Michael Pollan: A plant's-eye view

216,513 views ใƒป 2008-02-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Avihu Turzion ืžื‘ืงืจ: Yaniv Lubling
00:18
It's a simple idea about nature.
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
00:20
I want to say a word for nature
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
00:22
because we haven't talked that much about it the last couple days.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
00:24
I want to say a word for the soil and the bees and the plants and the animals,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช.
00:29
and tell you about a tool, a very simple tool that I have found.
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ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื™, ื›ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™.
00:34
Although it's really nothing more than a literary conceit; it's not a technology.
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื - ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืœื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” -
00:39
It's very powerful for, I think, changing our relationship to the natural world
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืขื•ืฆืžื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™
00:45
and to the other species on whom we depend.
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ื•ืขื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื• ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื.
00:48
And that tool is very simply, as Chris suggested,
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ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ื›ืจื™ืก,
00:51
looking at us and the world from the plants' or the animals' point of view.
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ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื— ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”.
00:56
It's not my idea, other people have hit on it,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื”,
01:00
but I've tried to take it to some new places.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:04
Let me tell you where I got it.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืคื” ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื•.
01:06
Like a lot of my ideas, like a lot of the tools I use,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ
01:09
I found it in the garden; I'm a very devoted gardener.
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ื”. ืื ื™ ื’ื ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ืจ.
01:13
And there was a day about seven years ago: I was planting potatoes,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš, ืฉืชืœืชื™ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื”.
01:17
it was the first week of May --
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืื™.
01:19
this is New England, when the apple trees are just vibrating with bloom;
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ืื™ื ื’ืœื ื“, ื›ืฉื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ื˜ื˜ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื.
01:24
they're just white clouds above.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืขื ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”.
01:26
I was here, planting my chunks,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื, ืฉื•ืชืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
01:29
cutting up potatoes and planting it,
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ื—ื•ืชืš ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื•ืฉื•ืชืœ ืื•ืชื.
01:31
and the bees were working on this tree;
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื”.
01:34
bumblebees, just making this thing vibrate.
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ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืจืขื•ื“,
01:36
And one of the things I really like about gardening
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ื’ื ื ื•ืช
01:39
is that it doesn't take all your concentration,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื’ื•ื–ืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœืš
01:42
you really can't get hurt -- it's not like woodworking --
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ืืชื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคืฆืข. ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืžื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืขืฅ
01:44
and you have plenty of kind of mental space for speculation.
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ... ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช.
01:48
And the question I asked myself that afternoon in the garden,
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื—ื”"ืฆ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื”
01:52
working alongside that bumblebee,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืฆื“ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื
01:55
was: what did I and that bumblebee have in common?
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื”: ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื•ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ?
01:59
How was our role in this garden similar and different?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื•ื ื”?
02:03
And I realized we actually had quite a bit in common:
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
02:05
both of us were disseminating the genes of one species and not another,
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ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืฆื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ืœื ืื—ืจ.
02:11
and both of us -- probably, if I can imagine the bee's point of view --
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื ื•, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”,
02:16
thought we were calling the shots.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื.
02:18
I had decided what kind of potato I wanted to plant --
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.ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชื•ืœ
02:22
I had picked my Yukon Gold or Yellow Finn, or whatever it was --
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ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘"ื™ื•ืงื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ื‘" ืื• "ืกื ืคื™ืจ ืฆื”ื•ื‘" ืื• ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื”
02:26
and I had summoned those genes from a seed catalog across the country,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื™ืžื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
02:31
brought it, and I was planting it.
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ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืฉืชืœืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”.
02:33
And that bee, no doubt, assumed that it had decided,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื”:
02:37
"I'm going for that apple tree, I'm going for that blossom,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืขืฅ ื”ืชืคื•ื— ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืคืจื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:40
I'm going to get the nectar and I'm going to leave."
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืฃ ื•ืœืœื›ืช.
02:43
We have a grammar that suggests that's who we are;
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืฉืžืจืžื– ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•,
02:48
that we are sovereign subjects in nature, the bee as well as me.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื’ื ืื ื™.
02:53
I plant the potatoes, I weed the garden, I domesticate the species.
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืชืœ ืืช ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืื ื™ ืžืขืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื ื”, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ.
02:59
But that day, it occurred to me:
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ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื›ื” ื‘ื™ -
03:01
what if that grammar is nothing more than a self-serving conceit?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืžืฉืจืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื•?
03:04
Because, of course, the bee thinks he's in charge or she's in charge,
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ื›ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
03:08
but we know better.
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ื•... ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื.
03:10
We know that what's going on between the bee and that flower
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืคืจื— ื”ื–ื”
03:14
is that bee has been cleverly manipulated by that flower.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืคืจื— ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”.
03:18
And when I say manipulated, I'm talking about in a Darwinian sense, right?
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:21
I mean it has evolved a very specific set of traits --
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืื•ืกืฃ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื -
03:24
color, scent, flavor, pattern -- that has lured that bee in.
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ืฆื‘ืข, ื ื™ื—ื•ื—, ื˜ืขื, ื“ืคื•ืก - ืฉืคื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื”,
03:29
And the bee has been cleverly fooled into taking the nectar,
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ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืฃ
03:33
and also picking up some powder on its leg,
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ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžืขื˜ ืื‘ืงื” ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”,
03:36
and going off to the next blossom.
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ื•ืœืœื›ืช ืœืคืจื™ื—ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
03:38
The bee is not calling the shots.
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ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื.
03:41
And I realized then, I wasn't either.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืื–, ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ ืœื.
03:43
I had been seduced by that potato and not another
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ื”ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ื” ืคื™ืชื” ืื•ืชื™, ื•ืœื ืื—ืจ,
03:46
into planting its -- into spreading its genes, giving it a little bit more habitat.
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ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืื•ืชื•, ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืœืชืช ืœื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื˜ื— ืžื—ื™ื™ื”
03:51
And that's when I got the idea, which was, "Well, what would happen
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ื•ืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื”, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”, ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”
03:55
if we kind of looked at us from this point of view of these other species who are working on us?"
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ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•?
03:58
And agriculture suddenly appeared to me not as an invention, not as a human technology,
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ื•ืื– ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื ืจืืชื” ืœื™ ืคืชืื•ื ืœื ื›ื”ืžืฆืื”, ืœื ื›ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
04:03
but as a co-evolutionary development
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ืืœื ื›ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
04:05
in which a group of very clever species, mostly edible grasses, had exploited us,
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ืฉื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืื›ื™ืœื™ื, ื ื™ืฆืœื” ืื•ืชื ื•,
04:11
figured out how to get us to basically deforest the world.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืื™ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื™ืขืจื•ืช,
04:16
The competition of grasses, right?
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ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื‘ื™ื, ื›ืŸ?
04:19
And suddenly everything looked different.
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
04:21
And suddenly mowing the lawn that day was a completely different experience.
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืœื›ืกื— ืืช ื”ื“ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื ื”ืคืš ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
04:25
I had thought always -- and in fact, had written this in my first book;
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
04:28
this was a book about gardening --
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื’ื ื ื•ืช.
04:29
that lawns were nature under culture's boot,
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ืฉืžื“ืฉืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืข ืชื—ืช ืžื’ืฃ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
04:34
that they were totalitarian landscapes,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื•ืคื™ื ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืืจื™ื™ื.
04:36
and that when we mowed them we were cruelly suppressing the species
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ืกื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื›ื–ืจื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ.
04:40
and never letting it set seed or die or have sex.
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ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืข, ืœืžื•ืช, ืื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ.
04:44
And that's what the lawn was.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื“ืฉืื”.
04:46
But then I realized, "No, this is exactly what the grasses want us to do.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื‘ื ืชื™: "ืœื, ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื”.
04:50
I'm a dupe. I'm a dupe of the lawns, whose goal in life is to outcompete the trees,
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,ืื ื™ ืคืชื™. ืื ื™ ืคืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืฉืื”, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื
04:57
who they compete with for sunlight."
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ืื™ืชื ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ืจื” ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ".
05:00
And so by getting us to mow the lawn, we keep the trees from coming back,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœื›ืกื— ืืช ื”ื“ืฉื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืขืฆื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ,
05:04
which in New England happens very, very quickly.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ืื™ื ื’ืœื ื“.
05:07
So I started looking at things this way
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:10
and wrote a whole book about it called "The Botany of Desire."
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ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื”".
05:12
And I realized that in the same way you can look at a flower
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืคืจื—
05:16
and deduce all sorts of interesting things about the taste and the desires of bees --
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ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
05:21
that they like sweetness, that they like this color and not that color, that they like symmetry --
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื”ื•ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
05:27
what could we find out about ourselves by doing the same thing?
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ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ?
05:30
That a certain kind of potato, a certain kind of drug,
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ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื” ืื• ืœืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื,
05:33
a sativa-indica Cannabis cross has something to say about us.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœืื” ืฉืœ ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก ืžื–ืŸ ืกืื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื”, ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื ื•?
05:39
And that, wouldn't this be kind of an interesting way to look at the world?
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ื•ืฉื–ื”... ื”ืื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
05:44
Now, the test of any idea -- I said it was a literary conceit --
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ -- ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” --
05:48
is what does it get us?
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื•?
05:51
And when you're talking about nature, which is really my subject as a writer,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœื™ ื›ืกื•ืคืจ,
05:55
how does it meet the Aldo Leopold test?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœื“ื• ืœื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื“?
05:58
Which is, does it make us better citizens of the biotic community?
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ืฉื”ื•ื, ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช?
06:02
Get us to do things that leads to the support and perpetuation of the biota,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื”?
06:09
rather than its destruction?
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืื•ืชื”?
06:10
And I would submit that this idea does this.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช.
06:12
So, let me go through what you gain when you look at the world this way,
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืžื” ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
06:15
besides some entertaining insights about human desire.
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ืžืœื‘ื“, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืขืฉืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
06:20
As an intellectual matter, looking at the world from other species' points of view
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ื›ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™, ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
06:27
helps us deal with this weird anomaly,
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ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:30
which is -- and this is in the realm of intellectual history --
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ืฉื”ื•ื, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช,
06:34
which is that we have this Darwinian revolution 150 years ago ...
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืœืคื ื™ 150 ืฉื ื”,
06:39
Ugh. Mini-Me. (Laughter)
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ื‘ืจืจืจ... "ืžื™ื ื™-ืžื™"
06:44
We have this intellectual, this Darwinian revolution in which, thanks to Darwin,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช, ื”ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื”, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
06:50
we figured out we are just one species among many;
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ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื.
06:52
evolution is working on us the same way it's working on all the others;
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
06:56
we are acted upon as well as acting;
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ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
06:58
we are really in the fiber, the fabric of life.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื—ืœืง ืžืจืงืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:02
But the weird thing is, we have not absorbed this lesson 150 years later;
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ืคื ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืœืงื— ื”ื–ื” 150 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:06
none of us really believes this.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”.
07:08
We are still Cartesians -- the children of Descartes --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ืื ื™ื - ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืงืืจื˜,
07:13
who believe that subjectivity, consciousness, sets us apart;
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ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
07:18
that the world is divided into subjects and objects;
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ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื.
07:21
that there is nature on one side, culture on another.
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ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
07:24
As soon as you start seeing things from the plant's point of view or the animal's point of view,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื— ืื• ื”ื—ื™ื”,
07:29
you realize that the real literary conceit is that --
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ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
07:33
is the idea that nature is opposed to culture,
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ื•ื”ื•ื - ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
07:37
the idea that consciousness is everything --
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœ.
07:41
and that's another very important thing it does.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
07:44
Looking at the world from other species' points of view
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
07:47
is a cure for the disease of human self-importance.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื—ืœื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช-ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
07:51
You suddenly realize that consciousness --
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ืคืชืื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืชื•ื“ืขื”,
07:56
which we value and we consider
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืงื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื, ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืชืจ ืฉืœ -
08:00
the crowning achievement of nature,
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ืœื ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”,
08:02
human consciousness -- is really just another set of tools for getting along in the world.
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ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื”"ื› ืขื•ื“ ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:07
And it's kind of natural that we would think it was the best tool.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:11
But, you know, there's a comedian who said,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืื™ ืฉืืžืจ:
08:13
"Well, who's telling me that consciousness is so good and so important?
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"ืžื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”?
08:17
Well, consciousness."
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”."
08:19
So when you look at the plants, you realize that there are other tools
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,ืื– ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ื›ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
08:23
and they're just as interesting.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
08:25
I'll give you two examples, also from the garden:
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช, ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžื”ื’ื™ื ื”.
08:29
lima beans. You know what a lima bean does when it's attacked by spider mites?
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ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืœื™ืžื”. ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืœื™ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชืงืคืช ืข"ื™ ืืงืจื™ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช?
08:34
It releases this volatile chemical that goes out into the world
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ื”ื ื“ื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื
08:37
and summons another species of mite
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ื•ืžื–ืžืŸ ื–ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืืงืจื™ื•ืช
08:40
that comes in and attacks the spider mite, defending the lima bean.
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ืฉื‘ื ื•ืชื•ืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืืงืจื™ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื”.
08:44
So what plants have -- while we have consciousness, tool making, language,
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ื, ืฉืคื”,
08:50
they have biochemistry.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”.
08:52
And they have perfected that to a degree far beyond what we can imagine.
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื–ืืช ืœืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
08:57
Their complexity, their sophistication, is something to really marvel at,
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืชื—ื›ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืžืฉ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืคืขืœ ืžืžื ื•.
09:02
and I think it's really the scandal of the Human Genome Project.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ืžืžืฉ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
09:04
You know, we went into it thinking, 40,000 or 50,000 human genes
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœื–ื” ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, 40 ืื• 50,000 ื’ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
09:09
and we came out with only 23,000.
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ื•ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžืžื ื• ืจืง ืขื 23,000.
09:13
Just to give you grounds for comparison, rice: 35,000 genes.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”: ืœืื•ืจื– ื™ืฉ 35,000.
09:21
So who's the more sophisticated species?
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ืื– ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ?
09:24
Well, we're all equally sophisticated.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
09:25
We've been evolving just as long,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื•, ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื• ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ
09:28
just along different paths.
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ืจืง ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
09:31
So, cure for self-importance, way to sort of make us feel the Darwinian idea.
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ืื–, ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช-ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื“ืจืš ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™.
09:39
And that's really what I do as a writer, as a storyteller,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืกื•ืคืจ, ื›ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
09:42
is try to make people feel what we know and tell stories that actually
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื•
09:49
help us think ecologically.
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ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
09:50
Now, the other use of this is practical.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉื™.
09:52
And I'm going to take you to a farm right now,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื—ื•ื•ื”.
09:54
because I used this idea to develop my understanding of the food system
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ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ
09:58
and what I learned, in fact, is that we are all, now, being manipulated by corn.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืจืก.
10:03
And the talk you heard about ethanol earlier today,
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืืชื ื•ืœ,
10:08
to me, is the final triumph of corn over good sense. (Laughter) (Applause)
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื–ื• ืชืจื•ืขืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:13
It is part of corn's scheme for world domination.
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ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžื–ื™ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:22
And you will see, the amount of corn planted this year will be up dramatically from last year
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืฉื™ื™ืฉืชืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
10:26
and there will be that much more habitat
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ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
10:28
because we've decided ethanol is going to help us.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•.
10:30
So it helped me understand industrial agriculture,
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ืื–, ืื‘ืœ ืชื ื• ืœื™, ืื– ื–ื” ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
10:34
which of course is a Cartesian system.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ืช.
10:36
It's based on this idea that we bend other species to our will
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ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ืคืคื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ื ื ื•,
10:39
and that we are in charge, and that we create these factories
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ื•ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
10:42
and we have these technological inputs and we get the food out of it
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ื ืื•ื›ืœ,
10:45
or the fuel or whatever we want.
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ืื• ื“ืœืง, ืื• ืžื” ืฉื ืจืฆื”.
10:48
Let me take you to a very different kind of farm.
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ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœื—ื•ื•ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”.
10:50
This is a farm in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia.
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ื–ื• ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืžืง ืฉื ืื ื“ื•ืื” ื‘ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”.
10:53
I went looking for a farm where these ideas
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
10:56
about looking at things from the species' point of view are actually implemented,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื™ื.
11:00
and I found it in a man. The farmer's name is Joel Salatin.
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืื“ื, ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื•ื ื’'ื•ืืœ ืกืœื˜ื™ืŸ,
11:02
And I spent a week as an apprentice on his farm,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื›ืžืชืœืžื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื•.
11:05
and I took away from this some of the most hopeful news about our relationship to nature
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ื•ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืžื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
11:11
that I've ever come across in 25 years of writing about nature.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 25 ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
11:14
And that is this:
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืืœื”:
11:15
the farm is called Polyface, which means ...
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ื ืงืจืืช "ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื™ืก" (ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ืคื ื™ื), ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
11:18
the idea is he's got six different species of animals, as well as some plants,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• 6 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
11:22
growing in this very elaborate symbiotic arrangement.
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ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ.
11:25
It's permaculture, those of you who know a little bit about this,
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ื–ื• ืคืจืžื”-ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื”, ืœืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื,
11:27
such that the cows and the pigs and the sheep and the turkeys and the ...
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื•
11:35
what else does he have?
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ื•ืžื” ืขื•ื“, ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื?
11:37
All the six different species -- rabbits, actually --
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ื›ืœ ืฉืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืจื ื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช,
11:39
are all performing ecological services for one another,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™,
11:42
such that the manure of one is the lunch for the other
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ
11:45
and they take care of pests for one another.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
11:47
It's a very elaborate and beautiful dance,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ ื•ื™ืคื”ืคื”
11:50
but I'm going to just give you a close-up on one piece of it,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจืง ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืชืงืจื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•.
11:53
and that is the relationship between his cattle and his chickens, his laying hens.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืงืจ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
11:59
And I'll show you, if you take this approach, what you get, OK?
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื™ืš, ืื ืชืืžืฆื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืžื” ืชืงื‘ืœื•, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
12:04
And this is a lot more than growing food, as you'll see;
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืจืื•.
12:06
this is a different way to think about nature
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ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
12:08
and a way to get away from the zero-sum notion,
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื›ื•ื-ืืคืก -
12:12
the Cartesian idea that either nature's winning or we're winning,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ ืœืคื™ื• ืื• ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื ืฆื— ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื
12:15
and that for us to get what we want, nature is diminished.
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ื•ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื, ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื™ื“ืœื“ืœ.
12:19
So, one day, cattle in a pen.
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ืื– ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžื›ืœืื”.
12:21
The only technology involved here is this cheap electric fencing:
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื–ื•ืœื”,
12:24
relatively new, hooked to a car battery;
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ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืžืฆื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•.
12:26
even I could carry a quarter-acre paddock, set it up in 15 minutes.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื—ื•ื‘ ื’ื“ืจ ืžื›ืœืื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื ื, ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืš 15 ื“ืงื•ืช.
12:30
Cows graze one day. They move, OK?
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ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“. ื”ืŸ ื–ื–ื•ืช, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
12:34
They graze everything down, intensive grazing.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืขืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ. ืžืจืขื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™.
12:36
He waits three days,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื›ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื.
12:38
and then we towed in something called the Eggmobile.
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ื•ืื– ื’ืจืจื ื• ืœืฉื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
12:41
The Eggmobile is a very rickety contraption --
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ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืจืขื•ืข.
12:44
it looks like a prairie schooner made out of boards --
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ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื’ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืคืจื•ืข, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืงืจืฉื™ื.
12:47
but it houses 350 chickens.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” 350 ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช.
12:49
He tows this into the paddock three days later and opens the gangplank,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื›ืœืื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืฉ
12:55
turns them down, and 350 hens come streaming down the gangplank --
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ืžืคื ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื” ื•-350 ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกืชืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื–ื”
12:59
clucking, gossiping as chickens will --
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ืžืงืจืงืจื•ืช, ืžืจื›ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช.
13:01
and they make a beeline for the cow patties.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฆื•ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืช.
13:06
And what they're doing is very interesting:
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
13:08
they're digging through the cow patties
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืช
13:10
for the maggots, the grubs, the larvae of flies.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื, ื•ื–ื—ืœื™ ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื.
13:14
And the reason he's waited three days
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื
13:16
is because he knows that on the fourth day or the fifth day, those larvae will hatch
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื™ื‘ืงืขื•,
13:21
and he'll have a huge fly problem.
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ืช.
13:23
But he waits that long to grow them as big and juicy and tasty as he can
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื›ื” ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืขืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ
13:29
because they are the chickens' favorite form of protein.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช.
13:32
So the chickens do their kind of little breakdance
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ืื– ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืืช "ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืงื“ื ืก" ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
13:34
and they're pushing around the manure to get at the grubs,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื—ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื—ืœื™ื,
13:38
and in the process they're spreading the manure out.
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืŸ ืžืคื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืื”.
13:41
Very useful second ecosystem service.
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ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™. ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
13:45
And third, while they're in this paddock
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืœืื”,
13:48
they are, of course, defecating madly
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ื”ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื—ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ
13:51
and their very nitrogenous manure is fertilizing this field.
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ื•ื”ืฆื•ืื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื ืงืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžื“ืฉื ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื”.
13:57
They then move out to the next one,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ื‘ื.
13:59
and in the course of just a few weeks, the grass just enters this blaze of growth.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื‘ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืจืฅ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื”,
14:07
And within four or five weeks, he can do it again.
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘.
14:09
He can graze again, he can cut, he can bring in another species,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืชื•ืš, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ.
14:12
like the lambs, or he can make hay for the winter.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื™ืจ ืœื—ื•ืจืฃ.
14:17
Now, I want you to just look really close up onto what's happened there.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืฉื.
14:21
So, it's a very productive system.
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ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช.
14:22
And what I need to tell you is that on 100 acres
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื, ื”ื•ื ืฉืž โ€“ 400 ื“ื•ื ื
14:24
he gets 40,000 pounds of beef; 30,000 pounds of pork; 25,000 dozen eggs;
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ 20 ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืงืจ, 15 ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจ ื—ื–ื™ืจ, 25,000 ืชืจื™ืกืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื,
14:29
20,000 broilers; 1,000 turkeys; 1,000 rabbits --
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20,000 ืขื•ืคื•ืช, 1,000 ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•, 1,000 ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช -
14:32
an immense amount of food.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ.
14:34
You know, you hear, "Can organic feed the world?"
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื: "ื”ืื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื?"
14:36
Well, look how much food you can produce on 100 acres if you do this kind of ...
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืž- 400 ื“ื•ื ื ืื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ -
14:41
again, give each species what it wants,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื”.
14:44
let it realize its desires, its physiological distinctiveness.
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ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืชื™ื•, ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
14:48
Put that in play.
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ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
14:50
But look at it from the point of view of the grass, now.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืขืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื‘.
14:53
What happens to the grass when you do this?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืขืฉื‘ ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
14:55
When a ruminant grazes grass, the grass is cut from this height to this height,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืขืœื”- ื’ื™ืจื” ืžืœื—ืš ืขืฉื‘, ื”ืขืฉื‘ ืžืงื•ืฆืฅ ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื”.
15:01
and it immediately does something very interesting.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
15:03
Any one of you who gardens knows that there is something called the root-shoot ratio,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื˜ ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ.
15:07
and plants need to keep the root mass
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ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืกืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ
15:11
in some rough balance with the leaf mass to be happy.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืžืกืช ื”ืขืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
15:14
So when they lose a lot of leaf mass, they shed roots;
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืกืช ืขืœื™ื ืจื‘ื”, ื”ื ืžืฉื™ืœื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื.
15:18
they kind of cauterize them and the roots die.
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ื”ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฆื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืžืช.
15:21
And the species in the soil go to work
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
15:24
basically chewing through those roots, decomposing them --
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื•ืขืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชื
15:28
the earthworms, the fungi, the bacteria -- and the result is new soil.
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ืชื•ืœืขื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืื“ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
15:34
This is how soil is created.
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ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืื“ืžื”.
15:37
It's created from the bottom up.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืœืžื˜ื”-ืœืžืขืœื”.
15:38
This is how the prairies were built,
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ื›ืš ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื‘ื ื•.
15:40
the relationship between bison and grasses.
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ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืฉื‘.
15:43
And what I realized when I understood this --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืœื˜ืชื™ ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”,
15:46
and if you ask Joel Salatin what he is, he'll tell you he's not a chicken farmer,
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ื•ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ื’'ื•ืืœ ืกืœื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื’ื“ืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช,
15:50
he's not a sheep farmer, he's not a cattle rancher; he's a grass farmer,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื’ื“ืœ ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืงืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื“ืœ ืขืฉื‘,
15:55
because grass is really the keystone species of such a system --
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื‘ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื–ื•.
15:59
is that, if you think about it, this completely contradicts the tragic idea of nature we hold in our heads,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื ื•ื’ื“ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ.
16:08
which is that for us to get what we want, nature is diminished.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ื•, ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื“ืœื“ืœ.
16:14
More for us, less for nature.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•, ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
16:16
Here, all this food comes off this farm, and at the end of the season
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ื›ืืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ื ื”
16:21
there is actually more soil, more fertility and more biodiversity.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื“ืžื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
16:28
It's a remarkably hopeful thing to do.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
16:31
There are a lot of farmers doing this today.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
16:33
This is well beyond organic agriculture,
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช,
16:36
which is still a Cartesian system, more or less.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ืช, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:39
And what it tells you is that if you begin to take account of other species,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉืื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
16:45
take account of the soil, that even with nothing more than this perspectival idea
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืขื, ืขื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜
16:52
-- because there is no technology involved here except for those fences,
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ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืคื” ืฉื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคืจื˜ ืœื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
16:56
which are so cheap they could be all over Africa in no time --
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืชื•ืš ื›ืœื•ื ื–ืžืŸ
17:01
that we can take the food we need from the Earth
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ, ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
17:05
and actually heal the Earth in the process.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืจืคื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
17:10
This is a way to reanimate the world,
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ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
17:12
and that's what's so exciting about this perspective.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืจื’ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื•.
17:14
When we really begin to feel Darwin's insights in our bones,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื ื•,
17:18
the things we can do with nothing more than these ideas
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
17:23
are something to be very hopeful about.
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ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•.
17:25
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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