Nicholas Negroponte: The vision behind One Laptop Per Child

33,760 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:25
I've been at MIT for 44 years.
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ืื ื™ ื‘-MIT ื›ื‘ืจ 44 ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœ-TED I (ืžืคื’ืฉ TED ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ).
00:27
I went to TED I.
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00:29
There's only one other person here, I think, who did that.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
00:32
All the other TEDs --
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื›ื ืกื™ TED -- ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืงื™ --
00:34
and I went to them all, under Ricky's regime --
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00:36
I talked about what the Media Lab was doing,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื”,
00:38
which today has almost 500 people in it.
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-500 ืื™ืฉ.
00:41
And if you read the press,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื ืืžืจ ืฉื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจืชื™ ืžืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื”.
00:43
last week it actually said I quit the Media Lab.
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00:46
I didn't quit the Media Lab, I stepped down as chairman --
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ืœื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจืชื™ ืžืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื”, ืืœื ืคืจืฉืชื™ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•"ืจ --
00:50
which was a kind of ridiculous title, but someone else has taken it on --
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” ืชื•ืืจ ืžื’ื•ื—ืš, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื•,
00:54
and one of the things you can do as a professor
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ
00:57
is you stay on as a professor.
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ืื ืืชื” ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ
00:59
And I will now do for the rest of my life the One Laptop Per Child,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืขืฉื” ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื–ื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืค ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืœื“,
01:03
which I've sort of been doing for a year and a half, anyway.
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ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™, ืžืžื™ืœื.
01:06
So I'm going to tell you about this,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
01:08
use my 18 minutes to tell you why we're doing it,
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ื•ืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘18 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”,
ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
01:12
how we're doing it and then what we're doing.
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01:14
And at some point I'll even pass around
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ื•ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื›ื
01:17
what the $100 laptop might be like.
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ืžื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืค 100 ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื”.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืจื™ืก ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
01:23
I was asked by Chris to talk about some of the big issues,
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01:26
and so I figured I'd start with the three that at least drove me to do this.
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœื” ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื–ื”.
01:31
And the first is pretty obvious.
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ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
01:34
It's amazing when you meet a head of state, and you say,
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืจืืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
01:37
"What is your most precious natural resource?"
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"ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื?"
01:40
They will not say "children" at first,
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื,
01:42
and then when you say, "children," they will pretty quickly agree with you.
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ื•ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ื ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืื™ืชื›ื.
01:47
And so that isn't very hard.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
01:49
(Laughter)
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
01:52
Everybody agrees that whatever the solutions are to the big problems,
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
01:57
they include education, sometimes can be just education
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02:01
and can never be without some element of education.
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ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืืœืžื ื˜ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
02:05
So that's certainly part of it.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”.
02:07
And the third is a little bit less obvious.
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
02:09
And that is that we all in this room learned how to walk, how to talk,
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช, ืื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
02:14
not by being taught how to talk, or taught how to walk,
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ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืื• ืื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช,
02:18
but by interacting with the world,
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ืืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:20
by having certain results as a consequence of being able to ask for something,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืฉื”ื•,
02:24
or being able to stand up and reach it.
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ืื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•.
02:26
Whereas at about the age six, we were told to stop learning that way,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 6, ื ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•,
02:31
and that all learning from then on would happen through teaching,
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ื•ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืื– ื•ื”ืœืื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื”,
02:34
whether it's people standing up, like I'm doing now,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื• ืกืคืจ, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
02:36
or a book, or something.
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02:38
But it was really through teaching.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“.
02:40
And one of the things in general that computers have provided to learning
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืกื™ืคืงื• ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”
02:45
is that it now includes a kind of learning
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ื–ื” ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื”
02:48
which is a little bit more like walking and talking,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืื• ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
02:52
in the sense that a lot of it is driven by the learner himself or herself.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื ื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
02:58
So with those as the principles --
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ืื– ืขื ืืœื” ื›ืขื™ืงืจื•ื ื•ืช --
03:01
some of you may know Seymour Papert.
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ื—ืœืงื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืžื•ืจ ืคืคืจื˜,
03:03
This is back in 1982, when we were working in Senegal.
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ื–ื” ื‘1982, ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ืกื ื’ืœ.
03:07
Because some people think that the $100 laptop just happened a year ago,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืคื˜ื•ืค 100 ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”,
03:12
or two years ago, or we were struck by lightning --
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ืื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืจืง.
03:15
this actually has gone back a long time, and in fact, back to the '60s.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ื•ืจื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”60.
03:20
Here we're in the '80s.
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”80.
03:22
Steve Jobs had given us some laptops. We were in Senegal.
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื’'ื•ื‘ืก ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืคื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื ื’ืœ.
03:26
It didn't scale
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ื–ื” ืœื ื’ื“ืœ ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
03:27
but it at least was bringing computers to developing countries
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03:32
and learning pretty quickly that these kids,
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ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
03:35
even though English wasn't their language,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:37
the Latin alphabet barely was their language,
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ื”ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:40
but they could just swim like fish.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ื™ื;
03:42
They could play these like pianos.
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ื”ื ื ื™ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ืืœื” ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื.
03:46
A little bit more recently, I got involved personally.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
03:50
And these are two anecdotes --
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉืชื™ ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช -- ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”,
03:52
one was in Cambodia,
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ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื•ืœื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ,
03:55
in a village that has no electricity, no water, no television, no telephone,
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03:59
but has broadband Internet now.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืคืก ืจื—ื‘ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:01
And these kids, their first English word is "Google"
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” "ื’ื•ื’ืœ,"
ื•ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืจืง ืืช ืกืงื™ื™ืค. ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
04:05
and they only know Skype.
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04:07
They've never heard of telephony.
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04:09
They just use Skype.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ื ืจืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืงื™ื™ืค.
04:11
And they go home at night --
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืจื‘; ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ
04:13
they've got a broadband connection in a hut that doesn't have electricity.
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ื‘ื‘ืงืชื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื—ืฉืžืœ.
04:17
The parents love it, because when they open up the laptops,
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืคื˜ื•ืคื™ื,
04:19
it's the brightest light source in the house.
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ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
04:22
And talk about where metaphors and reality mix --
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ื•ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื --
04:25
this is the actual school.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
04:28
In parallel with this, Seymour Papert got the governor of Maine
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื–ื”, ืกื™ืžื•ืจ ืคืคืจื˜ ืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืžื•ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืŸ
04:33
to legislate one laptop per child in the year 2002.
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ืœื—ื•ืงืง ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืœืคื˜ื•ืค ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื‘2002.
04:39
Now at the time, I think it's fair to say that 80 percent of the teachers were --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉ80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• --
04:44
let me say, apprehensive.
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-- ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื’ื™ื.
04:45
Really, they were actually against it.
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ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื™ื• ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”.
04:47
And they really preferred that the money would be used
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ
04:50
for higher salaries, more schools, whatever.
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ืœืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
04:52
And now, three and a half years later, guess what?
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”?
04:57
They're reporting five things: drop of truancy to almost zero,
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ื”ื ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืขื“ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ืืคืก, ื”ื’ืขื” ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื --
05:03
attending parent-teacher meetings --
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05:05
which nobody did and now almost everybody does --
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ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื --
05:07
drop in discipline problems, increase in student participation.
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ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขืช, ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
05:11
Teachers are now saying it's kind of fun to teach.
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ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ืœืœืžื“;
05:14
Kids are engaged -- they have laptops! --
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืœืคื˜ื•ืคื™ื.
05:17
and then the fifth, which interests me the most,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ,
05:19
is that the servers have to be turned off at certain times at night
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืฉืจืชื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
05:22
because the teachers are getting too much email
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื“ื•ื"ืœ
05:25
from the kids asking them for help.
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ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”ื ืขื–ืจื”.
05:27
So when you see that kind of thing --
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ืื– ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ.
05:29
this is not something that you have to test.
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05:31
The days of pilot projects are over, when people say,
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ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ ืคื™ืœื•ื˜ ืขื‘ืจื•, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
05:34
"We'd like to do three or four thousand in our country to see how it works."
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืื• ืืจื‘ืขืช ืืœืคื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“."
05:38
Screw you. Go to the back of the line and someone else will do it,
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ืœื›ื• ื—ืคืฉื•. ืชื—ื–ืจื• ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”,
05:41
and then when you figure out that this works, you can join as well.
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ื•ืื– ื›ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื’ื.
05:45
And this is what we're doing.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
05:48
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:50
So, One Laptop Per Child was formed about a year and a half ago.
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ืื–, ืœืคื˜ื•ืค ืื—ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™.
ื–ื• ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—; ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืกื” 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
05:55
It's a nonprofit association.
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05:57
It raised about 20 million dollars
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05:59
to do the engineering to just get this built,
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืื– ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
06:03
and then have it produced afterwards.
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06:05
Scale is truly important.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
06:08
And it's not important because you can buy components at a lower price, OK?
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืชืฉื™ื’ื• ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
06:14
It's because you can go to a manufacturer --
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ืฆืจืŸ --
06:17
and I will leave the name out --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื --
06:19
but we wanted a small display,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืžืกืš ืงื˜ืŸ, ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช,
06:22
doesn't have to have perfect color uniformity.
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06:26
It can even have a pixel or two missing.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืคื™ืงืกืœ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจ.
06:28
It doesn't have to be that bright.
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06:31
And this particular manufacturer said,
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ื•ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ืืžืจ, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
06:33
"We're not interested in that. We're interested in the living room.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ืŸ.
06:36
We're interested in perfect color uniformity.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื›ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืžืกื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื.
06:39
We're interested in big displays, bright displays.
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06:41
You're not part of our strategic plan."
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ืืชื ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•."
06:44
And I said, "That's kind of too bad, because we need 100 million units a year."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืœ,
ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”."
06:47
(Laughter)
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืื•ื”, ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื."
06:49
And they said, "Oh, well, maybe we could become part of your strategic plan."
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06:53
And that's why scale counts.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
06:56
And that's why we will not launch this
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืžืฉ ืขื“ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
06:58
without five to 10 million units in the first run.
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07:02
And the idea is to launch with enough scale
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืฆืืช ืขื ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
07:05
that the scale itself helps bring the price down,
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ืฉื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ,
07:07
and that's why I said seven to 10 million there.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจืชื™ 7 ืขื“ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื.
07:11
And we're doing it without a sales-and-marketing team.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง.
07:15
I mean, you're looking at the sales-and-marketing team.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง.
07:17
We will do it by going to seven large countries
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ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื‘ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ืง ืืช ื–ื”,
07:21
and getting them to agree and launch it,
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07:24
and then the others can follow.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
07:26
We have partners.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื; ื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื” ืœื ื—ืฉ ืฉื’ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื,
07:28
It's not hard to guess Google would be one.
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07:30
The others are all playing to pending.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืื• ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื.
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”.
07:34
And this has been in the press a great deal.
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07:37
It's the so-called Green Machine that we introduced with Kofi Annan
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉื”ืฆื’ื ื• ืขื ืงื•ืคื™ ืขื ืืŸ
ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื”.
07:43
in November at the World Summit that was held in Tunisia.
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07:47
Now once people start looking at this, they say, "Ah, this is a laptop project."
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืื”, ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืคื˜ื•ืคื™ื.
07:53
Well, no, it's not a laptop project. It's an education project.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืคื˜ื•ืคื™ื. ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™.
07:56
And the fun part -- and I'm quite focused on it --
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ื™ืคื™ -- ื•ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ืขืœื™ื• --
08:00
I tell people I used to be a light bulb, but now I'm a laser --
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ.
08:04
I'm just going to get that thing built, and it turns out it's not so hard.
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืื“ืื’ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื‘ื ื”,
ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืงืฉื”.
08:10
Because laptop economics are the following:
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืช ื”ืœืคื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ืืช:
ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืคื”; ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• 60,
08:13
I say 50 percent here -- it's more like 60,
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08:16
60 percent of the cost of your laptop
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60 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœืคื˜ื•ืค ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง, ื”ืคืฆื” ื•ืจื•ื•ื—.
08:18
is sales, marketing, distribution and profit.
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08:20
Now we have none of those, OK?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ืืœื”, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
08:23
None of those figure into our cost,
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื—ื™ืจ.
08:26
because first of all, we sell it at cost, and the governments distribute it.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
08:30
It gets distributed to the school system like a textbook.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืžื• ืกืคืจื™ื.
08:34
So that piece disappears.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืœื, ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืžืกืš ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
08:36
Then you have display and everything else.
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08:39
Now the display on your laptop costs,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžืกืš ื‘ืœืคื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืœื”, ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ืกื™ื,
08:42
in rough numbers, 10 dollars a diagonal inch.
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10 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืื™ื ืฆ' ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื™.
08:47
That can drop to eight; it can drop to seven
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ืœืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ืœืฉื‘ืข,
08:50
but it's not going to drop to two, or to one and a half,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืจื“ ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื, ืื• ืœืื—ื“ ื•ื—ืฆื™,
08:53
unless we do some pretty clever things.
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ืืœื ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
ื–ื” ื”ืฉืืจ -- ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื -- ืฉืžืจืชืง,
08:57
It's the rest -- that little brown box -- that is pretty fascinating,
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09:01
because the rest of your laptop is devoted to itself.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืืจ ื”ืœืคื˜ื•ืค ืฉืœื›ื ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขืฆืžื•.
09:06
It's a little bit like an obese person
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืงืฆืช ืœืื“ื ืฉืžืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื•ื‘
09:09
having to use most of their energy to move their obesity.
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•. ืื•ืงื™ื™?
09:12
(Laughter)
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09:14
And we have a situation today which is incredible.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืœืคื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืžืื– ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆืื•.
09:19
I've been using laptops since their inception.
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09:22
And my laptop runs slower, less reliably and less pleasantly
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ื•ื”ืœืคื˜ื•ืค ืฉืœื™ ืจืฅ ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืขื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
09:28
than it ever has before.
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09:30
And this year is worse.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื” ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข.
09:32
(Applause)
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื—ืื™ื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืชื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ,
09:33
People clap, sometimes you even get standing ovations,
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09:36
and I say, "What the hell's wrong with you? Why are we all sitting there?"
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"ืžื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืืชื›ื ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ? ืœืžื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื?"
09:40
And somebody -- to remain nameless -- called our laptop a "gadget" recently.
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืงืจื ืœืœืคื˜ื•ืค ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื“ื’'ื˜ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืจื•ืฅ ื›ืžื• ืขื˜ืœืฃ ืžื”ื’ื”ื ื•ื.
09:47
And I said, "God, our laptop's going to go like a bat out of hell.
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09:50
When you open it up, it's going to go 'bing.'"
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ื•ืืชื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” "ื‘ื™ื ื’," ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืœืง, ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”.
09:52
It'll be on.
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09:54
It'll be just like it was in 1985,
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘1985, ื›ืฉืงื ื™ืชื ืืคืœ ืžืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ 512.
09:58
when you bought an Apple Macintosh 512.
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10:02
It worked really well.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:04
And we've been going steadily downhill.
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ื•ืžืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื”.
10:07
Now, people ask all the time what it is.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื–ื”.
10:11
That's what it is.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื–ื”.
10:13
The two pieces that are probably notable: it'll be a mesh network,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื–ื” ืจืฉืช ืกื‘ืš,
10:18
so when the kids open up their laptops, they all become a network,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืคื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื ื”ืคื›ื™ื ืœืจืฉืช,
10:22
and then just need one or two points of backhaul.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืจืง ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
10:25
You can serve a couple of thousand kids with two megabits.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืžื’ื‘ื™ื˜.
10:28
So you really can bring into a village,
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ืื– ื‘ืืžืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืคืจ,
10:31
and then the villages can connect themselves,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
10:34
and you really can do it quite well.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:37
The dual mode display --
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ื”ืžืกืš ื”ื“ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ -- ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืš ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ --
10:39
the idea is to have a display that both works outdoors --
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10:43
isn't it fun using your cell phone outdoors in the sunlight?
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ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืฉืžืฉ?
10:47
Well, you can't see it.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
10:48
And one of the reasons you can't see it
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
10:51
is because it's backlighting most of the time, most cell phones.
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
10:55
Now, what we're doing is, we're doing one that will be both frontlit and backlit.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืžื•ืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื•ืžืœืคื ื™ื.
10:59
And whether you manually switch it or you do it in the software
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ื•ืื ืชื—ืœื™ืคื• ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜.
11:03
is to be seen.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™,
11:05
But when it's backlit, it's color.
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11:07
And when it's frontlit, it's black and white
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืืจ ืžืœืคื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืช.
11:09
at three times the resolution.
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ื”ืื ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื›ืŸ? ืœื.
11:11
Is it all worked out? No.
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11:13
That's why a lot of our people are more or less living in Taiwan right now.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
11:18
And in about 30 days, we'll know for sure whether this works.
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ืขื•ื“ 30 ื™ื•ื ื ื“ืข ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
11:23
Probably the most important piece there
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื
11:27
is that the kids really can do the maintenance.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื•.
11:30
And this is again something that people don't believe,
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื,
11:33
but I really think it's quite true.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:36
That's the machine we showed in Tunis.
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ื–ื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืจืื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื ื™ืก,
11:41
This is more the direction that we're going to go.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื•.
11:44
And it's something that we didn't think was possible.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืœืืคืฉืจื™.
11:47
Now, I'm going to pass this around.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื ื›ื.
11:51
This isn't a design, OK?
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
11:53
So this is just a mechanical engineering sort of embodiment of it
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ื–ื• ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชื•.
11:58
for you to play with.
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11:59
And it's clearly just a model.
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ืžื•ื“ืœ.
12:01
The working one is at MIT.
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ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘MIT.
ืื ื™ ืืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื ืื” ื”ื–ื”.
12:04
I'm going to pass it to this handsome gentleman.
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12:07
At least you can decide whether it goes left or --
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื– ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืฉืžืืœื” ืื• --
12:09
Chris Anderson: Before you do it, for the people down in simulcast --
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ืื•ื”, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช. ืกืœื™ื—ื”! ืฉื›ื—ืชื™. ืฉื›ื—ืชื™. ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ื ืžืฆืืช --
12:13
Nicholas Negroponte: Sorry! I forgot. CA: Just show it off a bit.
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12:16
So wherever the camera is -- OK, good point. Thank you, Chris.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืชื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื™ืก.
12:19
The idea was that it would be not only a laptop,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœืคื˜ื•ืค,
12:22
but that it could transform into an electronic book.
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ืืœื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™.
12:26
So it's sort of an electronic book.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™.
12:28
This is where when you go outside, it's in black and white.
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ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ.
12:30
The games buttons are missing,
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ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ืกืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืกืคืจื™ื.
12:32
but it'll also be a games machine,
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12:34
book machine.
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12:36
Set it up this way, and it's a television set.
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ืชืฆื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ืš ื•ื–ื• ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
12:38
Etc., etc. -- is that enough for simulcast? OK, sorry.
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ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•' -- ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช? ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืกืœื™ื—ื”.
ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื’'ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืืŸ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
12:45
I'll let Jim decide which way to send it afterwards.
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12:48
OK. Seven countries.
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ืฉื‘ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:49
(Laughter)
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12:51
I say "maybe" for Massachusetts, because they actually have to do a bid.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื›ืจื–.
ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืจื–, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
12:56
By law you've got to bid, and so on and so forth.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ.
12:59
So I can't quite name them.
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13:00
In the other cases, they don't have to do bids.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื›ืจื–ื™ื. ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜.
13:03
They can decide --
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13:04
it's the federal government in each case.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
13:06
It's kind of agonizing,
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ืกืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
13:08
because a lot of people say, "Let's do it at the state level,"
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"ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”."
ืžืคื ื™, ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™, ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
13:11
because states are more nimble than the feds, just because of size.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืคืจื™ื.
13:16
And yet we count.
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13:17
We're really dealing with the federal government.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™;
13:19
We're really dealing with ministries of education.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
13:21
And if you look at governments around the world,
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
13:24
ministries of education tend to be the most conservative,
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ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืฉืžืจื ื™ื,
13:28
and also the ones that have huge payrolls.
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ื•ื’ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื ื•ืช.
13:32
Everybody thinks they know about education,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื–ื” ื’ื.
13:35
a lot of culture is built into it as well.
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13:37
It's really hard. And so it's certainly the hard road.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉื”.
13:41
If you look at the countries, they're pretty geoculturally distributed.
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช, ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืคื™ืกื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
13:46
Have they all agreed? No, not completely.
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ื”ืื ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื•? ืœื, ืœื ืžืžืฉ;
13:48
Probably Thailand, Brazil and Nigeria
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืชืื™ืœื ื“, ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
13:50
are the three that are the most active and most agreed.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื•ืช.
13:54
We're purposely not signing anything with anybody
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ื›ืœื•ื ืขื ืืฃ ืื—ื“
13:57
until we actually have the working ones.
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ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
13:59
And since I visit each one of those countries
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
14:02
within at least every three months,
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14:04
I'm just going around the world every three weeks.
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
14:07
Here's sort of the schedule
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ื”ื ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื,
14:08
and I put at the bottom we might give some away free in two years at this meeting.
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ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
14:15
Everybody says it's a $100 laptop --
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ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืค ืฉืœ 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
14:18
you can't do it.
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14:19
Well, guess what, we're not.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื.
14:21
We're coming in probably at 135, to start, then drift down.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœ135, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื”. ื•ืื– ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”.
14:26
And that's very important,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
14:27
because so many things hit the market at a price and then drift up.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืื– ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”.
ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืคืกื™ื“, ื•ืื– ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ื™ืจืื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
14:33
It's kind of the loss leader,
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14:34
and then as soon as it looks interesting,
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื• ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื•.
14:37
it can't be afforded, or it can't be scaled out.
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14:40
So we're targeting 50 dollars in 2010.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœ50 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘2010.
14:43
The gray market's a big issue.
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ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื -- ืจืง ืื—ืช --
14:45
And one of the ways -- just one --
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14:47
but one of the ways to help in the case of the gray market
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืืคื•ืจ
14:51
is to make something that is so utterly unique --
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ื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
14:54
It's a little bit like the fact that automobiles --
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช --
ืืœืคื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘;
14:58
thousands of automobiles are stolen every day in the United States.
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15:01
Not one single post-office truck is stolen.
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ืœื ื ื’ื ื‘ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฉืื™ืช ื“ื•ืืจ ืื—ืช. ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื•ืœืžื”?
15:04
(Laughter)
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15:05
And why?
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15:07
Because there's no market for post-office trucks.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืง ืœืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืืจ.
15:09
It looks like a post-office truck.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืื™ืช ื“ื•ืืจ.
15:11
You can spray paint it. You can do anything you want.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืื•ืชื”; ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•.
15:13
I just learned recently: in South Africa, no white Volvos are stolen.
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”: ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœื ื ื’ื ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ืœื•ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช.
15:17
Period. None. Zero.
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ื ืงื•ื“ื”. ืืฃ ืื—ืช. ืืคืก.
15:19
So we want to make it very much like a white Volvo.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืฉ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•ื•ืœื•ื• ืœื‘ื ื”.
15:24
Each government has a task force.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
15:26
This perhaps is less interesting,
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15:28
but we're trying to get the governments to all work together
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ.
15:31
and it's not easy.
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™,
15:34
The economics of this is to start with the federal governments
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15:39
and then later, to subsequently go to other --
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื›ืช--
-- ืื ื–ื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื“ ืœื™ืœื“,
15:46
whether it's child-to-child funding,
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15:48
so a child in this country buys one for a child in the developing world,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืœื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื•ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—,
ืื•ืœื™ ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื™ืœ.
15:53
maybe of the same gender, maybe of the same age.
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15:56
An uncle gives a niece or a nephew that as a birthday present.
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ื“ื•ื“ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืื• ืื—ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžืชื ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช.
16:00
I mean, there are all sorts of things that will happen,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช,
16:02
and they'll be very, very exciting.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื.
16:04
And everybody says -- I say -- it's an education project.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื -- ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ -- ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™;
16:09
Are we providing the software?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”?
16:11
The answer is:
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื”,
16:13
The system certainly has software,
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16:15
but no, we're not providing the education content.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™.
16:18
That is really done in the countries.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
16:22
But we are certainly constructionists.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
16:24
And we certainly believe in learning by doing
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืขืฉื™ื”,
16:26
and everything from Logo, which was started in 1968,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื•ื’ื•, ืฉื”ื•ืชื—ืœ ื‘1968,
16:30
to more modern things, like Scratch, if you've ever even heard of it,
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืกืงืจืื˜ืฆ', ืื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
16:35
are very, very much part of it.
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ื”ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”.
16:37
And that's the rollout.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื”.
16:40
Are we dreaming? Is this real?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื? ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืžื™ืชื™? ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื›ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™.
16:43
It actually is real.
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16:45
The only criticism, and people really don't want to criticize this,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
16:50
because it is a humanitarian effort, a nonprofit effort
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™, ื–ื” ืžืืžืฅ ืœืœื ืจื•ื•ื—,
16:54
and to criticize it is a little bit stupid, actually.
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ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™, ืœืžืขืฉื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:58
(Laughter)
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16:59
But the one thing that people could criticize was,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ื”ื™ื”,
17:05
"Great idea, but these guys can't do it."
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื•.
17:09
And that could either mean these guys, professors and so on couldn't do it,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืœื”, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื•,
17:14
or that it's not possible.
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
17:16
Well, on December 12, a company called Quanta agreed to build it,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘12 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ืื ื˜ื” ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
17:21
and since they make about one-third of all the laptops on the planet today,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืœืคื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื•ื,
17:26
that question disappeared.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืขืœืžื”.
17:28
So it's not a matter of whether it's going to happen.
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืื ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”, ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
17:31
It is going to happen.
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17:32
And if it comes out at 138 dollars, so what?
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ื‘138 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืื– ืžื”?
17:37
If it comes out six months late, so what?
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ืื ื–ื” ื™ืื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื– ืžื”?
17:40
That's a pretty soft landing.
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ื–ื• ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื“ื™ ืจื›ื”. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
17:41
Thank you.
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:43
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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