One seed at a time, protecting the future of food | Cary Fowler

61,645 views ใƒป 2009-08-31

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:19
I've been fascinated with crop diversity for about 35 years from now,
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืจืชืง ืื•ืชื™ ืžื–ื” 35 ืฉื ื”,
00:23
ever since I stumbled across a fairly obscure academic article
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ืžืื– ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืืงื“ืžื™ ืขืœื•ื ืœืžื“ื™
00:28
by a guy named Jack Harlan.
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ืžืืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ืง ื”ืจืœืืŸ.
00:30
And he described the diversity within crops --
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ื”ื•ื ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื--
00:33
all the different kinds of wheat and rice and such --
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ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ืื•ืจื– ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”--
00:36
as a genetic resource.
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ื›ืžืฉืื‘ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
00:38
And he said, "This genetic resource," --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืžืฉืื‘ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื–ื”,"--
00:41
and I'll never forget the words --
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืฉื›ื— ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•--
00:43
"stands between us and catastrophic starvation
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"ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืขื‘ ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™
00:46
on a scale we cannot imagine."
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ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ."
00:49
I figured he was either really on to something,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™: ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•,
00:52
or he was one of these academic nutcases.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืชื ืื™ืฉ-ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
00:54
So, I looked a little further,
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ืื– ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช,
00:56
and what I figured out was that he wasn't a nutcase.
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
00:59
He was the most respected scientist in the field.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื•.
01:03
What he understood was that biological diversity -- crop diversity --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™-- ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื--
01:09
is the biological foundation of agriculture.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
01:12
It's the raw material, the stuff, of evolution in our agricultural crops.
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ื–ื”ื• ืขืฆื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื• ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื.
01:17
Not a trivial matter.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื”-ื‘ื›ืš.
01:19
And he also understood that that foundation was crumbling,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืคื•ืจืจ,
01:24
literally crumbling.
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ืžืชืคื•ืจืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.
01:26
That indeed, a mass extinction was underway
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
01:30
in our fields, in our agricultural system.
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ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:34
And that this mass extinction was taking place
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ื•ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช
01:37
with very few people noticing
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ื›ืฉืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”
01:39
and even fewer caring.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ืžืžื ื”.
01:42
Now, I know that many of you don't stop
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืœื ืžืชืขื›ื‘ื™ื
01:44
to think about diversity in agricultural systems
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช
01:47
and, let's face it, that's logical.
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ื•ืื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช, ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
01:49
You don't see it in the newspaper every day.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ.
01:52
And when you go into the supermarket, you certainly don't see a lot of choices there.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื•ืœ, ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:55
You see apples that are red, yellow, and green and that's about it.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืœ.
02:00
So, let me show you a picture of one form of diversity.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“.
02:04
Here's some beans,
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ืืœื” ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช.
02:06
and there are about 35 or 40 different
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ 35 ืœ-40 ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:10
varieties of beans on this picture.
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ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:14
Now, imagine each one of these varieties as being distinct from another
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง
02:18
about the same way as a poodle from a Great Dane.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืœื‘ ืคื•ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœื‘ ื“ื ื™.
02:20
If I wanted to show you a picture of all the dog breeds in the world,
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ืื™ืœื• ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื ื™ ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:25
and I put 30 or 40 of them on a slide, it would take about 10 slides
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ืขื 30-40 ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœ-10 ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช
02:29
because there about 400 breeds of dogs in the world.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื ื›-400 ื–ื ื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:33
But there are 35 to 40,000 different varieties of beans.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื 35-40 ืืœืฃ ื–ื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:37
So if I were to going to show you all the beans in the world,
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ืื– ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื ื™ ื”ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:40
and I had a slide like this, and I switched it every second,
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ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื”,
02:44
it would take up my entire TED talk,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™.
02:46
and I wouldn't have to say anything.
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ื•ืื– ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ.
02:50
But the interesting thing is that this diversity -- and the tragic thing is --
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื”-- ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ ื”ื•ื--
02:55
that this diversity is being lost.
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ืฉื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื•ื‘ื“.
02:58
We have about 200,000 different varieties of wheat,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›-200,000 ื–ื ื™ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:02
and we have about 2 to 400,000 different varieties of rice,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ 200 ืœ-400 ืืœืฃ ื–ื ื™ ืื•ืจื– ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:07
but it's being lost.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
03:09
And I want to give you an example of that.
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ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš.
03:11
It's a bit of a personal example, in fact.
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
03:13
In the United States, in the 1800s -- that's where we have the best data --
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18--ืืœื” ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•--
03:18
farmers and gardeners were growing 7,100
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ื”ื—ืœืงืื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื ื ื™ื ื’ื™ื“ืœื• 7,100
03:23
named varieties of apples.
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ื–ื ื™ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื, ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื.
03:26
Imagine that. 7,100 apples with names.
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื 7,100 ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืขื ืฉืžื•ืช.
03:30
Today, 6,800 of those are extinct,
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ื”ื™ื•ื 6,800 ืžื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื—ื“ื•,
03:35
no longer to be seen again.
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ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืขื•ื“.
03:38
I used to have a list of these extinct apples,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืคืขื ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ื•,
03:40
and when I would go out and give a presentation,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืชืช ื”ืจืฆืื”,
03:42
I would pass the list out in the audience.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืงื”ืœ.
03:44
I wouldn't tell them what it was, but it was in alphabetical order,
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ืœื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื ืžื”ื™, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™,
03:47
and I would tell them to look for their names, their family names,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:50
their mother's maiden name.
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ืฉื ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื.
03:52
And at the end of the speech, I would ask, "How many people have found a name?"
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืืœ, "ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื?"
03:56
And I never had fewer than two-thirds of an audience hold up their hand.
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืงืจื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
04:01
And I said, "You know what? These apples come from your ancestors,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ, "ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”? ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื,
04:07
and your ancestors gave them the greatest honor they could give them.
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ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืชืช.
04:12
They gave them their name.
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ื”ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื”ื ืืช ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื.
04:15
The bad news is they're extinct.
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื•.
04:17
The good news is a third of you didn't hold up your hand. Your apple's still out there.
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช: ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
04:22
Find it. Make sure it doesn't join the list."
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ืžื™ืฆืื• ืื•ืชื. ื•ื•ื“ืื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืจืฉื™ืžื”."
04:27
So, I want to tell you that the piece of the good news is
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช:
04:30
that the Fowler apple is still out there.
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ืชืคื•ื— "ืคืื•ืœืจ" ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื.
04:35
And there's an old book back here,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืŸ,
04:37
and I want to read a piece from it.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงืจื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื• ืงื˜ืข.
04:44
This book was published in 1904.
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ื”ืกืคืจ ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘-1904.
04:47
It's called "The Apples of New York" and this is the second volume.
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ืฉืžื•, "ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง", ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื›ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™.
04:50
See, we used to have a lot of apples.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื.
04:53
And the Fowler apple is described in here --
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ื•ืชืคื•ื— "ืคืื•ืœืจ" ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืืŸ--
04:57
I hope this doesn't surprise you --
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ืชื•ืคืชืขื•--
05:01
as, "a beautiful fruit."
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ, "ืคืจื™ ื™ืคื”ืคื”."
05:03
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:09
I don't know if we named the apple or if the apple named us, but ...
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื”ืชืคื•ื— ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื, ืื• ืฉืื ื• ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•...
05:13
but, to be honest, the description goes on
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ื ื•ืช, ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš
05:17
and it says that it "doesn't rank high in quality, however."
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ, "ืืš ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชื•."
05:21
And then he has to go even further.
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ื•ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื ืžืฉืš.
05:23
It sounds like it was written by an old school teacher of mine.
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ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืื—ื“ ืžืžื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื.
05:26
"As grown in New York, the fruit usually fails to develop properly in size and quality
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"ื›ืžื™ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, ื”ืคืจื™ ื‘ื“"ื› ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช
05:32
and is, on the whole, unsatisfactory."
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ื•ื›ืœืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื‘ื™ืข ืจืฆื•ืŸ."
05:34
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:42
And I guess there's a lesson to be learned here,
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืœืงื— ืžืกื•ื™ื,
05:44
and the lesson is: so why save it?
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ื•ื”ืœืงื— ื”ื•ื, "ืื– ืœืžื” ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื•?
05:47
I get this question all the time. Why don't we just save the best one?
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ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืœืžื” ืœื ืœืฉืžืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื?
05:51
And there are a couple of answers to that question.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
05:53
One thing is that there is no such thing as a best one.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, 'ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘'.
05:57
Today's best variety is tomorrow's lunch for insects or pests or disease.
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ื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืจ ืžืื›ืœ ืœื—ืจืงื™ื, ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
06:02
The other thing is that maybe that Fowler apple
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืชืคื•ื— "ืคืื•ืœืจ" ื”ื–ื”
06:05
or maybe a variety of wheat that's not economical right now
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ืื• ืื™ื–ื” ื–ืŸ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื›ืจื’ืข
06:10
has disease or pest resistance
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื• ืœืžื–ื™ืงื™ื
06:12
or some quality that we're going to need for climate change that the others don't.
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ืื• ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ืฉืœื–ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ.
06:16
So it's not necessary, thank God,
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš
06:20
that the Fowler apple is the best apple in the world.
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ืฉืชืคื•ื— "ืคืื•ืœืจ" ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืคื•ื— ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
06:23
It's just necessary or interesting that it might have one good, unique trait.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฆื•ืจืš ืื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช.
06:29
And for that reason, we ought to be saving it.
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ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื•.
06:32
Why? As a raw material, as a trait we can use in the future.
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื, ื›ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืฆืœ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
06:38
Think of diversity as giving us options.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
06:46
And options, of course, are exactly what we need in an era of climate change.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
06:53
I want to show you two slides,
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช,
06:55
but first, I want to tell you that we've been working at the Global Crop Diversity Trust
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ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘"ืงืจืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื"
06:59
with a number of scientists -- particularly at Stanford and University of Washington --
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื--ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™' ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ--
07:03
to ask the question: What's going to happen to agriculture in an era of climate change
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”: ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื
07:07
and what kind of traits and characteristics do we need in our agricultural crops
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ื•ืžื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื• ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื
07:11
to be able to adapt to this?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื”?
07:14
In short, the answer is that in the future, in many countries,
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ื‘ืงืฆืจื”, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
07:18
the coldest growing seasons are going to be hotter
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ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืชื—ืžืžื ื”
07:22
than anything those crops have seen in the past.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื“ ื›ื”.
07:25
The coldest growing seasons of the future,
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ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืงืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
07:28
hotter than the hottest of the past.
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ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื—ืžื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
07:31
Is agriculture adapted to that?
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ื”ืื ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœื›ืš?
07:33
I don't know. Can fish play the piano?
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข. ื”ืื ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ?
07:36
If agriculture hasn't experienced that, how could it be adapted?
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ืื ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœื ื”ืชื ืกืชื” ื‘ื›ืš, ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช?
07:41
Now, the highest concentration of poor and hungry people in the world,
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ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืจืขื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
07:45
and the place where climate change, ironically, is going to be the worst
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื”, ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื
07:48
is in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
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ื”ื ื“ืจื•ื ืืกื™ื” ื•ืชืช-ื”ืกื”ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
07:51
So I've picked two examples here, and I want to show you.
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ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื.
07:54
In the histogram before you now,
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ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื›ื,
07:56
the blue bars represent the historical range of temperatures,
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ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื˜ืžืค' ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
08:00
going back about far as we have temperature data.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืžื ื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
08:02
And you can see that there's some difference
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื
08:05
between one growing season and another.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื—ืช ืœืžืฉื ื”.
08:07
Some are colder, some are hotter and it's a bell shaped curve.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืงืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื” ื—ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื–ื• ืขืงื•ืžืช ืคืขืžื•ืŸ.
08:10
The tallest bar is the average temperature for the most number of growing seasons.
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ื”ืงื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืžืค' ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
08:16
In the future, later this century, it's going to look like the red,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ื–ื•, ื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื,
08:20
totally out of bounds.
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ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
08:22
The agricultural system and, more importantly, the crops in the field in India
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
08:26
have never experienced this before.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชื ืกื• ื‘ื›ืš.
08:29
Here's South Africa. The same story.
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ื–ืืช ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
08:33
But the most interesting thing about South Africa is
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”
08:35
we don't have to wait for 2070 for there to be trouble.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื ืช 2070 ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืฆืจื•ืช.
08:39
By 2030, if the maize, or corn, varieties, which is the dominant crop --
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ืขื“ 2030, ืื ื–ื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืจืก, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™--
08:43
50 percent of the nutrition in Southern Africa are still in the field --
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50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื"ืค ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื”--
08:47
in 2030, we'll have a 30 percent decrease in production of maize
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ื‘-2030 ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 30 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื™ืจืก
08:52
because of the climate change already in 2030.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-2030.
08:56
30 percent decrease of production in the context of increasing population,
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30 ืื—ื•ื– ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ,
09:00
that's a food crisis. It's global in nature.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื•.
09:03
We will watch children starve to death on TV.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืขื‘.
09:06
Now, you may say that 20 years is a long way off.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื’ื™ื“ื• ืฉ-20 ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
09:09
It's two breeding cycles for maize.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจืก.
09:11
We have two rolls of the dice to get this right.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
09:14
We have to get climate-ready crops in the field,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
09:17
and we have to do that rather quickly.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžื”ืจ ืœืžื“ื™.
09:21
Now, the good news is that we have conserved.
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืจื ื•,
09:24
We have collected and conserved a great deal of biological diversity,
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ืืกืคื ื• ื•ืฉืžืจื ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžื“ื™,
09:26
agricultural diversity, mostly in the form of seed,
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ืงืœืื™, ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื–ืจืขื™ื,
09:30
and we put it in seed banks, which is a fancy way of saying a freezer.
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ื•ื”ืคืงื“ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ืœื” ื™ืคื” ืœ"ืžืงืคื™ื".
09:35
If you want to conserve seed for a long term
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช
09:38
and you want to make it available to plant breeders and researchers,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืคื—ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื,
09:41
you dry it and then you freeze it.
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ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืงืคื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื.
09:44
Unfortunately, these seed banks are located around the world in buildings
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื‘ื ืงื™ ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
09:47
and they're vulnerable.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื.
09:49
Disasters have happened. In recent years we lost the gene bank,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืืจืขื• ืืกื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ื ืง ื’ื ื˜ื™,
09:52
the seed bank in Iraq and Afghanistan. You can guess why.
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ืืช ื‘ื ืง ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืง ื•ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข.
09:56
In Rwanda, in the Solomon Islands.
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ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”, ื‘ืื™ื™ ืฉืœืžื”,
09:58
And then there are just daily disasters that take place in these buildings,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืกืชื ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
10:01
financial problems and mismanagement and equipment failures,
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื›ื•ืฉืœ, ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“,
10:05
and all kinds of things, and every time something like this happens,
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”,
10:08
it means extinction. We lose diversity.
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”. ืื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื ื™ื.
10:11
And I'm not talking about losing diversity in the same way that you lose your car keys.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
10:16
I'm talking about losing it in the same way that we lost the dinosaurs:
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืš ื›ืžื• ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื,
10:20
actually losing it, never to be seen again.
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ืœืื‘ื“ ื‘ืืžืช, ืœื ืฆื— ื ืฆื—ื™ื.
10:22
So, a number of us got together and decided that, you know, enough is enough
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื ืืกืคื• ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•, ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ.
10:26
and we need to do something about that and we need to have a facility
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”, ื•ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืชืงืŸ
10:30
that can really offer protection for our biological diversity of --
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื ื•--
10:35
maybe not the most charismatic diversity.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™.
10:37
You don't look in the eyes of a carrot seed quite in the way you do a panda bear,
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ-ืขื™ืŸ ืขื ื–ืจืข ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืขื ื“ื•ื‘ ืคื ื“ื”,
10:43
but it's very important diversity.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“.
10:46
So we needed a really safe place, and we went quite far north to find it.
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ื”ื–ื“ืงืงื ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืืžืช, ื•ื”ืจื—ืงื ื• ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆืื•.
10:55
To Svalbard, in fact.
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ืขื“ ืœืกื‘ืืœื‘ืืจื“, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช.
10:57
This is above mainland Norway. You can see Greenland there.
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ื–ื” ืžืขืœ ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”. ื”ื ื” ื’ืจื™ื ืœื“.
11:00
That's at 78 degrees north.
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ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘-78 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
11:02
It's as far as you can fly on a regularly scheduled airplane.
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ืกื“ื™ืจื”.
11:07
It's a remarkably beautiful landscape. I can't even begin to describe it to you.
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ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื™ืคื”ืคื” ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืืจ ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื•.
11:11
It's otherworldly, beautiful.
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ืœื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”. ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
11:13
We worked with the Norwegian government
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ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”
11:16
and with the NorGen, the Norwegian Genetic Resources Program,
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ื•ืขื "ื ื•ืจื’'ืŸ", ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”,
11:20
to design this facility.
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ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืŸ ื–ื”.
11:22
What you see is an artist's conception of this facility,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”
11:25
which is built in a mountain in Svalbard.
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ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ืืœื‘ืืจื“.
11:28
The idea of Svalbard was that it's cold,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืกื‘ืืœื‘ืืจื“ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืงืจ ืฉื,
11:31
so we get natural freezing temperatures.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืงืคืื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
11:34
But it's remote. It's remote and accessible
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืง. ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื•ื’ื ื ื’ื™ืฉ
11:38
so it's safe and we don't depend on mechanical refrigeration.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื›ื ื™ื™ื.
11:43
This is more than just an artist's dream, it's now a reality.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืืžืŸ. ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
11:49
And this next picture shows it in context, in Svalbard.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ื‘ืกื‘ืืœื‘ืืจื“.
11:54
And here's the front door of this facility.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ.
11:59
When you open up the front door,
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ื›ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช
12:02
this is what you're looking at. It's pretty simple. It's a hole in the ground.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื. ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜. ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
12:05
It's a tunnel, and you go into the tunnel,
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ื–ืืช ืžื ื”ืจื”. ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžื ื”ืจื”,
12:08
chiseled in solid rock, about 130 meters.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกืœืข ืžื•ืฆืง, ืื•ืจื›ื” ื›-130 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
12:11
There are now a couple of security doors, so you won't see it quite like this.
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ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืš.
12:15
Again, when you get to the back, you get into an area that's really my favorite place.
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™, ื–ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™.
12:20
I think of it as sort of a cathedral.
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืขืœ ืงืชื“ืจืœื”.
12:22
And I know that this tags me as a bit of a nerd, but ...
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื—ื ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ...
12:26
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
12:29
Some of the happiest days of my life have been spent ...
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืขื‘ืจื•...
12:32
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
12:34
in this place there.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
12:36
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
12:42
If you were to walk into one of these rooms, you would see this.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช.
12:50
It's not very exciting, but if you know what's there, it's pretty emotional.
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ืœื ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ ืžืื“, ืืš ื›ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื, ื–ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ ืœืžื“ื™.
12:55
We have now about 425,000
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืขืช ื‘ืขืจืš 425,000
12:59
samples of unique crop varieties.
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ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
13:03
There's 70,000 samples of different varieties of rice
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื 70,000 ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื ื™ ืื•ืจื– ืฉื•ื ื™ื
13:07
in this facility right now.
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ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
13:10
About a year from now, we'll have over half a million samples.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžืขืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช.
13:13
We're going up to over a million, and someday we'll basically have samples --
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ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช--
13:17
about 500 seeds --
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ื‘ืขืจืš 500 ื–ืจืขื™ื--
13:19
of every variety of agricultural crop that can be stored in a frozen state
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื—ืกืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืคืื”
13:24
in this facility.
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ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื–ื”.
13:26
This is a backup system for world agriculture.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
13:29
It's a backup system for all the seed banks. Storage is free.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ืงื™ ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื. ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
13:33
It operates like a safety deposit box.
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ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืคื™ืงื“ื•ืŸ.
13:36
Norway owns the mountain and the facility, but the depositors own the seed.
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ื”ื”ืจ ื•ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”, ืืš ื”ืžืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื.
13:42
And if anything happens, then they can come back and get it.
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ื•ืื ื™ืงืจื” ืžืฉื”ื•, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื.
13:46
This particular picture that you see shows the national collection of the United States,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
13:50
of Canada, and an international institution from Syria.
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ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื”, ื•ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืกื•ืจื™.
13:54
I think it's interesting in that this facility, I think,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื–ื”,
13:58
is almost the only thing I can think of these days where countries,
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™, ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”,
14:02
literally, every country in the world --
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื•ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื--
14:05
because we have seeds from every country in the world --
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื--
14:07
all the countries of the world have gotten together
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ื›ืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืฉื• ื™ื“ ืื—ืช
14:10
to do something that's both long term, sustainable and positive.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
14:16
I can't think of anything else that's happened in my lifetime that way.
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”, ืฉืืจืข ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™.
14:19
I can't look you in the eyes and tell you that I have a solution
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ
14:24
for climate change, for the water crisis.
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื.
14:29
Agriculture takes 70 percent of fresh water supplies on earth.
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื›ืช 70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
14:33
I can't look you in the eyes and tell you that there is such a solution
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื”
14:36
for those things, or the energy crisis, or world hunger, or peace in conflict.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื”ืจืขื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืžืื‘ืงื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื.
14:41
I can't look you in the eyes and tell you that I have a simple solution for that,
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื›ืš,
14:44
but I can look you in the eyes and tell you that we can't solve any of those problems
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืืœื”
14:50
if we don't have crop diversity.
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ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
14:52
Because I challenge you to think of an effective, efficient, sustainable
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ื ืจืื” ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื™ืขื™ืœ, ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื
15:00
solution to climate change if we don't have crop diversity.
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
15:04
Because, quite literally, if agriculture doesn't adapt to climate change,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœื ืชืกืชื’ืœ, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืš, ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
15:10
neither will we.
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ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื.
15:12
And if crops don't adapt to climate change, neither will agriculture,
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ื•ืื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื™ืกืชื’ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ื’ื ืœื ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
15:17
neither will we.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ืื ื—ื ื•.
15:19
So, this is not something pretty and nice to do.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฃ.
15:22
There are a lot of people who would love to have this diversity exist
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืžื—ื• ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
15:25
just for the existence value of it.
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ื•ืœื• ืจืง ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืš ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื•.
15:27
It is, I agree, a nice thing to do.
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ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื—ืžื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
15:30
But it's a necessary thing to do.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
15:32
So, in a very real sense, I believe that we, as an international community,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
15:38
should get organized to complete the task.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื•.
15:41
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a wonderful gift
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ื›ืกืคืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืืœื‘ืืจื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื” ื ืคืœืื”
15:44
that Norway and others have given us,
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ืฉื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื ื•,
15:46
but it's not the complete answer.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื”.
15:48
We need to collect the remaining diversity that's out there.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืชืจ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
15:51
We need to put it into good seed banks
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ื ื ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
15:54
that can offer those seeds to researchers in the future.
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื–ืจืขื™ื ืืœื” ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
15:58
We need to catalog it. It's a library of life,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื˜ืœื’ ืื•ืชื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื,
16:00
but right now I would say we don't have a card catalog for it.
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ืืš ื›ืจื’ืข ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
16:04
And we need to support it financially.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื›ืš ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช.
16:07
My big idea would be that while we think of it as commonplace
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
16:12
to endow an art museum or endow a chair at a university,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืชื•ืจื ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืื• ืงืชื“ืจื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
16:17
we really ought to be thinking about endowing wheat.
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ืืš ื‘ืขืฆื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื˜ื”.
16:21
30 million dollars in an endowment would take care
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ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืกืš ืฉืœ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืชื›ืกื”
16:25
of preserving all the diversity in wheat forever.
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ืืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื–ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืœื ืฆื— ื ืฆื—ื™ื.
16:29
So we need to be thinking a little bit in those terms.
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงืฆืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
16:32
And my final thought is that we, of course, by conserving wheat,
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืฉืžืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื”,
16:40
rice, potatoes, and the other crops,
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ื”ืื•ืจื–, ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
16:43
we may, quite simply, end up saving ourselves.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืš, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•, ืขื•ื“ ื ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
16:47
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:49
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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