The secret to great opportunities? The person you haven't met yet | Tanya Menon

213,464 views ใƒป 2018-03-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
I started teaching MBA students
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Elazar Raab ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:03
17 years ago.
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ืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื
00:05
Sometimes I run into my students years later.
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ืœืคื ื™ 17 ืฉื ื”.
00:08
And when I run into them, a funny thing happens.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื™ ื ืชืงืœืช ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:11
I don't remember just their faces;
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื ืชืงืœืช ื‘ื”ื, ืงื•ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฆื—ื™ืง.
00:13
I also remember where exactly in the classroom they were sitting.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจืง ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื;
ืื ื™ ื’ื ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืชื” ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื•.
00:18
And I remember who they were sitting with as well.
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00:21
This is not because I have any special superpowers of memory.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืขื ืžื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื•.
ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช-ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
00:26
The reason I can remember them
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00:28
is because they are creatures of habit.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื
00:31
They are sitting with their favorite people in their favorite seats.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืœ.
ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
00:35
They find their twins, they stay with them for the whole year.
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ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืื™ืชื ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”.
00:39
Now, the danger of this for my students is they're at risk
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™
00:44
of leaving the university with just a few people
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00:48
who are exactly like them.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื
00:49
They're going to squander their chance for an international, diverse network.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื”ื.
ื”ื ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช.
00:54
How could this happen to them?
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00:55
My students are open-minded.
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00:57
They come to business school precisely so that they can get great networks.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื”ื?
ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืืฉ ืคืชื•ื—.
ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช.
01:02
Now, all of us socially narrow in our lives, in our school, in work,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
01:08
and so I want you to think about this one.
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01:10
How many of you here brought a friend along for this talk?
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื™ืชื ื—ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื•?
01:15
I want you to look at your friend a little bit.
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01:19
Are they of the same nationality as you?
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืœืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:22
Are they of the same gender as you?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ืœืื•ื ื›ืžื•ื›ื?
01:25
Are they of the same race?
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01:26
Really look at them closely.
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืžื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœื›ื?
ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื›ื?
01:29
Don't they kind of look like you as well?
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืงืจื•ื‘.
01:31
(Laughter)
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01:32
The muscle people are together,
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืขืฆื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื›ื?
01:33
and the people with the same hairstyles
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:35
and the checked shirts.
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ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืกืคื•ืจืช
01:38
We all do this in life.
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01:39
We all do it in life, and in fact, there's nothing wrong with this.
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆื•ืช.
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:43
It makes us comfortable to be around people who are similar.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืคื’ื.
01:47
The problem is when we're on a precipice, right?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื•.
01:50
When we're in trouble, when we need new ideas,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืžืฉื‘ืจ - ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:52
when we need new jobs, when we need new resources --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฆืจื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:56
this is when we really pay a price for living in a clique.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื --
ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘โ€œืงืœื™ืงื”โ€.
02:01
Mark Granovetter, the sociologist, had a famous paper
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ืœืžืืจืง ื’ืจื ื•ึนื‘ึตื˜ึถืจ, ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’, ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื
02:06
"The Strength of Weak Ties,"
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02:08
and what he did in this paper is he asked people
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โ€œื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ืโ€
02:10
how they got their jobs.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:12
And what he learned was that most people don't get their jobs
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:15
through their strong ties -- their father, their mother, their significant other.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื–ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
02:19
They instead get jobs through weak ties, people who they just met.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื -- ืื‘ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืืžื ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’.
ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื --
02:24
So if you think about what the problem is with your strong ties,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืคื’ืฉื• ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ.
02:27
think about your significant other, for example.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
02:30
The network is redundant.
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02:31
Everybody that they know, you know.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืŸ/ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื›ื, ืœืžืฉืœ.
ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื™ืชื™ืจื” --
02:34
Or I hope you know them. Right?
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
02:37
Your weak ties -- people you just met today --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:39
they are your ticket to a whole new social world.
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ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœื›ื -- ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื ืจืง ื”ื™ื•ื --
02:43
The thing is that we have this amazing ticket to travel our social worlds,
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ื”ื ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืฉืœื›ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื”
02:48
but we don't use it very well.
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02:49
Sometimes we stay awfully close to home.
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ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
02:52
And today, what I want to talk about is:
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช.
02:54
What are those habits that keep human beings so close to home,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ:
02:58
and how can we be a little bit more intentional
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ืžื” ื”ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช,
03:01
about traveling our social universe?
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื
03:03
So let's look at the first strategy.
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ืืœ ืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•?
03:06
The first strategy is to use a more imperfect social search engine.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
03:12
What I mean by a social search engine
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ื‘โ€œืžื ื•ืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉโ€ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
03:14
is how you are finding and filtering your friends.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช โ€œืžื ื•ืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™โ€ ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช
ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
03:19
And so people always tell me,
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03:21
"I want to get lucky through the network.
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03:23
I want to get a new job. I want to get a great opportunity."
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™:
โ€œืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืช.
03:26
And I say, "Well, that's really hard,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.โ€
03:28
because your networks are so fundamentally predictable."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช: โ€œื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฉื”,
03:31
Map out your habitual daily footpath,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.โ€
03:34
and what you'll probably discover is that you start at home,
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ืžืคื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
03:38
you go to your school or your workplace,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืชื’ืœื• ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
03:40
you maybe go up the same staircase or elevator,
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ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
03:43
you go to the bathroom -- the same bathroom --
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžืขืœื™ืช,
03:46
and the same stall in that bathroom,
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ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื -- ืื•ืชื ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื --
03:48
you end up in the gym,
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03:49
then you come right back home.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื,
03:51
It's like stops on a train schedule.
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ืืชื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ,
03:53
It's that predictable.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
03:54
It's efficient, but the problem is, you're seeing exactly the same people.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ืช.
ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฆืคื•ื™.
ื–ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื
04:00
Make your network slightly more inefficient.
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:03
Go to a bathroom on a different floor.
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ื”ื™ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื”.
04:06
You encounter a whole new network of people.
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ืœื›ื• ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ืื—ืจืช.
04:09
The other side of it is how we are actually filtering.
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ืืชื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืจืฉืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื•ืจืจื™ื.
04:14
And we do this automatically.
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04:16
The minute we meet someone, we are looking at them, we meet them,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช.
04:19
we are initially seeing,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื, ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื,
04:20
"You're interesting."
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04:21
"You're not interesting." "You're relevant."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืจื•ืื™ื:
04:24
We do this automatically. We can't even help it.
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โ€œืืชื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.โ€
โ€œืืชื” ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.โ€ โ€œืืชื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.โ€
04:26
And what I want to encourage you to do instead is to fight your filters.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ืš.
ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืชื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืžืกื ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
04:30
I want you to take a look around this room,
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04:33
and I want you to identify the least interesting person that you see,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
04:37
and I want you to connect with them over the next coffee break.
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04:40
And I want you to go even further than that.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื™ืฆืจื• ืื™ืชื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืงืคื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
04:42
What I want you to do is find the most irritating person you see as well
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืจื—ื™ืงื• ืœื›ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš.
ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขืฉื• ื–ื” ื’ื ืœืžืฆื•ื
04:47
and connect with them.
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ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ืŸ ืฉืชืจืื•
04:49
What you are doing with this exercise is you are forcing yourself
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ื•ืชื™ืฆืจื• ืื™ืชื• ืงืฉืจ.
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”
04:56
to see what you don't want to see,
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื
04:58
to connect with who you don't want to connect with,
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
05:01
to widen your social world.
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ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื•,
05:03
To truly widen, what we have to do is,
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ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื›ื.
05:06
we've got to fight our sense of choice.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘, ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
05:08
We've got to fight our choices.
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05:10
And my students hate this, but you know what I do?
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
05:12
I won't let them sit in their favorite seats.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”?
05:15
I move them around from seat to seat.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื”ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
05:17
I force them to work with different people
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื.
05:19
so there are more accidental bumps in the network
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
05:22
where people get a chance to connect with each other.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€œืžื”ืžื•ืจื•ืชโ€ ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
05:24
And we studied exactly this kind of an intervention at Harvard University.
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
ื•ื—ืงืจื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“.
05:29
At Harvard, when you look at the rooming groups,
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05:32
there's freshman rooming groups, people are not choosing those roommates.
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ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืœืžืงื‘ืฆื™ ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช,
05:36
They're of all different races, all different ethnicities.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืโ€ฒ - ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื—ื“ืจ.
05:39
Maybe people are initially uncomfortable with those roommates,
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ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื–ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืชื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:42
but the amazing thing is,
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืงืฆืช ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื—ื“ืจ.
05:43
at the end of a year with those students,
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05:45
they're able to overcome that initial discomfort.
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ืื•ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื
ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
05:49
They're able to find deep-level commonalities with people.
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
05:52
So the takeaway here is not just "take someone out to coffee."
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื.
ืื– ื”ืžืกืจ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื:
05:58
It's a little more subtle.
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05:59
It's "go to the coffee room."
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โ€œืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืื• ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืงืคื”.โ€
ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ืžื–.
06:02
When researchers talk about social hubs,
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ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื: โ€œืœื›ื• ืœืžื˜ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืคื”.โ€
06:04
what makes a social hub so special is you can't choose;
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื,
06:08
you can't predict who you're going to meet in that place.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื–ื”
ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ;
06:12
And so with these social hubs, the paradox is, interestingly enough,
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ ืชืคื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
06:17
to get randomness,
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06:19
it requires, actually, some planning.
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06:21
In one university that I worked at,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช
ื ื“ืจืฉ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
06:24
there was a mail room on every single floor.
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ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ืชื™,
06:26
What that meant is that the only people who would bump into each other
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ื“ืจ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื“ื•ืืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื•ืžื”.
06:30
are those who are actually on that floor
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืชืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ื
06:32
and who are bumping into each other anyway.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ืงื•ืžื”
06:34
At another university I worked at, there was only one mail room,
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ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™.
06:37
so all the faculty from all over that building
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ืชื™, ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื—ื“ืจ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื“ื•ืืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“,
06:40
would run into each other in that social hub.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
06:44
A simple change in planning,
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ื ืชืงืœื• ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
06:47
a huge difference in the traffic of people
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ,
06:50
and the accidental bumps in the network.
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ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขื ืง ื‘ืชืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
06:52
Here's my question for you:
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
06:54
What are you doing that breaks you from your social habits?
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ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™ ืืœื™ื›ื:
06:58
Where do you find yourself
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ืžื” ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื?
06:59
in places where you get injections of unpredictable diversity?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื
ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืฉื”
07:05
And my students give me some wonderful examples.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™.
07:07
They tell me when they're doing pickup basketball games,
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ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช.
07:10
or my favorite example is when they go to a dog park.
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ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ืžื–ื“ืžื ื™ื,
07:13
They tell me it's even better than online dating when they're there.
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ืื• ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™, ื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืขื ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืคืืจืง.
07:17
So the real thing that I want you to think about
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ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื™ ืฉื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื.
ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื•
07:21
is we've got to fight our filters.
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07:23
We've got to make ourselves a little more inefficient,
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ื–ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:26
and by doing so, we are creating a more imprecise social search engine.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื,
ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง.
07:31
And you're creating that randomness,
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07:34
that luck that is going to cause you to widen your travels,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
07:36
through your social universe.
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ืืช ื”ืžื–ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื›ื
07:38
But in fact, there's more to it than that.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื›ื.
07:41
Sometimes we actually buy ourselves a second-class ticket
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš.
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก โ€œืžื—ืœืงื” ืฉื ื™ื”โ€
07:46
to travel our social universe.
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07:48
We are not courageous when we reach out to people.
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ืœืžืกืข ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
07:52
Let me give you an example of that.
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07:54
A few years ago, I had a very eventful year.
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ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืืชืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš.
07:57
That year, I managed to lose a job,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืฉื ื” ืขืชื™ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื.
08:00
I managed to get a dream job overseas and accept it,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
08:03
I had a baby the next month,
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ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืžึดืฉึนืจืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื”,
08:05
I got very sick,
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08:06
I was unable to take the dream job.
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืœื“ืชื™,
ื—ืœื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“,
08:09
And so in a few weeks, what ended up happening was,
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ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ืžึดืฉึนืจืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช.
08:12
I lost my identity as a faculty member,
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ื•ื›ืš ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
08:15
and I got a very stressful new identity as a mother.
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ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื›ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกื’ืœ ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื”,
08:18
What I also got was tons of advice from people.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื” ื›ืืžื.
08:21
And the advice I despised more than any other advice was,
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ืช ืžืื ืฉื™ื.
08:24
"You've got to go network with everybody."
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ื•ื”ืขืฆื” ืฉืฉึนื ืืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ื™ืชื”,
08:26
When your psychological world is breaking down,
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โ€œืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขื ื›ื•ืœื.โ€
08:29
the hardest thing to do is to try and reach out
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœืš ื ืฉื‘ืจ,
08:32
and build up your social world.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื
08:34
And so we studied exactly this idea on a much larger scale.
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ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœืš.
ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
08:39
What we did was we looked at high and low socioeconomic status people,
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื ืžื•ืš,
08:45
and we looked at them in two situations.
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08:47
We looked at them first in a baseline condition,
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช.
08:50
when they were quite comfortable.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืก,
08:52
And what we found was that our lower socioeconomic status people,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื—.
08:55
when they were comfortable, were actually reaching out to more people.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš
08:59
They thought of more people.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื—ืฉื• ื‘ื ื•ื—, ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฆืจื• ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื.
09:00
They were also less constrained in how they were networking.
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื.
09:03
They were thinking of more diverse people
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ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื™ืฆืจื• ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
09:05
than the higher-status people.
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09:07
Then we asked them to think about maybe losing a job.
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
09:10
We threatened them.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
09:11
And once they thought about that,
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09:13
the networks they generated completely differed.
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ื”ืคื—ื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื.
ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš,
09:16
The lower socioeconomic status people reached inwards.
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ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.
09:20
They thought of fewer people.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืคื ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
09:21
They thought of less-diverse people.
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื.
09:24
The higher socioeconomic status people thought of more people,
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
09:27
they thought of a broader network,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื,
09:29
they were positioning themselves to bounce back from that setback.
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืจืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื”ื ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ืžื”ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ.
09:34
Let's consider what this actually means.
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09:37
Imagine that you were being spontaneously unfriended
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
09:41
by everyone in your network
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœืคืชืข ื ื™ืชืงื• ืื™ืชื›ื ืงืฉืจ
09:44
other than your mom, your dad and your dog.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
09:48
(Laughter)
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ืืžื ืฉืœื›ื, ืื‘ื ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื.
09:49
This is essentially what we are doing
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09:51
at these moments when we need our networks the most.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื–ื” ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:56
Imagine -- this is what we're doing. We're doing it to ourselves.
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09:59
We are mentally compressing our networks
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• -- ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื•.
10:01
when we are being harassed, when we are being bullied,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืžืฆืžื™ื ืจื™ื’ืฉื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
10:03
when we are threatened about losing a job,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ืงื™ื ืœื ื•,
10:06
when we feel down and weak.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
10:08
We are closing ourselves off, isolating ourselves,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื›ื“ื›ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื.
10:11
creating a blind spot where we actually don't see our resources.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื’ืจื™ื, ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•,
10:15
We don't see our allies, we don't see our opportunities.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื— ืžืช ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
10:18
How can we overcome this?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
10:20
Two simple strategies.
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10:21
One strategy is simply to look at your list of Facebook friends
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”?
ืฉืชื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช.
10:25
and LinkedIn friends
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ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘โ€œืคื™ื™ืกื‘ึผื•ืงโ€
10:26
just so you remind yourself of people who are there
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘โ€œืœื™ื ืงื“ืื™ืŸโ€
10:29
beyond those that automatically come to mind.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื
10:32
And in our own research, one of the things we did was,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืœื” ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช.
10:35
we considered Claude Steele's research on self-affirmation:
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ื•ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื”
10:38
simply thinking about your own values,
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ืฉื‘ึผื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ึนื“ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืื™ืฉืจื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™:
10:41
networking from a place of strength.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
10:43
What Leigh Thompson, Hoon-Seok Choi and I were able to do is,
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ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—.
10:46
we found that people who had affirmed themselves first
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ืžื” ืฉืœึตื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืŸ-ืกื•ืง ืฆโ€™ื•ื™ ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื”,
10:49
were able to take advice from people
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉืจืจื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื
10:51
who would otherwise be threatening to them.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืฆื” ืžืื ืฉื™ื
10:54
Here's a last exercise.
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ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
10:57
I want you to look in your email in-box,
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ื”ื ื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
11:00
and I want you to look at the last time you asked somebody for a favor.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื•ืโ€œืœ ืฉืœื›ื,
ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
11:04
And I want you to look at the language that you used.
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11:06
Did you say things like,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื ื‘ื”.
11:08
"Oh, you're a great resource,"
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11:10
or "I owe you one,"
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ื”ืื ืืžืจืชื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•,
11:11
"I'm obligated to you."
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โ€œืืชื” ืžืฉืื‘ ื ื”ื“ืจโ€
11:13
All of this language represents a metaphor.
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ืื• โ€œืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืšโ€œ,
โ€œืื ื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืšโ€
11:16
It's a metaphor of economics,
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ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื”.
11:18
of a balance sheet, of accounting,
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11:20
of transactions.
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ื–ื” ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
11:22
And when we think about human relations in a transactional way,
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ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืžืื–ืŸ, ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช,
ืฉืœ ืขึดืกืงืื•ืช.
11:25
it is fundamentally uncomfortable to us as human beings.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขึดืกืงืื•ืช,
ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืœื ื ื•ื— ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
11:29
We must think about human relations and reaching out to people
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื ื•ืฉ ื•ืคื ื™ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื
11:33
in more humane ways.
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11:35
Here's an idea as to how to do so.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืžื ื™.
11:37
Look at words like "please," "thank you," "you're welcome" in other languages.
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ื”ื ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• โ€œื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”โ€œ, โ€œืชื•ื“ื”โ€œ, โ€œืขืœ ืœื ื“ื‘ืจโ€ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
11:43
Look at the literal translation of these words.
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11:45
Each of these words is a word that helps us impose upon other people
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
11:49
in our social networks.
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11:50
And so, the word "thank you,"
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11:52
if you look at it in Spanish, Italian, French,
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ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืžื™ืœื” โ€œืชื•ื“ื”โ€œ,
11:55
"gracias," "grazie," "merci" in French.
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช, ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช, ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช,
11:58
Each of them are "grace" and "mercy."
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ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืชโ€œgraciasโ€, โ€œgrazieโ€ โ€œmerciโ€
12:00
They are godly words.
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12:02
There's nothing economic or transactional about those words.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื โ€œื—ืกื“โ€ ื•โ€œืจื—ืžื™ืโ€œ.
ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื•ืช.
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืื• ืขึดืกืงื™ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
12:06
The word "you're welcome" is interesting.
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12:08
The great persuasion theorist Robert Cialdini says
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ โ€œืขืœ ืœื ื“ื‘ืจโ€ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
12:11
we've got to get our favors back.
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ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืฆโ€™ื™ืืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ
12:12
So we need to emphasize the transaction a little bit more.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
12:15
He says, "Let's not say 'You're welcome.'
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ืื– ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืขึดืกืงื”.
12:17
Instead say, 'I know you'd do the same for me.'"
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ: โ€œื”ื‘ื” ืœื ื ืืžืจ โ€˜ืขืœ ืœื ื“ื‘ืจโ€™
12:20
But sometimes it may be helpful to not think in transactional ways,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืืžื•ืจ: โ€˜ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืชืขืฉื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™โ€™โ€
ืื•ืœื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืขึดืกืงืื•ืช,
12:24
to eliminate the transaction, to make it a little bit more invisible.
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12:28
And in fact, if you look in Chinese,
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ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขึดืกืงื”, ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช.
12:30
the word "bรบ kรจ qรฌ" in Chinese, "You're welcome," means,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืกื™ื ื™ืช,
12:33
"Don't be formal; we're family. We don't need to go through those formalities."
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” โ€œbรบ kรจ qรฌโ€ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ืช - โ€œืขืœ ืœื ื“ื‘ืจโ€
12:37
And "kembali" in Indonesian is "Come back to me."
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ืžืฉืžืขื” โ€œืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ืจื™ืฉืžื™ - ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.โ€
12:41
When you say "You're welcome" next time,
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ื•-โ€œkembaliโ€ ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ืช ื–ื” โ€œืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™โ€
12:43
think about how you can maybe eliminate the transaction
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ื ืฉืชืืžืจื• โ€œืขืœ ืœื ื“ื‘ืจโ€
12:46
and instead strengthen that social tie.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขึดืกืงื”
12:49
Maybe "It's great to collaborate," or "That's what friends are for."
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
ืื•ืœื™ โ€œื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”โ€ ืื• โ€œื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื™ืโ€œ.
12:54
I want you to think about how you think about this ticket that you have
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื
12:59
to travel your social universe.
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13:01
Here's one metaphor.
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ืœืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื›ื.
13:03
It's a common metaphor: "Life is a journey." Right?
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13:05
It's a train ride,
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ื”ื ื” ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื”.
13:06
and you're a passenger on the train,
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ื–ื• ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื ืคื•ืฆื”: โ€œื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืกืขโ€œ. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:09
and there are certain people with you.
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ื–ื” ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช,
ื•ืืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช,
13:11
Certain people get on this train,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืื™ืชื›ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
13:13
and some stay with you, some leave at different stops,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•,
13:15
new ones may enter.
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ื—ืœืงื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืืชื›ื, ื—ืœืงื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
13:17
I love this metaphor, it's a beautiful one.
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13:19
But I want you to consider a different metaphor.
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ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื•.
ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”.
13:22
This one is passive, being a passenger on that train,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉืงืœื• ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
13:25
and it's quite linear.
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ื–ื• ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช - ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช,
13:27
You're off to some particular destination.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ืช.
13:30
Why not instead think of yourself
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ืืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืขื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
13:32
as an atom,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื
13:34
bumping up against other atoms,
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13:36
maybe transferring energy with them,
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ืฉืืชื ืื˜ื•ื
ืžืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
13:38
bonding with them a little
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13:39
and maybe creating something new
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื,
13:41
on your travels through the social universe.
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ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืชื ืงืฆืช,
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ
13:44
Thank you so much.
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13:45
And I hope we bump into each other again.
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ื‘ืžืกืข ืฉืœื›ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
13:47
(Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืงืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ื‘.
(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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