„๋“ค๊ณผ
03:18
and hungry sea scorpions.
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๊ตถ์ฃผ๋ ค์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์ „๊ฐˆ๋“ค์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
03:21
Plant fungus came onto land.
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์‹๋ฌผ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๊ท ์€ ์œก์ง€๋กœ ์™”์ง€๋งŒ,
03:23
But then the glaciers returned, killing pretty much everything.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
But mass extinctions open opportunities.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ฉธ์ข…์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
Jawless fishes invaded the ocean,
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ํ„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€
03:32
sporting points, prongs, and finally, fins.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค, ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํฌ์ธํŠธ, ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋Š๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
Spiders, scorpions, snails and worms came onto land.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ, ์ „๊ฐˆ, ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด, ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค์€ ์œก์ง€๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
Somewhere around China, a fish developed jaws,
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์ค‘๊ตญ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ 
03:45
and its descendants drove jawless fishes,
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๊ทธ ํ›„์†๋“ค์€ ํ„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ,
03:47
sea scorpions and branching plankton
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์ „๊ฐˆ, ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์„ ๋ฉธ์ข…์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
to extinction.
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03:51
Some of these fishes,
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์ง€๋Š๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ์— ํŒ” ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:52
which had arm bones in their fins,
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๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š”
03:54
sprouted fingers,
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์ง€๋Š๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ ๋‹น 7~8๊ฐœ์˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ๋‹์•„๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
seven or eight per flipper.
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03:59
On land, plants became trees,
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์œก์ง€์—์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด
04:01
growing massive
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์•„์ฃผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:02
or spreading their spores only once before dying.
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์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ํผํŠธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
But then the glaciers came back again,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์™”๊ณ 
04:08
and it was mass extinction number two.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋Œ€๋ฉธ์ข…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
It was the age of weird fishes and plated sea lilies.
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์ด์ƒํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•ด๋ฐฑํ•ฉ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜€์–ด์š”.
04:15
Sharks with wings.
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๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒ์–ด,
04:16
Sharks with buzz saw jaws.
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ํ†ฑ๋‹ˆ๋ฐ”ํ€ด ํ„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒ์–ด,
04:18
Sharks with fins covered in tiny teeth.
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์ž‘์€ ์ด๋นจ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ์ง„ ์ง€๋Š๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒ์–ด,
04:21
Sharks with crushing tooth plates.
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์œผ๊นฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜ํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒ์–ด,
04:23
Bony fishes that looked like modern angelfish and eels
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์—ด๋Œ€์–ด์™€ ๋ฑ€์žฅ์–ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณจ์–ด๊ฐ€
04:26
for the first time.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
04:28
Wetlands developed,
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์Šต์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:30
sporting ten-foot-long millipedes and giant dragon flies.
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10ํ”ผํŠธ ๊ธธ์˜์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
04:33
These spread across the supercontinent of Pangaea and died,
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์ดˆ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ํŒ๊ฒŒ์•„๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ฃฝ์–ด
04:37
creating coal,
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์„ํƒ„์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
04:39
leading to a 100-million-year Ice Age.
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1์–ต ๋…„ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
Finally, vertebrates made it onto land on a permanent basis,
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์œก์ง€์— ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
leading to alligator-like amphibians
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์•…์–ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–‘์„œ๋ฅ˜์™€
04:49
and saber-toothed protomammals.
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๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ์†ก๊ณณ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด ์„ ๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
But then, volcanoes erupted all over Siberia,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ํ™”์‚ฐ๋“ค์ด ํญ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
04:56
everything almost died
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
and it was mass extinction number three.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋Œ€๋ฉธ์ข…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:01
The day life nearly died.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค ์ฃฝ์„ ๋ป” ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:03
A single, lonely tusked mammal survived and thrived,
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์ƒ์•„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋งŒ์ด ์‚ด์•„ ๋‚จ์•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์ฐฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
but it was soon replaced by galloping crocodiles.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋›ฐ์–ด ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•…์–ด๋“ค๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
In the ocean, marine reptiles,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ํ•ด์–‘ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์กŒ์–ด์š”.
05:14
giant rafts made of the living relatives of sea urchins
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์„ฑ๊ฒŒ, ๊ฐ‘์˜ค์ง•์–ด, ์•”๋ชจ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ
05:18
and armored squids, ammonoids, of every kind and form.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์นœ์ฒ™๋ป˜์ด์—์š”.
05:24
But then, Pangaea started to split apart,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํŒ๊ฒŒ์•„๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
05:26
forming a sea of lava
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ์šฉ์•”์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ๊ณ 
05:28
that would one day become the Atlantic Ocean,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋Š๋‚  ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
spewing toxic gas into the atmosphere
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๋…์„ฑ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:33
and mass extinction number four.
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๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋Œ€๋ฉธ์ข…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:37
Yeah, there's actually a lot more than these five,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ
05:39
these are the big ones.
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ํฌ๊ฒŒ 5๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฉธ์ข…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:44
So, finally, there were whale-sized fishes,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์™€
05:48
and modern fishes mobbed corals,
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์— ๋ชฐ๋ ค์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
05:50
made gigantic by using their captured algae to eat sunshine.
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์žก์€ ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋จน์–ด ํ–‡๋น›์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
05:56
Crabs, stingrays and other fishes with crushing teeth appeared,
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๊ฒŒ, ๊ฐ€์˜ค๋ฆฌ, ์œผ๊นฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜์•„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์–ด์š”.
06:00
smashing shells
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๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๊ณ 
06:01
and leading to an arms race between predators and prey.
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ํฌ์‹์ž์™€ ๋จน์ด ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฌด์žฅ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์–ด์š”.
06:05
There was an explosion of marine biodiversity.
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:09
Mammals climbed trees, flew
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
06:11
and did a lot of other things that are seemingly sort of modern.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ์™ธ๊ด€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ด์š”.
06:16
They were feeding on the first flowers pollinated by the first bees.
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์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฝƒ๋“ค์„ ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:20
There were ecological revolutions on land and at sea,
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์œก์ง€์™€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
06:24
leading to the modern world.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
Except that an asteroid hit Mexico,
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์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํƒ€ํ•œ ๊ฑธ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด์š”.
06:29
and then that triggered volcanoes on the other side of the world in India,
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์ด๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ํ™”์‚ฐ์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœ์‹œ์ผฐ์–ด์š”.
06:33
and everything almost died again.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:37
But -- there's always a but, because we're still here --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฐ˜์ „์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์ฃ .
06:42
mammals arose from the ashes,
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์žฟ๋”๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๊ณ ,
06:44
became small under extreme heat and then ever larger.
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๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ์—ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ž‘์•„์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ํ›„์— ์ ์  ์ปค์กŒ์–ด์š”.
06:48
There were palm trees and snakes in the Arctic.
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๋ถ๊ทน์—๋Š” ์•ผ์ž์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฑ€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:50
Predatory deer dogs frolicked along ancient rivers,
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ํฌ์‹์ž์ธ ์‚ฌ์Šด๊ฐœ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋†€๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•˜์–ด์š”.
06:54
while their relatives returned to the ocean
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์ˆ˜๋‹ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
06:57
to become the first otter-like whales.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”์–ด์š”.
07:00
Not hyenas and other sort of carnivores
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ํ•˜์ด์—๋‚˜์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œก์‹๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
07:03
were chased off by giant long-necked rhinos.
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๋ชฉ์ด ๊ธด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์ซ“์•„๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:06
Everything at this point seems kind of familiar
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์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•ด๋ณด์ด๋„ค์š”.
07:09
but not really.
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๊ทธ์น˜๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
07:11
In Antarctica, an ice age started,
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๋‚จ๊ทน ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:14
forming the first permanent polar ice cap in two hundred million years.
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2์–ต ๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ทน์ง€๋ฐฉ ์˜๊ตฌ ๋น™์›์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
This dried out the rest of the world,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
but it allowed the rise of grasses, of rodents, of cats.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ’€, ์„ค์น˜๋ฅ˜, ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ณผ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋“ค์€ ์ž๋ผ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
Somewhere in Africa,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์—์„œ,
07:27
an ape started walking across the new savannah.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋‚˜์—์„œ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฑท๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:31
Oh, and there were giant saber-toothed salmon,
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๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ์†ก๊ณณ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ์–ด๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:33
I just have to mention that.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:35
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:38
So, we know all of this happened
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:41
and so much more.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑธ์š”.
07:42
How?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
07:43
Why?
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์™œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€์š”.
07:45
Paleontology is a thriving science
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๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์€ ๋ฒˆ์ฐฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
at the intersection of multiple other fields and technologies.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ์ ์—์„œ์š”.
07:52
There is no bigger data than the fossil record,
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ํ™”์„ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
and we mine every bit of it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฑ„๊ตดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
We use CAT scans,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” CAT ์Šค์บ”์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
we use isotopes,
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๋™์œ„์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
07:59
we use genomes,
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๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
08:01
we use robots,
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๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ
08:02
we use mathematical simulations
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
and all kinds of analytics.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
We maximize all of it so that we can understand the past
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
08:10
and how evolution works.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
It also lets us make predictions for the future.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
What will happen after the next mass extinction?
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋Œ€๋ฉธ์ข…์€ ์–ธ์ œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ?
08:18
What weird things will show up?
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ ๊นŒ?
08:21
Will mammals get smaller again?
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž‘์•„์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
08:23
Will there even be mammals?
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:26
In sum,
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์š”์•ฝํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
08:28
we have learned a lot about dinosaurs.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:32
But there's so much left to learn
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด์•„์™”๋˜ 99.9%์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
08:33
from the other 99.9 percent of things that have ever lived.
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๋ฐฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
And that's paleontology.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
(Applause and cheers)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜์™€ ํ™˜ํ˜ธ)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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