How your brain decides what is beautiful | Anjan Chatterjee

502,154 views ・ 2017-08-22

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Darren Song κ²€ν† : Gichung Lee
00:13
It's 1878.
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1878λ…„
00:16
Sir Francis Galton gives a remarkable talk.
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ν”„λžœμ‹œμŠ€ 골턴 경은 λ†€λΌμš΄ 연ꡬ결과λ₯Ό λ°œν‘œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
He's speaking to the anthropologic institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
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영ꡭ과 μ•„μΌλžœλ“œμ˜ 인λ₯˜ν•™ ν•™νšŒ 강연쀑에 κ³΅κ°œν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:25
Known for his pioneering work in human intelligence,
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골턴은 μΈκ°„μ˜ 지성에 κ΄€ν•œ μ„ κ΅¬μžμ  μ—…μ μœΌλ‘œ 잘 μ•Œλ €μ Έ 있고
00:30
Galton is a brilliant polymath.
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λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ λ°•μ‹κ°€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
He's an explorer,
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κ·ΈλŠ” νƒν—˜κ°€μ΄μž
00:35
an anthropologist,
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인λ₯˜ν•™μž
00:36
a sociologist,
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μ‚¬νšŒν•™μž
00:38
a psychologist
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μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžμ΄λ©°
00:40
and a statistician.
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ν†΅κ³„ν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
He's also a eugenist.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μš°μƒν•™μžμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
In this talk,
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κ·Έ κ°•μ—°μ—μ„œ
00:48
he presents a new technique by which he can combine photographs
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ 사진을 κ²°ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ μ‘°ν•©λœ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ΄ˆμƒν™”λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ”
00:53
and produce composite portraits.
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κΈ°μˆ μ„ λ°œν‘œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
This technique could be used to characterize different types of people.
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이 기술둜 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ—¬λŸ¬ μœ ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ νŠΉμ§•μ§€μ„ 수 μžˆμ„ 거라고 λ³΄μ•˜κ³ 
01:02
Galton thinks that if he combines photographs of violent criminals,
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골턴은 κ°•λ ₯λ²”μ˜ 사진을 μ‘°ν•©ν•˜λ©΄
01:07
he will discover the face of criminality.
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범죄상을 찾을 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
But to his surprise,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ†€λžκ²Œλ„
01:14
the composite portrait that he produces
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ μ΄ˆμƒν™”λŠ”
01:17
is beautiful.
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μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
Galton's surprising finding raises deep questions:
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κ³¨ν„΄μ˜ λ†€λΌμš΄ 발견으둜 μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ 의문이 μ œκΈ°λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
What is beauty?
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'아름닀움은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒ?'λΌλŠ” 것이죠.
01:27
Why do certain configurations of line and color and form excite us so?
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μ„ κ³Ό 색 그리고 λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ νŠΉμ •ν•œ 쑰합이 우리λ₯Ό ν₯λΆ„μ‹œν‚€λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ” λ­˜κΉŒμš”?
01:36
For most of human history,
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인λ₯˜μ‚¬λ₯Ό 톡틀어
01:37
these questions have been approached using logic and speculation.
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이 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ€ 논리와 좔츑을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œλ§Œ 닀루어져 μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
But in the last few decades,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€λ‚œ μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„ 사이
01:45
scientists have addressed the question of beauty
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 그런 아름닀움에 λŒ€ν•œ μ˜λ¬Έμ„
01:48
using ideas from evolutionary psychology and tools of neuroscience.
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진화심리학과 λ‡Œκ³Όν•™μ˜ 도ꡬλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ 닀루기 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
We're beginning to glimpse the why and the how of beauty,
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이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μ›€μ˜ μ΄μœ μ™€ 방법을 어렴풋이 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
at least in terms of what it means for the human face and form.
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적어도 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μƒκΉ€μƒˆμ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλŠ”μš”.
02:03
And in the process,
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그리고 κ·Έ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ
02:04
we're stumbling upon some surprises.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ λ†€λΌμš΄ 사싀을 μš°μ—°νžˆ μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
When it comes to seeing beauty in each other,
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μƒλŒ€λ°©μ„ 아름닡닀고 λ³΄λŠ” 것은
02:11
while this decision is certainly subjective for the individual,
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개개인의 주관에 따라 ν™•μ‹€νžˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ νŒλ‹¨μ„ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
02:15
it's sculpted by factors that contribute to the survival of the group.
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μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ 생쑴을 κ³ λ €ν•˜λŠ” μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄ μž‘μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
Many experiments have shown
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λ§Žμ€ μ‹€ν—˜ 결과듀에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
02:23
that a few basic parameters contribute to what makes a face attractive.
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얼꡴을 맀λ ₯적으둜 보이게 ν•˜λŠ” λͺ‡ 가지 μš”μΈμ΄ μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
These include averaging, symmetry and the effects of hormones.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œ 평균화, λŒ€μΉ­μ„±, 호λ₯΄λͺ¬ μž‘μš© 등이 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
02:33
Let's take each one of these in turn.
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μ°¨κ·Όμ°¨κ·Ό μ§šμ–΄λ³΄λ„λ‘ ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
Galton's finding
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골튼이 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Έ 사싀
02:39
that composite or average faces are typically more attractive
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즉, 집단 κ΅¬μ„±μ›μ˜ 얼꡴이 μ‘°ν•©λœ 평균적인 얼꡴이
κ·Έ ν‘œλ³Έμ΄ λ˜λŠ” 개개인의 얼꡴보닀 더 맀λ ₯적으둜 λ³΄μΈλ‹€λŠ” 사싀은
02:45
than each individual face that contributes to the average
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02:48
has been replicated many times.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μ°¨λ‘€ ν™•μΈλœ λ°” μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
This laboratory finding fits with many people's intuitions.
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κ·Έ 연ꡬ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 직관과도 λ“€μ–΄λ§žλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:56
Average faces represent the central tendencies of a group.
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평균적인 얼꡴은 ν•œ μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ 쀑심적 κ²½ν–₯을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
People with mixed features represent different populations,
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ν˜Όν•©λœ νŠΉμ§•μ„ 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 집단을 λŒ€ν‘œν•˜κ³ 
03:05
and presumably harbor greater genetic diversity
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μœ μ „μ  λ‹€μ–‘μ„±κ³Ό ν™˜κ²½ 적응 λŠ₯λ ₯이
03:09
and adaptability to the environment.
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더 μš°μˆ˜ν•  거라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
Many people find mixed-race individuals attractive
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 혼혈 인쒅에 끌리고
03:16
and inbred families less so.
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같은 μΈμ’…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²ŒλŠ” 맀λ ₯을 덜 λŠλΌλŠ” μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
The second factor that contributes to beauty is symmetry.
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아름닀움에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 두 번째 μš”μ†ŒλŠ” λŒ€μΉ­μ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
People generally find symmetric faces more attractive than asymmetric ones.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 보톡 λΉ„λŒ€μΉ­μΈ 얼꡴보닀 λŒ€μΉ­μΈ 얼꡴에 더 λŒλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:30
Developmental abnormalities are often associated with asymmetries.
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λ°œλ‹¬ μž₯μ• κ°€ λΉ„λŒ€μΉ­ νŠΉμ„±μ„ μˆ˜λ°˜ν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°λ„ 있죠.
03:35
And in plants, animals and humans,
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μ‹λ¬Όμ΄λ‚˜ 동물, μΈκ°„μ˜ 경우
03:39
asymmetries often arise from parasitic infections.
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λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” 기생좩 감염에 μ˜ν•΄ λΉ„λŒ€μΉ­μ„±μ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
Symmetry, it turns out,
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κ²°κ΅­, λŒ€μΉ­μ„±μ΄
03:45
is also an indicator of health.
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κ±΄κ°•μ˜ μ§€ν‘œμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•œ 것이죠.
03:50
In the 1930s,
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1930λ…„λŒ€μ—
03:52
a man named Maksymilian Faktorowicz
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λ§‰μ‹œλ°€λ¦¬μ•ˆ νŒ©ν† λ‘œλΉ„μΈ λΌλŠ” 남성은
03:55
recognized the importance of symmetry for beauty
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아름닀움에 μžˆμ–΄ λŒ€μΉ­μ„±μ΄ μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³ 
03:58
when he designed the beauty micrometer.
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얼꡴을 μΈ‘μ •ν•˜λŠ” μž₯치λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
With this device,
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이 μž₯치둜
04:03
he could measure minor asymmetric flaws
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μ–Όκ΅΄μ˜ μ‚¬μ†Œν•œ λΉ„λŒ€μΉ­μ  κ²°μ κΉŒμ§€ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
04:06
which he could then make up for with products he sold from his company,
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μžμ‚¬μ˜ μ œν’ˆμ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ ν™”μž₯으둜 κ·Έ 결점을 λ³΄μ™„ν–ˆμ£ .
04:10
named brilliantly after himself, Max Factor,
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그의 이름을 λ”΄ νšŒμ‚¬μΈ 'λ§₯슀 νŒ©ν„°(Max Factor)'λŠ”
04:14
which, as you know, is one of the world's most famous brands
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μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό μ§€κΈˆμ€ ν™”μž₯ν’ˆ μ—…κ³„μ—μ„œ 세계적인 λΈŒλžœλ“œκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
for "make up."
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04:20
The third factor that contributes to facial attractiveness
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얼꡴에 맀λ ₯을 느끼게 ν•˜λŠ” μ„Έ 번째 μš”μΈμ€
04:24
is the effect of hormones.
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호λ₯΄λͺ¬μ˜ 영ν–₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
And here, I need to apologize for confining my comments
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„  이성애적 기쀀에 ν•œν•΄μ„œλ§Œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” 것을
04:32
to heterosexual norms.
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μ–‘ν•΄ν•΄ μ£Όμ‹œκΈ° λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
But estrogen and testosterone play important roles
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μ—μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œκ²κ³Ό ν…ŒμŠ€ν† μŠ€ν…Œλ‘  호λ₯΄λͺ¬μ€
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 맀λ ₯을 λŠλΌλŠ” νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄λŠ” 데 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
in shaping features that we find attractive.
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04:43
Estrogen produces features that signal fertility.
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μ—μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œκ²μ€ 생식 λŠ₯λ ₯이 μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œλ¦¬λŠ” νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
Men typically find women attractive
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남성은 일반적으둜
젊음과 μ„±μˆ™ν•¨μ˜ μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘ κ°–μΆ˜ μ—¬μ„±μ—κ²Œμ„œ 맀λ ₯을 λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
who have elements of both youth and maturity.
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04:56
A face that's too baby-like might mean that the girl is not yet fertile,
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ™μ•ˆμΈ 얼꡴은 아직 생식 λŠ₯λ ₯이 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Ό μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
so men find women attractive
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 남성이 맀λ ₯을 λŠλΌλŠ” 여성상은
05:02
who have large eyes, full lips and narrow chins
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젊음의 μ§€ν‘œμΈ 큰 눈, λ‘κΊΌμš΄ μž…μˆ , 쒁은 턱을 가지고 있고
05:07
as indicators of youth,
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05:09
and high cheekbones as an indicator of maturity.
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μ„±μˆ™ν•¨μ˜ μ§€ν‘œμΈ 높은 κ΄‘λŒ€λ₯Ό 가진 μ—¬μ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:14
Testosterone produces features that we regard as typically masculine.
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ν…ŒμŠ€ν† μŠ€ν…Œλ‘ μ€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 남성적이라고 μ—¬κΈ°λŠ” νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
These include heavier brows,
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짙은 눈썹
05:22
thinner cheeks
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κ°Έλ¦„ν•œ λΊ¨
05:23
and bigger, squared-off jaws.
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큰 사각턱 등이 있죠.
05:26
But here's a fascinating irony.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” ν₯미둜운 λͺ¨μˆœμ μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
In many species,
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λ§Žμ€ μ’…λ“€μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—
05:30
if anything,
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였히렀
05:32
testosterone suppresses the immune system.
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ν…ŒμŠ€ν† μŠ€ν…Œλ‘ μ€ λ©΄μ—­ 체계λ₯Ό μ–΅μ œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
So the idea that testosterone-infused features are a fitness indicator
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν…ŒμŠ€ν† μŠ€ν…Œλ‘ μ΄ κ±΄κ°•μ˜ μ§€ν‘œλΌλŠ” 생각은
05:41
doesn't really make a whole lot of sense.
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μ΄μΉ˜μ— λ§žμ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
Here, the logic is turned on its head.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 논리가 μ™„μ „νžˆ 뒀집어지죠.
05:47
Instead of a fitness indicator,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€
05:49
scientists invoke a handicap principle.
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κ±΄κ°•ν•¨μ˜ μ§€ν‘œ λŒ€μ‹ μ— ν•Έλ””μΊ‘ 원리λ₯Ό μ μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:54
The most commonly cited example of a handicap
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이 ν•Έλ””μΊ‘ μ›λ¦¬μ˜ κ°€μž₯ ν”ν•œ 예둜
05:58
is the peacock's tail.
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κ³΅μž‘μƒˆμ˜ 꼬리가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:00
This beautiful but cumbersome tail doesn't exactly help the peacock
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μ•„λ¦„λ‹΅μ§€λ§Œ κ±°μΆ”μž₯슀러운 큰 κΌ¬λ¦¬λŠ” ν¬μ‹μžλ₯Ό ν”Όν•  λ•Œ 별 도움도 λ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
06:04
avoid predators
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06:06
and approach peahens.
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μ•”μ»·μ—κ²Œ 닀가가기도 μ–΄λ ΅μ£ .
06:09
Why should such an extravagant appendage evolve?
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그럼 μ™œ 그런 ν™”λ €ν•œ 꼬리λ₯Ό 갖도둝 μ§„ν™”ν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
06:13
Even Charles Darwin,
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심지어 찰슀 λ‹€μœˆλ„
06:16
in an 1860 letter to Asa Gray wrote
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1860년에 아사 κ·Έλ ˆμ΄μ—κ²Œ μ“΄ νŽΈμ§€μ—
06:19
that the sight of the peacock's tail made him physically ill.
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κ³΅μž‘μƒˆμ˜ 꼬리λ₯Ό 보면 머리가 μ•„ν”Œ 지경이라고 μ“Έ μ •λ„μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
He couldn't explain it with his theory of natural selection,
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μžμ‹ μ˜ 이둠인 μžμ—°μ„ νƒμ„€λ‘œλŠ” κ³΅μž‘μƒˆμ˜ 꼬리λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
06:26
and out of this frustration,
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이 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
06:28
he developed the theory of sexual selection.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ„±μ„ νƒμ„€μ΄λΌλŠ” 이둠을 νŽΌμ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
On this account,
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이 이둠에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
06:34
the display of the peacock's tail is about sexual enticement,
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κ³΅μž‘μƒˆμ˜ ν™”λ €ν•œ κΌ¬λ¦¬λŠ” 성적 맀λ ₯의 일쒅이며
06:38
and this enticement means it's more likely the peacock will mate
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이런 맀λ ₯을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
κ³΅μž‘μ΄ 짝짓기λ₯Ό ν•˜μ—¬ μžμ†μ„ λ§Œλ“€ λŠ₯λ ₯이 μžˆμŒμ„ κ³Όμ‹œν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
and have offspring.
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06:47
Now, the modern twist on this display argument
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이런 κ³Όμ‹œ 행동에 λŒ€ν•œ 졜근 ν•™μ„€λ‘œμ„œ
06:51
is that the peacock is also advertising its health to the peahen.
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수컷이 μžμ‹ μ˜ 건강함을 μ•”μ»·μ—κ²Œ 뽐내기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλΌλŠ” μ˜κ²¬λ„ 있죠.
06:57
Only especially fit organisms can afford to divert resources
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νŠΉλ³„νžˆ μ ν•©ν•œ μœ κΈ°μ²΄λ“€λ§Œμ΄
μžμ‹ μ΄ 가진 μžμ›μ„ λΆ„λ°°ν•΄μ„œ
07:02
to maintaining such an extravagant appendage.
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그런 μ‚¬μΉ˜μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ 꼬리λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:06
Only especially fit men can afford the price that testosterone levies
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ νŠΉλ³„νžˆ κ±΄κ°•ν•œ λ‚¨μ„±λ§Œμ΄
ν…ŒμŠ€ν† μŠ€ν…Œλ‘ μ˜ λ©΄μ—­ 체계 μ–΅μ œλ₯Ό κ²¬λŽŒλ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:11
on their immune system.
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07:13
And by analogy, think of the fact
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 이런 경우λ₯Ό 생각해 λ³Ό 수 있겠죠.
07:16
that only very rich men can afford to pay more than $10,000 for a watch
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맀우 λΆ€μœ ν•œ λ‚¨μ„±λ§Œμ΄ 천만 원이 λ„˜λŠ” μ‹œκ³„λ₯Ό μ°¨κ³  λ‹€λ‹ˆλ©°
07:23
as a display of their financial fitness.
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μžμ‹ μ˜ 경제적 λŠ₯λ ₯을 κ³Όμ‹œν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
Now, many people hear these kinds of evolutionary claims
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 이런 진화 이둠을 μ ‘ν•˜κ³ 
07:29
and think they mean that we somehow are unconsciously seeking mates
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¬΄μ˜μ‹μ€‘μ— κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 배우자λ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 의미둜 λ°›μ•„λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:35
who are healthy.
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07:37
And I think this idea is probably not right.
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그건 잘λͺ» μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
07:42
Teenagers and young adults are not exactly known for making decisions
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μ‹­λŒ€μ™€ μ Šμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ—°μ•  μƒλŒ€λ₯Ό κ³ λ₯Ό λ•Œ
07:46
that are predicated on health concerns.
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건강과 κ΄€λ ¨λœ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
But they don't have to be,
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그럴 ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μ£ .
07:51
and let me explain why.
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ°μ§€ μ„€λͺ…ν•΄λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
Imagine a population
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μ–΄λŠ ν•œ 집단을 κ°€μ •ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:57
in which people have three different kinds of preferences:
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κ·Έ μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ ꡬ성원듀은 μ„Έ 가지 색깔 쀑에 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ„ ν˜Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:01
for green, for orange and for red.
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녹색, 주황색, 빨간색 μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ„ ν˜Έν•˜μ£ .
08:05
From their point of view,
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κ·Έ κ΅¬μ„±μ›λ“€μ˜ μž…μž₯μ—μ„œλŠ”
08:06
these preferences have nothing to do with health;
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μžμ‹ μ΄ μ„ ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” 색깔은 κ±΄κ°•κ³ΌλŠ” λ¬΄κ΄€ν•˜κ²Œ
08:09
they just like what they like.
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κ·Έλƒ₯ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” 것일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:11
But if it were also the case that these preferences are associated
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그런데 ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œ μ„ ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” 색에 따라
08:16
with the different likelihood of producing offspring --
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μžμ†μ„ 낳을 κ°€λŠ₯성에 차이가 μžˆλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•˜κ³ 
08:19
let's say in a ratio of 3:2:1 --
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κ·Έ λΉ„μœ¨μ„ 3:2:1이라고 κ°€μ •ν•˜μ£ .
08:22
then in the first generation,
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즉, 1μ„ΈλŒ€ 집단이
08:24
there would be 3 greens to 2 oranges to 1 red,
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μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰μ΄ 3 λͺ…, 주황색이 2 λͺ…, 빨간색이 1λͺ…이라고 치면
08:27
and in each subsequent generation,
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 갈수둝
08:29
the proportion of greens increase,
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녹색이 μ°¨μ§€ν•˜λŠ” λΉ„μœ¨μ΄ 점차 μ¦κ°€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:33
so that in 10 generations,
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μ—΄ 번째 μ„ΈλŒ€μ—μ„œλŠ”
08:35
98 percent of this population has a green preference.
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μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰μ„ μ„ ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ „μ²΄μ˜ 98 %에 이λ₯Ό κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:39
Now, a scientist coming in and sampling this population
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κ·Έλ•Œ, κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 이 집단을 λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄
08:42
discovers that green preferences are universal.
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μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰ μ„ ν˜Έκ°€ λ³΄νŽΈμ μ΄λΌλŠ” 결둠을 내리겠죠.
08:47
So the point about this little abstract example
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이 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ 좔상적인 μ˜ˆμ‹œμ—μ„œ μ•Œμ•„λ‘μ–΄μ•Ό ν•  것은
08:51
is that while preferences for specific physical features
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ 신체적 νŠΉμ§•μ„ μ„ ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” 것은
08:56
can be arbitrary for the individual,
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κ°œκ°œμΈλ§ˆλ‹€ λ‹€λ₯Ό 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
08:59
if those features are heritable
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κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ΄ μœ μ „λ˜κ³ 
09:05
and they are associated with a reproductive advantage,
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생식에 μœ λ¦¬ν•œ μΈ‘λ©΄κ³Ό μ—°κ΄€λœλ‹€λ©΄
09:09
over time,
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μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚ μˆ˜λ‘
09:10
they become universal for the group.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ€ λ³΄νŽΈμ„±μ„ λ„κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:14
So what happens in the brain when we see beautiful people?
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그럼 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ 봀을 λ•Œ λ‡Œμ—μ„œλŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚ κΉŒμš”?
09:22
Attractive faces activate parts of our visual cortex
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맀λ ₯적인 얼꡴을 보면 λ‡Œμ˜ μ‹œκ° ν”Όμ§ˆμ΄ ν™œμ„±ν™” λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:26
in the back of the brain,
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λ‡Œμ˜ λ’€μͺ½μ— μžˆλŠ”
09:28
an area called the fusiform gyrus,
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λ°©μΆ”μƒνšŒλΌλŠ” μ˜μ—­μ΄μ£ .
09:30
that is especially tuned to processing faces,
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이 뢀뢄은 νŠΉλ³„νžˆ μ–Όκ΅΄ 인식 κΈ°λŠ₯에 μ΅œμ ν™”λ˜μ–΄ 있고
09:33
and an adjacent area called the lateral occipital complex,
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그와 μ£Όλ³€μ˜ μ™ΈμΈ‘ 후두엽 ν”Όμ§ˆμ΄λΌλŠ”
09:37
that is especially attuned to processing objects.
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사물 인식 κΈ°λŠ₯을 λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” μ˜μ—­λ„ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜μ£ .
09:40
In addition,
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그와 λ™μ‹œμ—
09:41
attractive faces activate parts of our reward and pleasure centers
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맀λ ₯적인 얼꡴은 보상과 μΎŒλ½μ— κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜λŠ” 쀑좔신경을 μžκ·Ήν•˜μ£ .
09:47
in the front and deep in the brain,
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λ‡Œμ˜ μ•žμͺ½κ³Ό μ•ˆμͺ½ 깊이 μžˆλŠ” κ³³μΈλ°μš”.
09:49
and these include areas that have complicated names,
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이 μ˜μ—­μ€ λͺ…칭이 μ’€ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:53
like the ventral striatum,
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λ°°μͺ½ μ€„λ¬΄λŠ¬μ²΄
09:55
the orbitofrontal cortex
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μ•ˆμ™€ 전두 ν”Όμ§ˆ
09:56
and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
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λ³΅λ‚΄μΈ‘μ‹œμƒν•˜ν•΅ 전전두엽 ν”Όμ§ˆμ΄λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:00
Our visual brain that is tuned to processing faces
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μ–Όκ΅΄ 정보λ₯Ό μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” 우리의 μ‹œκ°μ  λ‡Œμ˜μ—­μ€
10:04
interacts with our pleasure centers
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쾌락 쀑좔와 κ΅κ°ν•˜μ—¬
10:07
to underpin the experience of beauty.
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아름닀움을 λŠλΌλ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
Amazingly, while we all engage with beauty,
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λ†€λΌμš΄ 점은, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 아름닀움을 μ°ΎλŠ” λ°˜λ©΄μ—
10:15
without our knowledge,
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μš°λ¦¬λ„ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ²Œ
10:17
beauty also engages us.
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아름닀움도 우리λ₯Ό λŒμ–΄λ‹ΉκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:20
Our brains respond to attractive faces
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심지어 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 아름닀움에 κ΄€ν•œ 생각을 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ λ•Œμ‘°μ°¨λ„
10:22
even when we're not thinking about beauty.
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우리의 λ‡ŒλŠ” 맀λ ₯적인 얼꡴에 λ°˜μ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:26
We conducted an experiment in which people saw a series of faces,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 얼꡴을 κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜λŠ” μ‹€ν—˜μ„ μ§„ν–‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:30
and in one condition,
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ν•œκ°€μ§€ 쑰건이 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
10:32
they had to decide if a pair of faces were the same or a different person.
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두 μž₯의 μ–Όκ΅΄ 사진을 보고
같은 μ‚¬λžŒμΈμ§€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμΈμ§€λ§Œ νŒλ‹¨ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:39
Even in this condition,
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이런 μ‹€ν—˜μ‘°κ±΄μ„ 두어도
10:42
attractive faces drove neural activity robustly in their visual cortex,
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맀λ ₯적인 얼꡴을 λ³Ό λ•Œ μ‹œκ° ν”Όμ§ˆμ—μ„œ κΈ‰κ²©ν•œ μ‹ κ²½ ν™œλ™μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:48
despite the fact that they were thinking about a person's identity
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아름닀움을 보지 μ•Šκ³  같은 μ‚¬λžŒμΈμ§€ μ•„λ‹Œμ§€λ§Œ
10:51
and not their beauty.
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μƒκ°ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν–ˆλŠ”λ°λ„ 말이죠.
10:54
Another group similarly found automatic responses to beauty
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹€ν—˜κ΅°μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œλ„
쾌락 쀑좔 λ‚΄μ—μ„œ 아름닀움에 λŒ€ν•œ μžλ™ λ°˜μ‚¬κ°€ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
within our pleasure centers.
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11:02
Taken together, these studies suggest
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이 λͺ¨λ“  연ꡬ결과λ₯Ό 쒅합해보면
11:05
that our brain automatically responds to beauty
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우리의 λ‡Œκ°€ μ‹œκ°κ³Ό μΎŒλ½μ„ μ—°κ²°ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
아름닀움에 μ €μ ˆλ‘œ λ°˜μ‘ν•¨μ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:10
by linking vision and pleasure.
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11:13
These beauty detectors, it seems,
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이런 아름닀움을 κ°μ§€ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°λŠ₯이
11:16
ping every time we see beauty,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 아름닀움에 κ΄€ν•œ 생각을 ν•˜λ“ μ§€ μ•ˆν•˜λ“ μ§€ 간에
11:17
regardless of whatever else we might be thinking.
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μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ 것을 λ³Ό λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ 우리λ₯Ό μžκ·Ήν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
11:22
We also have a "beauty is good" stereotype embedded in the brain.
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λ˜ν•œ 우리 λ‡Œ μ†μ—λŠ”
"μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ 게 μ„ ν•œ 것이닀"λΌλŠ” 고정관념이 λ“€μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:29
Within the orbitofrontal cortex,
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λ‡Œμ˜ μ•ˆμ™€ μ „λ‘ν”Όμ§ˆμ—λŠ”
11:31
there's overlapping neural activity
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아름닀움과 선함에 λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ” μ‹ κ²½ ν™œλ™μ΄
11:33
in response to beauty and to goodness,
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μ„œλ‘œ μ€‘μ²©λ˜λŠ” μ˜μ—­μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:39
and this happens even when people aren't explicitly thinking
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아름닀움과 선함에 λŒ€ν•΄ λΆ„λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ λ•Œμ—λ„
11:42
about beauty or goodness.
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€ λ°˜μ‘μ„ 보이죠.
11:45
Our brains seem to reflexively associate beauty and good.
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우리의 λ‡ŒλŠ” λ°˜μ‚¬μ μœΌλ‘œ 아름닀움과 선을 μ—°κ΄€ μ§“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:50
And this reflexive association may be the biologic trigger
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이런 λ°˜μ‚¬μ  연관이 생물학적 κΈ°ν­μ œκ°€ λ˜μ–΄
11:54
for the many social effects of beauty.
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아름닀움이 μ‚¬νšŒμ μœΌλ‘œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 것이죠.
11:57
Attractive people receive all kinds of advantages in life.
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맀λ ₯적인 μ™Έλͺ¨λ₯Ό 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ‚Άμ—μ„œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 이점을 μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:03
They're regarded as more intelligent,
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그듀은 더 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•΄ 보이고
12:06
more trustworthy,
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더 μ‹ λ’°ν•  λ§Œν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°λ˜κ³ 
12:07
they're given higher pay and lesser punishments,
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κΈ‰μ—¬λŠ” 더 λ†’μœΌλ©΄μ„œλ„ 차별은 적게 λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:11
even when such judgments are not warranted.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ νŒλ‹¨ν•  μ •λ‹Ήν•œ κ·Όκ±°κ°€ μ—†λŠ”λ°λ„ 말이죠.
12:15
These kinds of observations reveal beauty's ugly side.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 사둀듀은 μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μ›€μ˜ μ–΄λ‘μš΄ 츑면을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
In my lab, we recently found
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저희 μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ˜ 졜근 연ꡬ에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
12:21
that people with minor facial anomalies and disfigurements
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얼꡴이 λ‹€μ†Œ κΈ°ν˜•μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ 흉터가 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
12:26
are regarded as less good, less kind,
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덜 μΉœμ ˆν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 덜 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•˜κ³ 
12:30
less intelligent, less competent and less hardworking.
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덜 유λŠ₯ν•˜λ©° 덜 λΆ€μ§€λŸ°ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²¨μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:35
Unfortunately, we also have a "disfigured is bad" stereotype.
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"μ–Όκ΅΄μ˜ 흠은 λ‚˜μ˜λ‹€"λΌλŠ” 고정관념도 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
12:42
This stereotype is probably exploited and magnified
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μ‚¬μ•…ν•œ λ“±μž₯인물을 얼꡴에 흠이 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ”
12:48
by images in popular media,
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λŒ€μ€‘λ§€μ²΄ 속 이미지듀은
12:51
in which facial disfigurement is often used as a shorthand
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μ–Όκ΅΄μ˜ 흠은 λ‚˜μ˜λ‹€λŠ” 고정관념을
12:55
to depict someone of villainous character.
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μ΄μš©ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ κ³Όμž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:59
We need to understand these kinds of implicit biases
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νŽΈκ²¬μ„ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μΈμ‹ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ
13:02
if we are to overcome them
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이λ₯Ό 극볡할 수 있고
13:04
and aim for a society in which we treat people fairly,
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λͺ¨λ“  이가 κ³΅μ •ν•˜κ²Œ λŒ€μš° λ°›λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό 이루렀면
13:08
based on their behavior and not on the happenstance of their looks.
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μ™Έλͺ¨λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” ν–‰λ™μœΌλ‘œ ν‰κ°€ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ  인식이 바탕이 λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:16
Let me leave you with one final thought.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ κ°€μ§€λ§Œ 더 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:20
Beauty is a work in progress.
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아름닀움은 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ λ³€ν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:24
The so-called universal attributes of beauty
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이λ₯Έλ°” μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μ›€μ˜ 보편적인 νŠΉμ„±μ€
13:27
were selected for during the almost two million years of the Pleistocene.
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μ‹ μƒλŒ€ 이후 2백만 년을 걸쳐 λ³€ν™”λ˜μ–΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:33
Life was nasty, brutish and a very long time ago.
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과거의 삢은 μΆ”ν•˜κ³  μ•Όλ§Œμ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:39
The selection criteria for reproductive success from that time
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λ²ˆμ‹μ— μ„±κ³΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 과거의 선택 기쀀은
13:45
doesn't really apply today.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λŠ” μ ˆλŒ€ λ“€μ–΄λ§žμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:47
For example,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄
13:49
death by parasite is not one of the top ways that people die,
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기술이 λ°œλ‹¬ν•œ λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œλŠ”
기생좩에 μ˜ν•œ 사망이 μ£Όμš”μ‚¬λ§ 원인이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:53
at least not in the technologically developed world.
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13:57
From antibiotics to surgery,
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ν•­μƒμ œμ—μ„œ μˆ˜μˆ κΉŒμ§€
14:00
birth control to in vitro fertilization,
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μ‚°μ•„ μ œν•œμ—μ„œ 체외 μˆ˜μ •μ— 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€
14:03
the filters for reproductive success are being relaxed.
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λ²ˆμ‹μ˜ κ°€λŠ₯성을 μ•ˆμ •μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μ ˆν•  수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:07
And under these relaxed conditions,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ•ˆμ •λœ μ‘°κ±΄μ—μ„œ
14:10
preference and trait combinations are free to drift
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μ„ ν˜Έμ™€ ν˜•μ§ˆμ˜ 쑰합은 더 μžμœ λ‘œμ›Œμ‘Œκ³ 
14:14
and become more variable.
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더 λ‹€μ–‘ν•΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:17
Even as we are profoundly affecting our environment,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν™˜κ²½μ— μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 영ν–₯을 μ£Όκ³  μžˆμ„ λ•Œμ—λ„
14:22
modern medicine and technological innovation
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ν˜„λŒ€ μ˜ν•™κ³Ό 기술의 ν˜μ‹ μ€
14:26
is profoundly affecting
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μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μ›€μ˜ λ³Έμ§ˆμ—
14:27
the very essence of what it means to look beautiful.
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μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ 영ν–₯을 μ£Όκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:33
The universal nature of beauty is changing
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 세상을 λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ λ•Œ
14:35
even as we're changing the universe.
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μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μ›€μ˜ 보편적 νŠΉμ„± λ˜ν•œ ν•¨κ»˜ λ³€ν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:40
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:41
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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