How your brain decides what is beautiful | Anjan Chatterjee

504,780 views ใƒป 2017-08-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Roni Weisman ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Yael Ring
00:13
It's 1878.
0
13689
1967
ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 1878.
00:16
Sir Francis Galton gives a remarkable talk.
1
16789
3278
ืกื™ืจ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ื’ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจืฆืื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
00:21
He's speaking to the anthropologic institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
2
21138
4138
ื”ื•ื ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืื™ืจืœื ื“.
00:25
Known for his pioneering work in human intelligence,
3
25990
4026
ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
00:30
Galton is a brilliant polymath.
4
30040
1988
ื’ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื›ืื™ืฉ ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืง.
00:33
He's an explorer,
5
33536
1554
ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ,
00:35
an anthropologist,
6
35114
1753
ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’,
00:36
a sociologist,
7
36891
1530
ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’,
00:38
a psychologist
8
38445
1569
ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’
00:40
and a statistician.
9
40038
1474
ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืื™.
00:43
He's also a eugenist.
10
43207
2282
ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืึตืื•ึผื’ึตื ึดื™ืงึธื” (ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช).
00:46
In this talk,
11
46420
1246
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืจืฆืื”,
00:48
he presents a new technique by which he can combine photographs
12
48627
4753
ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
00:53
and produce composite portraits.
13
53404
2259
ื•ื”ืคืงืช ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื.
00:56
This technique could be used to characterize different types of people.
14
56483
5014
ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืืคื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:02
Galton thinks that if he combines photographs of violent criminals,
15
62522
5349
ื’ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ืฉืœื‘ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื,
01:07
he will discover the face of criminality.
16
67895
3126
ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืฉืข.
01:12
But to his surprise,
17
72073
1987
ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื•,
01:14
the composite portrait that he produces
18
74084
2864
ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื™ืง
01:17
is beautiful.
19
77771
1256
ื”ื•ื ื™ืคื”ืคื”.
01:21
Galton's surprising finding raises deep questions:
20
81846
3028
ืžืžืฆืื• ื”ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืœ ื’ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช:
01:25
What is beauty?
21
85335
1585
ืžื”ื• ื™ื•ืคื™?
01:27
Why do certain configurations of line and color and form excite us so?
22
87890
6819
ืœืžื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš?
01:36
For most of human history,
23
96192
1528
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:37
these questions have been approached using logic and speculation.
24
97744
5555
ื ื™ืกื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช.
01:43
But in the last few decades,
25
103935
1517
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
01:45
scientists have addressed the question of beauty
26
105476
2878
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™
01:48
using ideas from evolutionary psychology and tools of neuroscience.
27
108378
5069
ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
01:54
We're beginning to glimpse the why and the how of beauty,
28
114322
3863
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืฆื” ืืœ ื”ืื™ืš ื•ื”ืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™,
01:58
at least in terms of what it means for the human face and form.
29
118765
3324
ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
02:03
And in the process,
30
123021
1556
ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”,
02:04
we're stumbling upon some surprises.
31
124601
2352
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช.
02:07
When it comes to seeing beauty in each other,
32
127980
2808
ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื™ื•ืคื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”,
02:11
while this decision is certainly subjective for the individual,
33
131569
4355
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื• ืœืœื-ืกืคืง ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื“ื,
02:15
it's sculpted by factors that contribute to the survival of the group.
34
135948
4183
ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
02:20
Many experiments have shown
35
140630
2648
ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืื•
02:23
that a few basic parameters contribute to what makes a face attractive.
36
143302
4001
ืฉื›ืžื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืคื ื™ื ืœืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช.
02:28
These include averaging, symmetry and the effects of hormones.
37
148135
5676
ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžื™ืฆื•ืข, ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช.
02:33
Let's take each one of these in turn.
38
153835
2410
ื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื•.
02:38
Galton's finding
39
158351
1474
ื”ืžืžืฆื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื˜ื•ืŸ
02:39
that composite or average faces are typically more attractive
40
159849
5283
ืฉืคื ื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ื’ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช
02:45
than each individual face that contributes to the average
41
165156
3557
ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืชืจืžื• ืœืžื™ืฆื•ืข
02:48
has been replicated many times.
42
168737
1929
ืฉื•ื—ื–ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:51
This laboratory finding fits with many people's intuitions.
43
171753
4189
ืžืžืฆื ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื–ื” ืชื•ืื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:56
Average faces represent the central tendencies of a group.
44
176574
4211
ืžื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
03:01
People with mixed features represent different populations,
45
181544
4319
ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
03:05
and presumably harbor greater genetic diversity
46
185887
3348
ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ืื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:09
and adaptability to the environment.
47
189259
2198
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
03:12
Many people find mixed-race individuals attractive
48
192157
4404
ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข ืžืขื•ืจื‘
03:16
and inbred families less so.
49
196585
2174
ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ืฆืื ืžืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
03:20
The second factor that contributes to beauty is symmetry.
50
200447
4183
ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืชื•ืจื ืœื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
03:25
People generally find symmetric faces more attractive than asymmetric ones.
51
205294
4326
ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ื ืืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:30
Developmental abnormalities are often associated with asymmetries.
52
210578
5252
ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
03:35
And in plants, animals and humans,
53
215854
3265
ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
03:39
asymmetries often arise from parasitic infections.
54
219143
3306
ืืกืžื™ื˜ืจื™ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื.
03:43
Symmetry, it turns out,
55
223193
2218
ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ,
03:45
is also an indicator of health.
56
225435
3503
ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืกืžืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:50
In the 1930s,
57
230289
1594
ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื,
03:52
a man named Maksymilian Faktorowicz
58
232599
2900
ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืคืงื˜ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'
03:55
recognized the importance of symmetry for beauty
59
235523
3177
ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืœื™ื•ืคื™
03:58
when he designed the beauty micrometer.
60
238724
2155
ื•ืชื™ื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™.
04:02
With this device,
61
242117
1151
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชืงืŸ ื–ื”,
04:03
he could measure minor asymmetric flaws
62
243292
3055
ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืคื’ืžื™ ืืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืงืœื™ื
04:06
which he could then make up for with products he sold from his company,
63
246371
4549
ืื•ืชื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกื•ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžื›ืจื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื•,
04:10
named brilliantly after himself, Max Factor,
64
250944
3824
ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ืขืœ ืฉืžื•, ืžืงืก ืคืงื˜ื•ืจ,
04:14
which, as you know, is one of the world's most famous brands
65
254792
3011
ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
04:17
for "make up."
66
257827
1168
ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืื™ืคื•ืจ.
04:20
The third factor that contributes to facial attractiveness
67
260335
3958
ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืชื•ืจื ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื
04:24
is the effect of hormones.
68
264317
1713
ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช.
04:27
And here, I need to apologize for confining my comments
69
267353
4054
ื•ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื•ืช
04:32
to heterosexual norms.
70
272102
1567
ืœื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช.
04:35
But estrogen and testosterone play important roles
71
275438
4470
ืืกื˜ืจื•ื’ืŸ ื•ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžื’ืœืžื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
04:39
in shaping features that we find attractive.
72
279932
2598
ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื.
04:43
Estrogen produces features that signal fertility.
73
283463
3857
ืืกื˜ืจื•ื’ืŸ ืžืคื™ืง ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืžืœื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:48
Men typically find women attractive
74
288154
2950
ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื
04:51
who have elements of both youth and maturity.
75
291128
4301
ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•.
04:56
A face that's too baby-like might mean that the girl is not yet fertile,
76
296003
3973
ืคื ื™ื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืžืฉืžืขืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื”ื ืขืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืคื•ืจื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
05:00
so men find women attractive
77
300939
1973
ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื
05:02
who have large eyes, full lips and narrow chins
78
302936
4236
ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืžืœืื•ืช ื•ืกื ื˜ืจ ืฆืจ
05:07
as indicators of youth,
79
307196
1509
ื”ืžืกืžืœื™ื ื ืขื•ืจื™ื,
05:09
and high cheekbones as an indicator of maturity.
80
309520
3383
ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืžืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช.
05:14
Testosterone produces features that we regard as typically masculine.
81
314384
5283
ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžืคื™ืง ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืื ื• ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื’ื‘ืจื™ื™ื.
05:20
These include heavier brows,
82
320597
2020
ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:22
thinner cheeks
83
322641
1305
ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:23
and bigger, squared-off jaws.
84
323970
2252
ื•ืœืกืชื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:26
But here's a fascinating irony.
85
326246
1790
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
05:29
In many species,
86
329515
1151
ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
05:30
if anything,
87
330690
1381
ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
05:32
testosterone suppresses the immune system.
88
332095
3692
ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžื“ื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
05:36
So the idea that testosterone-infused features are a fitness indicator
89
336822
4174
ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืข"ื™ ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืกืžืžืŸ ืœื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
05:41
doesn't really make a whole lot of sense.
90
341020
2225
ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
05:44
Here, the logic is turned on its head.
91
344003
2499
ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืžืชื”ืคื›ืช.
05:47
Instead of a fitness indicator,
92
347478
2149
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืžืžืŸ ืœื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
05:49
scientists invoke a handicap principle.
93
349651
3407
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื”.
05:54
The most commonly cited example of a handicap
94
354609
3532
ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื”
05:58
is the peacock's tail.
95
358165
1491
ื”ื™ื ื–ื ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ืก.
06:00
This beautiful but cumbersome tail doesn't exactly help the peacock
96
360362
4396
ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื” ืืš ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื˜ื•ื•ืก
06:04
avoid predators
97
364782
1262
ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื
06:06
and approach peahens.
98
366730
1457
ื•ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื˜ื•ื•ืกื•ืช.
06:09
Why should such an extravagant appendage evolve?
99
369008
3452
ืœืžื” ืฉืชืชืคืชื— ืชื•ืกืคืช ื›ื” ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™ืช?
06:13
Even Charles Darwin,
100
373767
1595
ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
06:16
in an 1860 letter to Asa Gray wrote
101
376228
3399
ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืž-1860 ืœืืกื ื’ืจื™ื™
06:19
that the sight of the peacock's tail made him physically ill.
102
379651
3772
ืฉืžืจืื”ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ืก ื’ืจื ืœื• ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื—ื•ืœื”.
06:23
He couldn't explain it with his theory of natural selection,
103
383964
2898
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื•,
06:26
and out of this frustration,
104
386886
1899
ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
06:28
he developed the theory of sexual selection.
105
388809
3184
ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ืช.
06:33
On this account,
106
393321
1150
ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ื” ื–ื•,
06:34
the display of the peacock's tail is about sexual enticement,
107
394495
4383
ื”ืฆื’ืช ื–ื ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ืก ื”ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืžื™ื ื™,
06:38
and this enticement means it's more likely the peacock will mate
108
398902
6222
ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื•ืก ื–ื” ื™ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’
06:45
and have offspring.
109
405148
1334
ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฆืืฆืื™ื.
06:47
Now, the modern twist on this display argument
110
407638
2989
ื”ืžืคื ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืœื”ืฆื’ื” ื”ื–ืืช
06:51
is that the peacock is also advertising its health to the peahen.
111
411292
4970
ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื•ืก ื’ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืฆืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ืœื˜ื•ื•ืกื”.
06:57
Only especially fit organisms can afford to divert resources
112
417821
5127
ืจืง ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
07:02
to maintaining such an extravagant appendage.
113
422972
2698
ืœืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื›ื” ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™ืช.
07:06
Only especially fit men can afford the price that testosterone levies
114
426412
4893
ืจืง ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ื”
07:11
on their immune system.
115
431329
1269
ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
07:13
And by analogy, think of the fact
116
433380
2658
ื•ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
07:16
that only very rich men can afford to pay more than $10,000 for a watch
117
436062
6965
ืฉืจืง ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื“ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10,000$ ืขืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ
07:23
as a display of their financial fitness.
118
443051
2250
ื›ื”ืคื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
07:26
Now, many people hear these kinds of evolutionary claims
119
446933
2802
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
07:29
and think they mean that we somehow are unconsciously seeking mates
120
449759
5730
ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’
07:35
who are healthy.
121
455513
1915
ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
07:37
And I think this idea is probably not right.
122
457452
2943
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
07:42
Teenagers and young adults are not exactly known for making decisions
123
462089
4862
ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืœื•ืงื—ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
07:46
that are predicated on health concerns.
124
466975
2188
ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
07:50
But they don't have to be,
125
470364
1601
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
07:51
and let me explain why.
126
471989
1483
ื•ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข.
07:54
Imagine a population
127
474971
1351
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
07:57
in which people have three different kinds of preferences:
128
477028
4178
ื‘ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช:
08:01
for green, for orange and for red.
129
481230
3325
ืœื™ืจื•ืง, ืœื›ืชื•ื ื•ืœืื“ื•ื.
08:05
From their point of view,
130
485742
1191
ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื,
08:06
these preferences have nothing to do with health;
131
486957
2363
ืœื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
08:09
they just like what they like.
132
489344
1492
ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
08:11
But if it were also the case that these preferences are associated
133
491948
4041
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช
08:16
with the different likelihood of producing offspring --
134
496013
2998
ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ืืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื --
08:19
let's say in a ratio of 3:2:1 --
135
499035
2862
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ 3:2:1 --
08:22
then in the first generation,
136
502880
1444
ืื–ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
08:24
there would be 3 greens to 2 oranges to 1 red,
137
504348
3272
ื™ื”ื™ื• 3 ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœ 2 ื›ืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื•ื ืื—ื“,
08:27
and in each subsequent generation,
138
507644
2186
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืขื•ืงื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
08:29
the proportion of greens increase,
139
509854
2706
ื’ื•ื“ืœื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื™ื’ื“ืœ,
08:33
so that in 10 generations,
140
513887
1711
ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš 10 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,
08:35
98 percent of this population has a green preference.
141
515622
3773
ืœ-98 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืœื™ืจื•ืง.
08:39
Now, a scientist coming in and sampling this population
142
519783
3121
ืžื“ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื™ื“ื’ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื–ื•
08:42
discovers that green preferences are universal.
143
522928
3649
ื™ื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช.
08:47
So the point about this little abstract example
144
527426
3872
ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื–ืืช
08:51
is that while preferences for specific physical features
145
531322
4660
ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืœืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
08:56
can be arbitrary for the individual,
146
536006
2563
ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™,
08:59
if those features are heritable
147
539910
1770
ืื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืจื™-ื”ื•ืจืฉื”
09:05
and they are associated with a reproductive advantage,
148
545052
4159
ื•ื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื,
09:09
over time,
149
549235
1214
ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
09:10
they become universal for the group.
150
550473
1927
ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
09:14
So what happens in the brain when we see beautiful people?
151
554992
5201
ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ื• ื›ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืคื™ื?
09:22
Attractive faces activate parts of our visual cortex
152
562340
4028
ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืคืขืœื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
09:26
in the back of the brain,
153
566392
1945
ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
09:28
an area called the fusiform gyrus,
154
568361
1942
ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื™ื•ื–ื™ืคื•ืจื,
09:30
that is especially tuned to processing faces,
155
570327
2802
ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ื,
09:33
and an adjacent area called the lateral occipital complex,
156
573153
4014
ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ืกืžื•ืš ื”ื ืงืจื "ืœืื˜ืจืœ ืื•ืกื™ืคื™ืงืœ ืงื•ืžืคืœืงืก"
09:37
that is especially attuned to processing objects.
157
577191
2756
ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื.
09:40
In addition,
158
580520
1396
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ,
09:41
attractive faces activate parts of our reward and pleasure centers
159
581940
5078
ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืคืขืœื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื’ืžื•ืœ ื•ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉืœื ื•
09:47
in the front and deep in the brain,
160
587042
2265
ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžื•ื—,
09:49
and these include areas that have complicated names,
161
589999
3124
ื•ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื,
09:53
like the ventral striatum,
162
593147
1864
ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื˜ื•ื ื”ื’ื—ื•ื ื™,
09:55
the orbitofrontal cortex
163
595035
1919
ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ื‘ืชื™ืช-ืžืฆื—ื™ืช
09:56
and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
164
596978
2594
ื•ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื-ืžืฆื—ื™ืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”.
10:00
Our visual brain that is tuned to processing faces
165
600552
3984
ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ื
10:04
interacts with our pleasure centers
166
604560
2637
ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉืœื ื•
10:07
to underpin the experience of beauty.
167
607221
2447
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™.
10:11
Amazingly, while we all engage with beauty,
168
611539
4092
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™,
10:15
without our knowledge,
169
615655
1597
ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื ื•,
10:17
beauty also engages us.
170
617276
1758
ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื•.
10:20
Our brains respond to attractive faces
171
620298
2499
ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช
10:22
even when we're not thinking about beauty.
172
622821
2354
ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื•ืคื™.
10:26
We conducted an experiment in which people saw a series of faces,
173
626457
4289
ืขืจื›ื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืื• ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื,
10:30
and in one condition,
174
630770
1703
ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื—ื“,
10:32
they had to decide if a pair of faces were the same or a different person.
175
632497
5576
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
10:39
Even in this condition,
176
639727
2493
ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
10:42
attractive faces drove neural activity robustly in their visual cortex,
177
642244
6142
ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
10:48
despite the fact that they were thinking about a person's identity
178
648410
3513
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
10:51
and not their beauty.
179
651947
1301
ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื.
10:54
Another group similarly found automatic responses to beauty
180
654947
4311
ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืคื™
10:59
within our pleasure centers.
181
659282
2163
ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉืœื ื•.
11:02
Taken together, these studies suggest
182
662371
2789
ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื”
11:05
that our brain automatically responds to beauty
183
665853
4511
ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืœื™ื•ืคื™
11:10
by linking vision and pleasure.
184
670388
2015
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื ื’.
11:13
These beauty detectors, it seems,
185
673674
2380
ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ืœืื™ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ืืœื”,
11:16
ping every time we see beauty,
186
676078
1838
ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™,
11:17
regardless of whatever else we might be thinking.
187
677940
2694
ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
11:22
We also have a "beauty is good" stereotype embedded in the brain.
188
682842
5489
ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉ"ื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘".
11:29
Within the orbitofrontal cortex,
189
689532
2227
ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ื‘ืชื™ืช-ืžืฆื—ื™ืช,
11:31
there's overlapping neural activity
190
691783
1775
ื™ืฉื ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืคืคืช
11:33
in response to beauty and to goodness,
191
693582
3784
ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ืœื˜ื•ื‘,
11:39
and this happens even when people aren't explicitly thinking
192
699005
3522
ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ
11:42
about beauty or goodness.
193
702551
1603
ืขืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ ืื• ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘.
11:45
Our brains seem to reflexively associate beauty and good.
194
705726
3959
ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืคื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘.
11:50
And this reflexive association may be the biologic trigger
195
710510
3978
ื•ืงืฉืจ ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื‘ื™ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืชื—ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
11:54
for the many social effects of beauty.
196
714512
2682
ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™.
11:57
Attractive people receive all kinds of advantages in life.
197
717877
4394
ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
12:03
They're regarded as more intelligent,
198
723376
2754
ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:06
more trustworthy,
199
726154
1603
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื™ืžื•ืŸ,
12:07
they're given higher pay and lesser punishments,
200
727781
3545
ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช,
12:11
even when such judgments are not warranted.
201
731350
2722
ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื›ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
12:15
These kinds of observations reveal beauty's ugly side.
202
735392
3340
ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™.
12:19
In my lab, we recently found
203
739616
2073
ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ืžืฆืื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
12:21
that people with minor facial anomalies and disfigurements
204
741713
4922
ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืคื’ืžื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื
12:26
are regarded as less good, less kind,
205
746659
3784
ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืžื™ื,
12:30
less intelligent, less competent and less hardworking.
206
750467
4431
ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
12:35
Unfortunately, we also have a "disfigured is bad" stereotype.
207
755674
5284
ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉ"ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืข".
12:42
This stereotype is probably exploited and magnified
208
762218
6658
ื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื–ืืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื•ืืฃ ืžื•ืขืฆืžืช
12:48
by images in popular media,
209
768900
2413
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช,
12:51
in which facial disfigurement is often used as a shorthand
210
771337
3896
ืฉื ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืขืจื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืจืš
12:55
to depict someone of villainous character.
211
775257
2658
ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ ืžืจื•ืฉืขื•ืช.
12:59
We need to understand these kinds of implicit biases
212
779198
3454
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช
13:02
if we are to overcome them
213
782676
1737
ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
13:04
and aim for a society in which we treat people fairly,
214
784437
3681
ื•ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ,
13:08
based on their behavior and not on the happenstance of their looks.
215
788142
4415
ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืžืงืจื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
13:16
Let me leave you with one final thought.
216
796578
3245
ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื›ื ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
13:20
Beauty is a work in progress.
217
800864
2048
ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช.
13:24
The so-called universal attributes of beauty
218
804347
3207
"ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™", ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืงืจืื•ืช,
13:27
were selected for during the almost two million years of the Pleistocene.
219
807578
5488
ื ื‘ืจืจื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ.
13:33
Life was nasty, brutish and a very long time ago.
220
813764
4892
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื‘ื–ื™ื™ื, ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
13:39
The selection criteria for reproductive success from that time
221
819834
5324
ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
13:45
doesn't really apply today.
222
825182
1865
ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืจ-ืชื•ืงืฃ ื›ื™ื•ื.
13:47
For example,
223
827786
1490
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
13:49
death by parasite is not one of the top ways that people die,
224
829300
4067
ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืื—ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื,
13:53
at least not in the technologically developed world.
225
833391
2891
ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
13:57
From antibiotics to surgery,
226
837817
2360
ืžืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืขื“ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื,
14:00
birth control to in vitro fertilization,
227
840201
3492
ืžื‘ืงืจืช ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื”,
14:03
the filters for reproductive success are being relaxed.
228
843717
3390
ื”ืกื ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื.
14:07
And under these relaxed conditions,
229
847776
2655
ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืืœื”,
14:10
preference and trait combinations are free to drift
230
850455
4234
ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช
14:14
and become more variable.
231
854713
1769
ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
14:17
Even as we are profoundly affecting our environment,
232
857236
4186
ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
14:22
modern medicine and technological innovation
233
862805
3313
ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
14:26
is profoundly affecting
234
866142
1753
ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื”
14:27
the very essence of what it means to look beautiful.
235
867919
3722
ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™.
14:33
The universal nature of beauty is changing
236
873017
2550
ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืžืฉืชื ื”
14:35
even as we're changing the universe.
237
875591
2921
ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:40
Thank you.
238
880683
1185
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:41
(Applause)
239
881892
3586
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7