Parag Khanna maps the future of countries

653,147 views ใƒป 2009-09-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
Do we live in a borderless world?
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช?
00:15
Before you answer that, have a look at this map.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžืคื” ื–ื•.
00:18
Contemporary political map shows
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ืžืคื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ืžืจืื”
00:20
that we have over 200 countries in the world today.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืขืœ 200 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:23
That's probably more than at any time in centuries.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ ืžื–ื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
00:26
Now, many of you will object.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ืœื–ื”.
00:28
For you this would be a more appropriate map.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
00:31
You could call it TEDistan.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื›ื ื•ืชื” TEDistan.
00:33
In TEDistan, there are no borders,
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ื‘-TEDistan ืื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
00:35
just connected spaces and unconnected spaces.
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ืจืง ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื.
00:38
Most of you probably reside in one of the 40 dots
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื—ืช ืž-40 ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
00:42
on this screen, of the many more
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ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš
00:44
that represent 90 percent of the world economy.
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:47
But let's talk about the 90 percent of the world population
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:51
that will never leave the place in which they were born.
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ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ื ื•ืœื“ื•.
00:54
For them, nations, countries, boundaries, borders still matter a great deal,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื, ืื•ืžื•ืช, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
00:59
and often violently.
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืœื™ืžื”.
01:02
Now here at TED, we're solving some of the great
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘-TED ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช
01:04
riddles of science and mysteries of the universe.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
01:06
Well here is a fundamental problem we have not solved:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืคืชืจื ื•:
01:09
our basic political geography.
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ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:11
How do we distribute ourselves around the world?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืชืคื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
01:14
Now this is important, because border conflicts
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื
01:17
justify so much of the world's military-industrial complex.
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ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื-ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:20
Border conflicts can derail
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ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืœ
01:22
so much of the progress that we hope to achieve here.
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืืŸ.
01:25
So I think we need a deeper understanding
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื”
01:27
of how people, money, power,
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ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืกืฃ, ืขื•ืฆืžื”,
01:29
religion, culture, technology
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ื“ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช
01:32
interact to change the map of the world.
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ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืžืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:34
And we can try to anticipate those changes,
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื”,
01:36
and shape them in a more constructive direction.
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ื•ืœืขืฆื‘ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
01:39
So we're going to look at some maps of the past,
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืคื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
01:41
the present and some maps you haven't seen
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ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœื ืจืื™ืชื
01:44
in order to get a sense of where things are going.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืขื™ื.
01:47
Let's start with the world of 1945.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ 1945.
01:50
1945 there were just 100 countries in the world.
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ื‘-1945 ื”ื™ื• ืจืง 100 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:53
After World War II, Europe was devastated,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื•ืกื”,
01:56
but still held large overseas colonies:
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื:
01:59
French West Africa, British East Africa, South Asia, and so forth.
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ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืืกื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
02:03
Then over the late '40s,
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ื•ืื– ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช,
02:05
'50s, '60s, '70s and '80s,
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ื”-50, ื”-60, ื”-70 ื•ื”-80,
02:07
waves of decolonization took place.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
02:09
Over 50 new countries were born.
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ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
02:11
You can see that Africa has been fragmented.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืฉื‘ืจื” ืœืจืกื™ืกื™ื.
02:13
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, South East Asian nations created.
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ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”.
02:17
Then came the end of the Cold War.
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ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”.
02:21
The end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
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ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ื•ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช-ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช.
02:24
You had the creation of new states in Eastern Europe,
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ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
02:27
the former Yugoslav republics and the Balkans,
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ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ,
02:29
and the 'stans of central Asia.
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื”ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘-ืกื˜ืืŸ.
02:32
Today we have 200 countries in the world.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 200 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:35
The entire planet is covered
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื›ื•ืกื”
02:37
by sovereign, independent nation-states.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช.
02:40
Does that mean that someone's gain has to be someone else's loss?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ?
02:45
Let's zoom in on one of the most strategic areas of the world,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:48
Eastern Eurasia.
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ืื™ืจื•-ืืกื™ื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช.
02:50
As you can see on this map,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื” ื–ื•,
02:52
Russia is still the largest country in the world.
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ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:54
And as you know, China is the most populous.
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืกืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:56
And they share a lengthy land border.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืืจื•ืš.
02:58
What you don't see on this map
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืคื” ื–ื•
03:00
is that most of Russia's 150 million people
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืž-150 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื”
03:03
are concentrated in its western provinces
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ืžืชืจื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื
03:05
and areas that are close to Europe.
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ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
03:07
And only 30 million people are in its eastern areas.
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ื•ืจืง 30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื.
03:11
In fact, the World Bank predicts
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฆื•ืคื”
03:13
that Russia's population is declining
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ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืชืจื“
03:15
towards about 120 million people
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ืœื›-120 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
03:18
And there is another thing that you don't see on this map.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืคื” ื–ื•.
03:20
Stalin, Khrushchev and other Soviet leaders
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ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ, ื›ืจื•ืฉืฆ'ื‘ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:23
forced Russians out to the far east
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ืื™ืœืฆื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—
03:25
to be in gulags, labor camps,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืœืื’ื™ื, ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
03:27
nuclear cities, whatever the case was.
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ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
03:30
But as oil prices rose,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื ืคื˜ ืขืœื•,
03:32
Russian governments have invested in infrastructure
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืช
03:34
to unite the country, east and west.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžืขืจื‘.
03:36
But nothing has more perversely impacted
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื” ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช
03:39
Russia's demographic distribution,
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ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื”.
03:41
because the people in the east, who never wanted to be there anyway,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—, ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื,
03:44
have gotten on those trains and roads
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ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื,
03:46
and gone back to the west.
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ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžืขืจื‘.
03:48
As a result, in the Russian far east today,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื”, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื”,
03:51
which is twice the size of India,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•,
03:53
you have exactly six million Russians.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื.
03:56
So let's get a sense of what is happening in this part of the world.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:59
We can start with Mongolia, or as some call it, Mine-golia.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื”, ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ืžื™ื™ืŸ (ืžื™ื›ืจื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช)-ื’ื•ืœื™ื”.
04:02
Why do they call it that?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืš?
04:04
Because in Mine-golia, Chinese firms operate
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืžื™ื™ืŸ-ื’ื•ืœื™ื” ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช
04:07
and own most of the mines -- copper, zinc, gold --
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื›ืจื•ืช -- ื ื—ื•ืฉืช, ืื‘ืฅ, ื–ื”ื‘ --
04:10
and they truck the resources south and east into mainland China.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืกื™ืŸ.
04:14
China isn't conquering Mongolia.
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ืกื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ื•ื‘ืฉืช ืืช ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื”.
04:16
It's buying it.
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ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื ื” ืื•ืชื”.
04:19
Colonies were once conquered. Today countries are bought.
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ืคืขื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
04:22
So let's apply this principle to Siberia.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื™ื™ืฉื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ.
04:26
Siberia most of you probably think of
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ
04:28
as a cold, desolate, unlivable place.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืงืจ, ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•.
04:31
But in fact, with global warming and rising temperatures,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขื ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช,
04:34
all of a sudden you have vast wheat fields
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ืคืชืื•ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืขื ืงื™ื™ื
04:36
and agribusiness, and grain being produced in Siberia.
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ื•ืขืกืงื™ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื–ืจืขื™ื.
04:40
But who is it going to feed?
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ืื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ?
04:42
Well, just on the other side of the Amo River,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืืžื•,
04:45
in the Heilongjiang and Harbin provinces of China,
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ื‘ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ - ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’'ื™ื™ืื ื’ ื•ื”ืืจื‘ื™ืŸ,
04:48
you have over 100 million people.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืขืœ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:50
That's larger than the entire population of Russia.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื”.
04:53
Every single year, for at least a decade or more,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืœืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:56
[60,000] of them have been voting with their feet,
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60,000 ืžื”ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื,
04:59
crossing, moving north and inhabiting this desolate terrain.
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ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื˜ื•ืฉ.
05:04
They set up their own bazaars and medical clinics.
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ื”ื ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืจืคืื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื.
05:06
They've taken over the timber industry
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืฅ ืœื‘ื ื™ื”
05:08
and been shipping the lumber east, back into China.
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ื•ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื”, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืกื™ืŸ.
05:11
Again, like Mongolia,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื”,
05:13
China isn't conquering Russia. It's just leasing it.
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ืกื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื›ื•ื‘ืฉืช ืืช ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื—ื•ื›ืจืช ืื•ืชื”.
05:17
That's what I call globalization Chinese style.
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ืœื–ื” ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
05:21
Now maybe this is what the map of the region
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืš ืชื™ืจืื” ื”ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
05:23
might look like in 10 to 20 years.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ 10 ืขื“ 20 ืฉื ื”.
05:25
But hold on. This map is 700 years old.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืจื’ืข. ืžืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 700 ืฉื ื”.
05:29
This is the map of the Yuan Dynasty,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื™ื•ืืŸ,
05:31
led by Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan.
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืœื ื—ืืŸ, ื”ื ื›ื“ ืฉืœ ื’'ื ื’ื™ืก ื—ืืŸ.
05:35
So history doesn't necessarily repeat itself,
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ืื– ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”,
05:37
but it does rhyme.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ืžืชื—ืจื–ืช.
05:39
This is just to give you a taste of what's happening in this part of the world.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
05:43
Again, globalization Chinese style.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
05:45
Because globalization opens up all kinds of ways for us to
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ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื
05:48
undermine and change the way we think about political geography.
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ื”ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช.
05:53
So, the history of East Asia in fact,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”,
05:56
people don't think about nations and borders.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
05:58
They think more in terms of empires and hierarchies,
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื•ืช,
06:01
usually Chinese or Japanese.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช.
06:03
Well it's China's turn again.
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ื›ืขืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ.
06:05
So let's look at how China is re-establishing
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืกืกืช
06:07
that hierarchy in the far East.
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
06:09
It starts with the global hubs.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื.
06:11
Remember the 40 dots on the nighttime map
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ื ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘-40 ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืžืคืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช
06:14
that show the hubs of the global economy?
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ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
06:16
East Asia today has more of those global hubs
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
06:18
than any other region in the world.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
06:20
Tokyo, Seoul, Beijing, Shanghai,
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ื˜ื•ืงื™ื•, ืกื™ืื•ืœ, ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’, ืฉื ื—ืื™,
06:23
Hong Kong, Singapore and Sidney.
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ื”ื•ื ื’-ืงื•ื ื’, ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื•ืกื™ื“ื ื™.
06:26
These are the filters and funnels of global capital.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืžืกื ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
06:28
Trillions of dollars a year are being brought into the region,
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ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจืžื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
06:31
so much of it being invested into China.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
06:34
Then there is trade.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ.
06:36
These vectors and arrows represent ever stronger
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ื”ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื
06:38
trade relationships that China has
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ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืื™-ืคืขื
06:40
with every country in the region.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืกื™ืŸ ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
06:42
Specifically, it targets Japan
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื™ืคืŸ
06:44
and Korea and Australia,
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ื•ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
06:46
countries that are strong allies of the United States.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช-ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
06:48
Australia, for example, is heavily dependent
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ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“
06:50
on exporting iron ore and natural gas to China.
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ื‘ื™ืฆื•ื ืขื•ืคืจืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืกื™ืŸ.
06:54
For poorer countries, China reduces tariffs
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืกื™ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืžื›ืกื™ื
06:57
so that Laos and Cambodia can sell their goods more cheaply
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืื•ืก ื•ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื•ืœ
07:00
and become dependent on exporting to China as well.
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ื•ื›ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ื ืœืกื™ืŸ.
07:03
And now many of you have been reading in the news
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืงืจืืชื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
07:05
how people are looking to China
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืŸ
07:07
to lead the rebound, the economic rebound, not just in Asia, but potentially for the world.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ื–ื• ืฉืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืืกื™ื”, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
07:12
The Asian free trade zone, almost free trade zone, that's emerging
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืืกื™ื”, ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื–ื•ืจ ืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื”
07:16
now has a greater trade volume than trade across the Pacific.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื ื ืคื— ืกื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™.
07:20
So China is becoming the anchor of the economy in the region.
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ื›ืš ืฉืกื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืขื•ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.
07:23
Another pillar of this strategy is diplomacy.
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ื–ืจื•ืข ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื”.
07:26
China has signed military agreements with many countries in the region.
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ืกื™ืŸ ื—ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.
07:30
It has become the hub of diplomatic institutions
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื
07:33
such as the East Asian Community.
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
07:35
Some of these organizations don't even have
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื•
07:37
the United States as a member.
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ืื™ืŸ ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”.
07:39
There is a treaty of nonaggression between countries,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™-ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
07:41
such that if there were a conflict between China and the United States,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ ืœืืจื”"ื‘,
07:45
most countries vow to just sit it out,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ืฉื‘ืขื• ืœื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘,
07:48
including American allies like Korea and Australia.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช-ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
07:51
Another pillar of the strategy,
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ื–ืจื•ืข ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”,
07:53
like Russia, is demographic.
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
07:55
China exports business people, nannies, students,
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ืกื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืืช ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื, ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื,
07:58
teachers to teach Chinese around the region,
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ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ,
08:01
to intermarry and to occupy ever greater
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ืœืฉื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
08:04
commanding heights of the economies.
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ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
08:06
Already ethnic Chinese people
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืกื™ื ื™
08:08
in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia
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ื‘ืžืœื–ื™ื”, ืชืื™ืœื ื“ ื•ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”
08:11
are the real key factors and drivers
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ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื•ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื
08:14
in the economies there.
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ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
08:16
Chinese pride is resurgent in the region
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ื”ื’ืื•ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื’ื•ืื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ
08:18
as a result.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื”.
08:20
Singapore, for example, used to ban Chinese language education.
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ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
08:23
Now it encourages it.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืื•ืชื”.
08:25
If you add it all up what do you get?
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ืื ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืžื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื?
08:27
Well, if you remember before World War II,
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ืื ื ื™ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
08:29
Japan had a vision
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ืœื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ื•ืŸ
08:31
for a greater Japanese co-prosperity sphere.
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ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื™ืคื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
08:34
What's emerging today is what you might call
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื•ืช
08:36
a greater Chinese co-prosperity sphere.
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ืžืจื—ื‘ ืกื™ื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
08:39
So no matter what the lines on the map tell you
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ืื– ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื”
08:41
in terms of nations and borders,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
08:43
what you really have emerging in the far east
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง
08:45
are national cultures,
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ื”ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
08:47
but in a much more fluid, imperial zone.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉ.
08:50
All of this is happening without firing a shot.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช.
08:53
That's most certainly not the case in the Middle East
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ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืงืจื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื—-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
08:56
where countries are still very uncomfortable
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ื‘ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื—
08:59
in the borders left behind by European colonialists.
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ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉืืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืจื•ืคืื™ื™ื.
09:02
So what can we do to think about borders differently in this part of the world?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
09:06
What lines on the map should we focus on?
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ื‘ืืœื• ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“?
09:08
What I want to present to you is what I call
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื”
09:10
state building, day by day.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื.
09:13
Let's start with Iraq.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืขื™ืจืง.
09:15
Six years after the U.S. invasion of Iraq,
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ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคืœื™ืฉืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืขื™ืจืง,
09:17
the country still exists more on a map than it does in reality.
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืคื” ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
09:20
Oil used to be one of the forces holding Iraq together;
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ื ืคื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื—ื“ ืืช ืขื™ืจืง.
09:23
now it is the most significant cause of the country's disintegration.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
09:27
The reason is Kurdistan.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ.
09:29
The Kurds for 3,000 years
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ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 3,000 ืฉื ื”
09:31
have been waging a struggle for independence,
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ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืื‘ืง ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืชื.
09:33
and now is their chance to finally have it.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื–ื• ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”.
09:35
These are pipeline routes, which emerge from Kurdistan,
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ,
09:38
which is an oil-rich region.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื ืคื˜.
09:40
And today, if you go to Kurdistan,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ,
09:42
you'll see that Kurdish Peshmerga guerillas
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื, ื”ืคืฉืžืจื’ื”,
09:44
are squaring off against the Sunni Iraqi army.
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ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืžืื‘ืง ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื™ืจืงื™ ื”ืกื•ื ื™.
09:47
But what are they guarding?
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื?
09:49
Is it really a border on the map?
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ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืคื”?
09:51
No. It's the pipelines.
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ืœื. ืืœื ืขืœ ืงื•ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช.
09:53
If the Kurds can control their pipelines, they can set the terms
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ืื ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื•
09:55
of their own statehood.
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืœื”ื.
09:57
Now should we be upset about this, about the potential disintegration of Iraq?
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ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืชื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืง?
10:00
I don't believe we should.
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ืื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืŸ.
10:02
Iraq will still be the second largest oil producer in the world,
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ืขื™ืจืง ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืžืคื™ืงืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
10:05
behind Saudi Arabia.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืขืจื‘-ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช.
10:07
And we'll have a chance to solve a 3,000 year old dispute.
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ื•ืœื ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืช 3,000 ืฉื ื”.
10:10
Now remember Kurdistan is landlocked.
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ื›ืขืช ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ ืžื•ืงืคืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช.
10:12
It has no choice but to behave.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื™ืœื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”".
10:14
In order to profit from its oil
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœื”,
10:16
it has to export it through Turkey or Syria,
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ืขืœื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื ืื•ืชื• ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”,
10:19
and other countries, and Iraq itself.
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืจืง ืขืฆืžื”.
10:21
And therefore it has to have amicable relations with them.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืชืŸ.
10:24
Now lets look at a perennial conflict in the region.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื‘ื” ื ืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืืจื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.
10:27
That is, of course, in Palestine.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”.
10:29
Palestine is something of a cartographic anomaly
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ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืžืคื”
10:33
because it's two parts Palestinian, one part Israel.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.
10:36
30 years of rose garden diplomacy
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30 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ืช ื›ืคืคื•ืช-ืžืฉื™
10:38
have not delivered us peace in this conflict.
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ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”.
10:41
What might? I believe that what might
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ืžื” ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื? ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ
10:44
solve the problem is infrastructure.
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช.
10:46
Today donors are spending billions of dollars on this.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
10:49
These two arrows are an arc,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืงืฉืช,
10:51
an arc of commuter railroads and other infrastructure
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ืงืฉืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื•ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืื—ืจืช
10:54
that link the West Bank and Gaza.
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ื”ืžืงืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืขื–ื”.
10:57
If Gaza can have a functioning port
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ืื ืœืขื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืžืœ ืฉืžืชืคืงื“
10:59
and be linked to the West Bank, you can have a viable Palestinian state,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื•ืฉืจ ืœื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื ืงื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื,
11:02
Palestinian economy.
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ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื™ืช.
11:04
That, I believe, is going to bring peace to this particular conflict.
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ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื”, ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
11:08
The lesson from Kurdistan and from Palestine
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ื”ืœืงื— ืžื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ ื•ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”,
11:12
is that independence alone, without infrastructure,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื”, ืœืœื ืชืฉืชื™ืช,
11:15
is futile.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจืช ืขืจืš.
11:17
Now what might this entire region look like
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช
11:19
if in fact we focus on other lines on the map besides borders,
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ืื ื ืชืžืงื“ ืขืœ ืงื•ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืคื” ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
11:23
when the insecurities might abate?
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ืžืชื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืคื•ื’?
11:26
The last time that was the case was actually
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ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื” ื”ื™ื”
11:28
a century ago, during the Ottoman Empire.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืชื•ืžื ื™ืช.
11:30
This is the Hejaz Railway.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื’'ืื–.
11:32
The Hejaz Railway ran from Istanbul to Medina via Damascus.
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ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื’'ืื– ื ืกืขื” ืžืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื ื“ืจืš ื“ืžืฉืง.
11:36
It even had an offshoot running to Haifa
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืกืขืฃ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื™ืคื”
11:38
in what is today Israel, on the Mediterranean Sea.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื™ื-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:40
But today the Hejaz Railway lies in tatters, ruins.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื’'ืืก ืžืจื•ืคื˜ืช, ื ื—ื” ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช.
11:44
If we were to focus on reconstructing these curvy lines on the map,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืงืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžืคื”,
11:47
infrastructure, that cross the straight lines, the borders,
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ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจื™ื, ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
11:50
I believe the Middle East would be a far more peaceful region.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžื–ืจื—-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื˜.
11:54
Now let's look at another part of the world,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
11:56
the former Soviet Republics of Central Asia, the 'stans.
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ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื”"ืž ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”, ื”-ืกื˜ืื ื™ื.
11:59
These countries' borders originate from Stalin's decrees.
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ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ.
12:02
He purposely did not want these countries to make sense.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
12:06
He wanted ethnicities to mingle
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืชืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื ื”
12:08
in ways that would allow him to divide and rule.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืฉื™ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื•ืœืžืฉื•ืœ.
12:10
Fortunately for them, most of their oil and gas resources
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ืœืžื–ืœืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื•ื”ื’ื– ืฉืœื”ืŸ
12:13
were discovered after the Soviet Union collapsed.
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ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช-ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช.
12:16
Now I know some of you may be thinking, "Oil, oil, oil.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘. "ื ืคื˜, ื ืคื˜, ื ืคื˜.
12:19
Why is it all he's talking about is oil?"
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ื ืคื˜?"
12:21
Well, there is a big difference in the way we used to talk about oil
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืคืขื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื ืคื˜
12:24
and the way we're talking about it now.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื™ื•ื.
12:26
Before it was, how do we control their oil?
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ืคืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”, ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœื”ื?
12:29
Now it's their oil for their own purposes.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื.
12:31
And I assure you it's every bit as important to them
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
12:33
as it might have been to colonizers and imperialists.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื.
12:37
Here are just some of the pipeline projections
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
12:39
and possibilities and scenarios
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ื•ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื
12:41
and routes that are being mapped out for the next several decades.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจื˜ื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
12:44
A great deal of them.
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ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื.
12:46
For a number of countries in this part of the world,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
12:48
having pipelines is the ticket to becoming part of the global economy
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื•ื™-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
12:51
and for having some meaning
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ื•ืœื–ื›ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
12:53
besides the borders that they are not loyal to themselves.
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื.
12:55
Just take Azerbaijan.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช ืื–ืจื‘ื™ื’'ืืŸ.
12:58
Azerbaijan was a forgotten corner of the Caucuses,
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ืื–ืจื‘ื™ื’'ืืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื™ื ื” ื ื™ื“ื—ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
13:00
but now with the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline into Turkey,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงื• ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืืงื•-ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™-ืกื™ื™ื”ืืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”,
13:04
it has rebranded itself as the frontier of the west.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืชื’ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘.
13:08
Then there is Turkmenistan, which most people think of
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื˜ื•ืจืงืžื ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื
13:11
as a frozen basket case.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืง ืื“ืžื” ืงืคื•ืื”.
13:13
But now it's contributing gas across the Caspian Sea
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ื’ื– ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื-ื”ื›ืกืคื™
13:16
to provide for Europe,
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
13:18
and even a potentially Turkmen-
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืง
13:20
Afghan-Pakistan-India pipeline as well.
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ื’ื ืœืงื• ื˜ื•ืจืงืžื ื™-ืืคื’ื ื™-ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืื ื™-ื”ื•ื“ื™.
13:24
Then there is Kazakhstan, which didn't even have a name before.
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ืงื–ืื—ืกื˜ืืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื.
13:26
It was more considered South Siberia during the Soviet Union.
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ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช-ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื“ืจื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ.
13:30
Today most people recognize Kazakhstan
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ืงื–ืื—ืกื˜ืืŸ
13:32
as an emerging geopolitical player. Why?
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื’ื™ืื•-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืขื•ืœื”. ืžื“ื•ืข?
13:34
Because it has shrewdly designed pipelines to flow across the Caspian,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื›ื ื ื” ื‘ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื-ื”ื›ืกืคื™,
13:38
north through Russia, and even east to China.
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ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืœืกื™ืŸ.
13:42
More pipelines means more silk roads, instead of the Great Game.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจื›ื™-ืžืฉื™, ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
13:46
The Great Game connotes dominance of one over the other.
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
13:50
Silk road connotes independence and mutual trust.
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ื“ืจืš-ื”ืžืฉื™ ืžืจืžื–ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™.
13:53
The more pipelines we have, the more silk roads we'll have,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช, ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจื›ื™-ืžืฉื™,
13:56
and the less of a dominant Great Game competition
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ื•ื›ืš ืชื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
13:59
we'll have in the 21st century.
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21.
14:02
Now let's look at the only part of the world that really has brought down its borders,
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ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื—ืง ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
14:05
and how that has enhanced its strength.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•.
14:07
And that is, of course, Europe.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
14:10
The European Union began as just the coal and steel community of six countries,
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ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืจืง ื›ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืคื—ื ื•ืคืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
14:13
and their main purpose was really to keep the rehabilitation of Germany
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉืฉื™ืงื•ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
14:17
to happen in a peaceful way.
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ื™ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืงื˜ื”.
14:19
But then eventually it grew into 12 countries,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ืœ-12 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
14:23
and those are the 12 stars on the European flag.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื 12 ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™.
14:25
The E.U. also became a currency block,
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ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื’ื ื”ืคืš ืœื’ื•ืฉ ืžื˜ื‘ืข,
14:27
and is now the most powerful trade block in the entire world.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:31
On average, the E.U. has grown by one country per year
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
14:34
since the end of the Cold War.
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ืžืื– ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”.
14:36
In fact most of that happened on just one day.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
14:39
In 2004, 15 new countries joined the E.U.
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ื‘-2004, 15 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™
14:41
and now you have what most people consider
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื
14:44
a zone of peace spanning 27 countries
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ื›ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžืฉืชืจืข
14:46
and 450 million people.
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ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ 27 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ 450 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
14:49
So what is next? What is the future of the European Union?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืœืื”? ืžื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™?
14:53
Well in light blue, you see the zones
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ื‘ืชื›ืœืช ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื
14:55
or the regions that are at least two-thirds
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ืื• ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™-ืฉืœื™ืฉ
14:57
or more dependent on the European Union
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ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™
14:59
for trade and investment.
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ืœืฉื ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช.
15:01
What does that tell us? Trade and investment tell us
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•? ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื•
15:03
that Europe is putting its money where its mouth is.
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ืฉืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช.
15:07
Even if these regions aren't part of the E.U.,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ื ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“,
15:09
they are becoming part of its sphere of influence.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืžืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื•.
15:11
Just take the Balkans. Croatia, Serbia
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื‘ืœืงื ื™ื, ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ื”, ืกืจื‘ื™ื”, ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื”,
15:14
Bosnia, they're not members of the E.U. yet.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“.
15:16
But you can get on a German ICE train
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ืช ICE ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช
15:19
and make it almost to Albania.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืœื‘ื ื™ื”.
15:21
In Bosnia you use the Euro currency already,
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™,
15:24
and that's the only currency they're probably ever going to have.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื.
15:27
So, looking at other parts of Europe's periphery, such as North Africa.
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ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
15:31
On average, every year or two,
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
15:33
a new oil or gas pipeline opens up under the Mediterranean,
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ื ืคืชื— ืงื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื-ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
15:36
connecting North Africa to Europe.
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ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
15:39
That not only helps Europe diminish its reliance
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืฆืžืฆื
15:41
on Russia for energy,
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ืืช ืชืœื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
15:43
but if you travel to North Africa today, you'll hear more and more people saying
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื
15:46
that they don't really think of their region as the Middle East.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื—-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
15:49
So in other words, I believe that President Sarkozy of France
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจืคืช ืกืจืงื•ื–ื™
15:52
is right when he talks about a Mediterranean union.
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ืฆื•ื“ืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
15:56
Now let's look at Turkey and the Caucasus.
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ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื–.
15:59
I mentioned Azerbaijan before.
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ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ืื–ืจื‘ืื™ื’'ืŸ.
16:01
That corridor of Turkey and the Caucasus
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ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื•ืงื•ื•ืงื–
16:03
has become the conduit for 20 percent
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ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ 20 ืื—ื•ื–
16:05
of Europe's energy supply.
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ืžืืกืคืงืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
16:07
So does Turkey really have to be a member of the European Union?
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ืื– ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™?
16:10
I don't think it does. I think it's already part of
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ืื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
16:12
a Euro-Turkish superpower.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืฆืžื” ืื™ืจื•-ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช.
16:15
So what's next? Where are we going to see borders change
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืœืื”? ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ
16:18
and new countries born?
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ื•ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช?
16:20
Well, South Central Asia, South West Asia
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ืืกื™ื” ืžืจื›ื–-ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืืกื™ื” ืžืขืจื‘-ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช
16:22
is a very good place to start.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื•.
16:24
Eight years after the U.S. invaded Afghanistan
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ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคืœื™ืฉืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ
16:26
there is still a tremendous amount of instability.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช.
16:28
Pakistan and Afghanistan are still so fragile
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ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืืŸ ื•ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช
16:31
that neither of them have dealt constructively
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ืฉืืฃ ืœื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื”
16:33
with the problem of Pashtun nationalism.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ื ื™ืช.
16:36
This is the flag that flies in the minds
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืžืชื ืคื ืฃ ื‘ื ืคืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื
16:38
of 20 million Pashtuns
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ืฉืœ 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื˜ื•ื ื™ื
16:40
who live on both sides of the Afghan and Pakistan border.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืืŸ-ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ.
16:43
Let's not neglect the insurgency just to the south,
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ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื.
16:46
Balochistan. Two weeks ago,
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ื‘ืœื•ืฆ'ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื.
16:48
Balochi rebels attacked a Pakistani military garrison,
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ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ืชืงืคื• ืžืฉืžืจ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืื ื™
16:51
and this was the flag that they raised over it.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื’ืœ ืฉื”ื ื”ื ื™ืคื• ืฉื.
16:54
The post-colonial entropy
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ืื™-ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™
16:56
that is happening around the world is accelerating,
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ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืชื•ืคืก ืชืื•ืฆื”.
16:58
and I expect more such changes to occur in the map
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื™ืชื‘ื˜ืื• ื‘ืžืคื”
17:01
as the states fragment.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช.
17:03
Of course, we can't forget Africa.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
17:05
53 countries, and by far the most number
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53 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื
17:07
of suspiciously straight lines on the map.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื”.
17:10
If we were to look at all of Africa
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ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
17:12
we could most certainly acknowledge far more,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”
17:15
tribal divisions and so forth.
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ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
17:17
But let's just look at Sudan, the second-largest country in Africa.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื” ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
17:21
It has three ongoing civil wars,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
17:23
the genocide in Darfur, which you all know about,
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ืจืฆื—-ื”ืขื ื‘ื“ืจืคื•ืจ, ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื•,
17:26
the civil war in the east of the country,
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
17:28
and south Sudan.
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ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืกื•ื“ืŸ.
17:30
South Sudan is going to be having a referendum in 2011
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ื‘-2011
17:33
in which it is very likely to vote itself independence.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
17:36
Now let's go up to the Arctic Circle.
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ื›ืขืช ื”ื‘ื” ื ืขืœื” ืœื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™.
17:40
There is a great race on for energy resources
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ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
17:42
under the Arctic seabed.
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ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™.
17:44
Who will win? Canada? Russia? The United States?
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ืžื™ ื™ื ืฆื—? ืงื ื“ื”? ืจื•ืกื™ื”? ืืจื”"ื‘?
17:46
Actually Greenland.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“.
17:48
Several weeks ago Greenland's [60,000] people
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, 60,000 ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“
17:51
voted themselves self-governance rights
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ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™
17:53
from Denmark.
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ืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ื ืžืจืง.
17:55
So Denmark is about to get a whole lot smaller.
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ื›ืš ืฉื“ื ืžืจืง ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื”.
17:58
What is the lesson from all of this?
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ืžื” ื”ืœืงื— ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”?
18:00
Geopolitics is a very unsentimental discipline.
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ื’ื™ืื•-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื–ื” ืชื—ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืกืจ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื ื˜ื™ื.
18:04
It's constantly morphing and changing the world,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื ื” ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
18:06
like climate change.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
18:08
And like our relationship with the ecosystem
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
18:10
we're always searching for equilibrium
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ
18:12
in how we divide ourselves across the planet.
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ื‘ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ื”ืœื›ืช.
18:15
Now we fear changes on the map.
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื”.
18:17
We fear civil wars, death tolls,
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืžืงืฆื™ืจ ื“ืžื™ื,
18:19
having to learn the names of new countries.
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ื•ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
18:22
But I believe that the inertia of the existing borders that we have today
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
18:25
is far worse and far more violent.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื™ื.
18:27
The question is how do we change those borders,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื”,
18:29
and what lines do we focus on?
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ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืงื•ื™ื ืื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื?
18:31
I believe we focus on the lines that cross borders,
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืงื•ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
18:33
the infrastructure lines.
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ืงื•ื™ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช,
18:35
Then we'll wind up with the world we want, a borderless one.
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ื•ืื– ื ืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื• ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ื•, ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
18:38
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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