Let the environment guide our development | Johan Rockstrom

430,257 views ใƒป 2010-08-31

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
We live on a human-dominated planet,
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื•,
00:18
putting unprecedented pressure
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ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื
00:20
on the systems on Earth.
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ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:22
This is bad news, but perhaps surprising to you,
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ืืœื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช, ืืš ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข
00:24
it's also part of the good news.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
00:26
We're the first generation -- thanks to science --
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ืื ื• ื”ื ื ื• ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื“ืข,
00:29
to be informed that we may be
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ืฉืžืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
00:31
undermining the stability and the ability
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ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•
00:33
of planet Earth
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ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:35
to support human development as we know it.
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ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื•.
00:37
It's also good news, because the planetary risks we're facing
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ืืœื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืœื ื•
00:40
are so large,
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ื”ืŸ ื›ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช,
00:42
that business as usual is not an option.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื’ื™ืฉืช "ืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ".
00:44
In fact, we're in a phase
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘
00:46
where transformative change is necessary,
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ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™,
00:49
which opens the window for innovation,
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ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืคืชื— ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
00:51
for new ideas and new paradigms.
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ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
00:54
This is a scientific journey on the challenges facing humanity
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืข ืžื“ืขื™ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
00:57
in the global phase of sustainability.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
00:59
On this journey, I'd like to bring, apart from yourselves,
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ืœืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื, ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ื,
01:02
a good friend,
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ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘,
01:04
a stakeholder, who's always absent
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ื‘ืขืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืžืงื•ืžื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืคืงื“
01:06
when we deal with the negotiations on environmental issues,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช,
01:08
a stakeholder who refuses to compromise --
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ื‘ืขืœ-ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืจื‘ ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ--
01:11
planet Earth.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:13
So I thought I'd bring her with me today on stage,
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื• ืขืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”,
01:16
to have her as a witness
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื“
01:18
of a remarkable journey,
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ืœืžืกืข ืžื•ืคืœื,
01:21
which humbly reminds us
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ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชื•
01:23
of the period of grace we've had
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ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ืกื“ ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื ื•
01:25
over the past 10,000 years.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 10,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:27
This is the living conditions on the planet over the last 100,000 years.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘-100,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:30
It's a very important period --
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ื–ื• ืชืงื•ืคื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:32
it's roughly half the period when we've been fully modern humans on the planet.
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ื–ื• ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
01:35
We've had the same, roughly, abilities
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืชืžื™ื“, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
01:37
that developed civilizations as we know it.
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ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•.
01:39
This is the environmental conditions on the planet.
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ืืœื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
01:41
Here, used as a proxy, temperature variability.
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ื”ื ื”, ื›ื ืชื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
01:44
It was a jumpy ride. 80,000 years back in a crisis,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื—ืชื—ืชื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ 80,000 ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ,
01:47
we leave Africa, we colonize Australia
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ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”
01:49
in another crisis, 60,000 years back,
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ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืคื ื™ 60,000 ืฉื ื”,
01:51
we leave Asia for Europe
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ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžืืกื™ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”
01:53
in another crisis, 40,000 years back,
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ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืคื ื™ 40,000 ืฉื ื”,
01:55
and then we enter
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ื•ืื– ื ื›ื ืกื ื•
01:57
the remarkably stable Holocene phase,
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ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื•ืงืŸ,
02:00
the only period in the whole history of the planet,
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ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช,
02:03
that we know of, that can support human development.
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
02:05
A thousand years into this period,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื”,
02:07
we abandon our hunting and gathering patterns.
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ื–ื ื—ื ื• ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืฆื™ื“ ื•ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื˜.
02:10
We go from a couple of million people
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ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
02:12
to the seven billion people we are today.
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ื’ื“ืœื ื• ืœืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
02:14
The Mesopotamian culture: we invent agriculture,
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ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื”: ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
02:16
we domesticate animals and plants.
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ื‘ื™ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
02:18
You have the Roman, the Greek and the story as you know it.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื›ื.
02:21
The only phase, as we know it
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•,
02:23
that can support humanity.
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
02:25
The trouble is we're putting a quadruple sqeeze
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 4
02:27
on this poor planet,
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ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
02:29
a quadruple sqeeze, which, as its first squeeze,
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 4, ื›ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
02:32
has population growth of course.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
02:35
Now, this is not only about numbers;
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ื•ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
02:37
this is not only about the fact that we're seven billion people
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• 7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
02:39
committed to nine billion people, it's an equity issue as well.
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ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœ-9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“. ื–ื• ื’ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง.
02:42
The majority of the environmental impacts on the planet
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช
02:44
have been caused by the rich minority,
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ื ื’ืจืžื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ,
02:46
the 20 percent that jumped onto the industrial bandwagon
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20 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื”ืจื• ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืขื’ืœืช ื”ืชื™ืขื•ืฉ
02:48
in the mid-18th century.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-18.
02:50
The majority of the planet,
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ืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช,
02:52
aspiring for development, having the right for development,
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ืฉืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—, ืฉื–ื›ื•ืชื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—,
02:54
are in large aspiring for an unsustainable lifestyle,
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ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื,
02:57
a momentous pressure.
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ืœื—ืฅ ื ื›ื‘ื“.
02:59
The second pressure on the planet is, of course the climate agenda --
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
03:01
the big issue -- where the policy interpretation of science
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื›ืฉื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช
03:03
is that it would be enough
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื“ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื”
03:05
to stabilize greenhouse gases at 450 ppm
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื‘-450 ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
03:08
to avoid average temperatures
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช
03:10
exceeding two degrees,
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ืžืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืœื•ืช,
03:12
to avoid the risk that we may be destabilizing
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื ืขืจืขืจ
03:14
the West Antarctic Ice Sheet,
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ืืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืžืขืจื‘-ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืช,
03:16
holding six meters -- level rising,
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื™ื” 6 ืžื˜ืจื™ื-- ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื,
03:18
the risk of destabilizing the Greenland Ice Sheet,
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ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื ืขืจืขืจ ืืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“,
03:20
holding another seven meters -- sea level rising.
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ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ 7 ืžื˜ืจื™ื-- ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืคืœืก ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
03:22
Now, you would have wished the climate pressure
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื ืฉืœื—ืฅ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
03:24
to hit a strong planet, a resilient planet,
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ื™ื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื—ื–ืง ื•ืขืžื™ื“,
03:26
but unfortunately, the third pressure
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ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
03:28
is the ecosystem decline.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
03:30
Never have we seen, in the past 50 years,
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื•, ื‘-50 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
03:32
such a sharp decline
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ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ื” ื›ื–ื•
03:34
of ecosystem functions and services on the planet,
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ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:37
one of them being the ability to regulate climate on the long term,
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ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
03:40
in our forests, land and biodiversity.
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ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
03:43
The forth pressure is surprise,
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืชืขื”,
03:45
the notion and the evidence
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœื›ืš
03:47
that we need to abandon our old paradigm,
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
03:49
that ecosystems behave linearly, predictably,
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ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื•ืฆืคื•ื™,
03:52
controllably in our -- so to say -- linear systems,
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:55
and that in fact, surprise is universal,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
03:57
as systems tip over very rapidly, abruptly
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“, ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช
03:59
and often irreversibly.
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ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ - ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ืš.
04:01
This, dear friends, poses a human pressure on the planet
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ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืœื—ืฅ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช
04:04
of momentous scale.
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
04:07
We may, in fact, have entered a new geological era --
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ,
04:10
the Anthropocene,
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ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืงืŸ,
04:12
where humans are the predominant driver of change
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ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™
04:14
at a planetary level.
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™.
04:16
Now, as a scientist,
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ืื– ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ,
04:18
what's the evidence for this?
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื›ืš?
04:20
Well, the evidence is,
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ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”,
04:22
unfortunately, ample.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืคืข.
04:24
It's not only carbon dioxide
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ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ืจืžืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™
04:26
that has this hockey stick pattern of accelerated change.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžื–ื“ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืืฅ.
04:29
You can take virtually any parameter
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืคืจืžื˜ืจ
04:31
that matters for human well-being --
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ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช--
04:33
nitrous oxide, methane,
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ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ, ืžืชืืŸ,
04:35
deforestation, overfishing
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ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ื“ื™ื’-ื™ืชืจ
04:37
land degredation, loss of species --
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ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื--
04:40
they all show the same pattern
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ืคื•ืก
04:42
over the past 200 years.
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ืžื–ื” 200 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:45
Simultaneously, they branch off in the mid-50s,
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ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช, ื”ื ืžืกืชืขืคื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50,
04:48
10 years after the Second World War,
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10 ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
04:51
showing very clearly that the great acceleration of the human enterprise
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ื•ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
04:54
starts in the mid-50s.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50.
04:56
You see, for the first time, an imprint on the global level.
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช-ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
04:59
And I can tell you,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื,
05:01
you enter the disciplinary research in each of these,
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ืื ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืžื•ืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”,
05:03
you find something remarkably important,
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ืชื’ืœื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:06
the conclusion that we may have come to the point
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ืืชื ืชืกื™ืงื• ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื”
05:09
where we have to bend the curves,
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ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืืช ื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช,
05:11
that we may have entered the most challenging and exciting decade
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ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืืชื’ืจ ื•ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:14
in the history humanity on the planet,
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช,
05:17
the decade when we have to bend the curves.
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ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืืช ื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช.
05:20
Now, as if this was not enough --
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ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื“ื™--
05:22
to just bend the curves and understanding the accelerated pressure on the planet --
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ื‘ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ--
05:25
we also have to recognize the fact
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
05:27
that systems do have multiple stable states,
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ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื,
05:30
separated by thresholds -- illustrated here by this ball and cup diagram,
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ื”ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื™ื, ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืงืข,
05:33
where the depth of the cup is the resilience of the system.
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ื›ืฉืขื•ืžืง ื”ืฉืงืข ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
05:36
Now, the system may gradually --
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”--
05:39
under pressure of climate change,
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ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
05:41
erosion, biodiversity loss --
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ื”ืืจื•ื–ื™ื”, ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™--
05:43
lose the depth of the cup, the resilience,
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ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืฉืงืข, ืืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืชื”,
05:45
but appear to be healthy
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ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื”
05:47
and appear to suddenly, under a threshold,
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ื•ืื–, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืกืฃ,
05:49
be tipping over. Upff.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜-- ืื•ืฃ.
05:51
Sorry. Changing state
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ืกืœื™ื—ื”. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฆื‘
05:54
and literally ending up
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•, ืœื”ืชื—ืกืœ
05:56
in an undesired situation,
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช,
06:00
where new biophysical logic takes over,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืฉืชืœื˜,
06:03
new species take over, and the system gets locked.
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืœื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื ืขืœืช.
06:05
Do we have evidence of this? Yes, coral reef systems.
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš? ื™ืฉ. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
06:09
Biodiverse, low-nutrient, hard coral systems
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื, ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื”
06:12
under multiple pressures of overfishing,
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ื”ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืกื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื’-ื™ืชืจ,
06:15
unsustainable tourism, climate change.
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ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื-ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
06:17
A trigger and the system tips over,
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ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื’ื‘ ื”ื’ืžืœ ื ืฉื‘ืจ,
06:19
loses its resilience,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืื‘ื“ืช ืืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืชื”,
06:21
soft corals take over,
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ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉืชืœื˜ื™ื,
06:23
and we get undesired systems
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช
06:25
that cannot support economic and social development.
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ืฉืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
06:27
The Arctic -- a beautiful system --
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”,
06:29
a regulating biome at the planetary level,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื•ื•ืกืชืช ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™,
06:31
taking the knock after knock on climate change,
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ืกื•ืคื’ืช ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
06:34
appearing to be in a good state.
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ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:36
No scientist could predict that in 2007,
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ืฉื•ื ืžื“ืขืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉื‘-2007,
06:38
suddenly, what could be crossing a threshold.
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ืœืคืชืข ืคืชืื•ื, ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ืกืฃ,
06:41
The system suddenly, very surprisingly, loses 30 to 40 percent
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื‘ื“ื”, ืžืื“ ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข, 30-40 ืื—ื•ื–
06:43
of its summer ice cover.
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ืžืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืงื™ื™ืฆื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
06:45
And the drama is, of course, that
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
06:47
when the system does this, the logic may change.
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
06:49
It may get locked in an undesired state,
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ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™,
06:51
because it changes color, absorbs more energy,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
06:53
and the system may get stuck.
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ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืชืงืข.
06:55
In my mind, the largest red flag warning for humanity
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื–ื” ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
06:58
that we are in a precarious situation.
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ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
07:01
As a sideline, you know that the only red flag that popped up here
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ืื’ื‘, ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืฆืฅ ื›ืืŸ
07:04
was a submarine from an unnamed country
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืœืžื•ื ื™ืช
07:06
that planted a red flag at the bottom of the Arctic
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ืฉืชืงืขื” ื“ื’ืœ ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™
07:09
to be able to control the oil resources.
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜.
07:12
Now, if we have evidence, which we now have,
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ืื– ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”, ื›ืžื• ื–ืืช,
07:15
that wetlands, forests,
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ื›ืฉืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื”, ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
07:17
[unclear] monsoon system, the rainforests,
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ, ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื,
07:19
behave in this nonlinear way.
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ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืงื•ื•ื™ืช ื–ื•.
07:21
30 or so scientists around the world
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30 ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
07:23
gathered and asked a question for the first time,
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ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ื•ืฉืืœื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
07:25
"Do we have to put the planet into the the pot?"
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"ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?"
07:27
So we have to ask ourselves:
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื”ืื ืื ื•
07:29
are we threatening this extraordinarily stable Holocene state?
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ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœื•ืงืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
07:33
Are we in fact putting ourselves in a situation
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘
07:35
where we're coming too close
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™
07:37
to thresholds that could lead
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ืœืกื™ืคื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
07:39
to deleterious and very undesired,
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ืœืชื ืื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžืื“ ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื
07:41
if now catastrophic, change
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ืื ืœื ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™ื™ื, ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
07:43
for human development?
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช?
07:45
You know, you don't want to stand there.
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ื”ืจื™ ืื™ื ื›ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”.
07:47
In fact, you're not even allowed to stand
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืขืžื•ื“
07:49
where this gentleman is standing,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
07:51
at the foaming, slippery waters at the threshold.
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ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืžืงืฆื™ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœืงืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืฃ.
07:54
In fact, there's a fence
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื™ืฉื ื” ื’ื“ืจ
07:56
quite upstream of this threshold,
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ืงืฆืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”,
07:58
beyond which you are in a danger zone.
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ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
08:00
And this is the new paradigm,
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
08:02
which we gathered two, three years back,
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื-ืฉืœื•ืฉ,
08:04
recognizing that our old paradigm
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื”
08:06
of just analyzing and pushing and predicting
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ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื—, ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
08:08
parameters into the future,
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ืฉืœ ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
08:10
aiming at minimalizing environmental impacts, is of the past.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช,
08:13
Now we to ask ourselves:
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ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžื ื”. ื›ืขืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•:
08:15
which are the large environmental processes
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ืžื”ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
08:17
that we have to be stewards of
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื
08:19
to keep ourselves safe in the Holocene?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื•ืงืŸ?
08:21
And could we even,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ื›ืœ,
08:23
thanks to major advancements in Earth systems science,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช,
08:25
identify the thresholds,
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื™ื,
08:27
the points where we may expect nonlinear change?
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ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ืงื•ื•ื™?
08:30
And could we even define
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ
08:32
a planetary boundary, a fence,
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ืงื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™, ื’ื“ืจ,
08:35
within which we then have a safe operating space for humanity?
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ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื• ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—?
08:38
This work, which was published in "Nature,"
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘"ื ื™ื™ืฆ'ืจ",
08:40
late 2009,
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ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ 2009,
08:42
after a number of years of analysis,
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ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
08:44
led to the final proposition
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
08:47
that we can only find
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ืœืคื™ื” ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
08:49
nine planetary boundaries
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ืจืง ืชืฉืขื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื
08:51
with which, under active stewardship,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื, ืื ื ื›ืœื›ืœ ืืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืคืขื™ืœ,
08:54
would allow ourselves to have a safe operating space.
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ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
08:57
These include, of course, climate.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
08:59
It may surprise you that it's not only climate.
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ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืืงืœื™ื,
09:01
But it shows that we are interconnected, among many systems on the planet,
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ืืœื ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
09:04
with the three big systems, climate change,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช: ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
09:06
stratospheric ozone depletion and ocean acidification
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ื”ื™ื“ืœื“ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคืจื” ื•ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
09:09
being the three big systems,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
09:11
where the scientific evidence of large-scale thresholds
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™-ื”ื™ืงืฃ
09:14
in the paleo-record of the history of the planet.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
09:17
But we also include, what we call, the slow variables,
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ืืš ื›ืœืœื ื• ื’ื ืืช 'ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื',
09:20
the systems that, under the hood,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื›ืกื” ื”ืžื ื•ืข,
09:22
regulate and buffer the capacity of the resilience of the planet --
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ืžื•ื•ืกืชื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช--
09:25
the interference of the big nitrogen and phosphorus cycles on the planet,
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ื”ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
09:28
land use change, rate of biodiversity loss,
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
09:30
freshwater use,
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ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ื,
09:32
functions which regulate
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ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื•ืกืชื™ื
09:35
biomass on the planet, carbon sequestration, diversity.
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ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ื ื™ืงื•ื– ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ.
09:38
And then we have two parameters which we were not able to quantify --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื›ืžืช--
09:41
air pollution,
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
09:43
including warming gases and air-polluting sulfates and nitrates,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”, ื•ื’ื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื ืงื•ืช ืžื–ื”ืžื•ืช-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
09:46
but also chemical pollution.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืžื™.
09:49
Together, these form an integrated whole
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ืื—ื“
09:52
for guiding human development in the Anthropocene,
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืงืŸ,
09:54
understanding that the planet
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช
09:56
is a complex self-regulating system.
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ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™.
09:59
In fact, most evidence indicates
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช
10:01
that these nine may behave as three Musketeers,
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ืฉืชืฉืข ืืœื” ืžืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืกืงื˜ืจื™ื--
10:04
"One for all. All for one."
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"ืื—ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ื•ืœืŸ, ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืื—ืช."
10:06
You degrade forests, you go beyond the boundary on land,
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ืื ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช,
10:09
you undermine the ability of the climate system
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ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื
10:11
to stay stable.
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช.
10:13
The drama here is, in fact, that
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ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
10:15
it may show that the climate challenge
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืงืœื™ื
10:17
is the easy one,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืงืœ,
10:19
if you consider the whole challenge
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ืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•
10:21
of sustainable development.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
10:24
Now this is the Big Bang equivalent then of human development
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ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื–ื”ื• ืฉื•ื•ื”-ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
10:27
within the safe operating space of the planetary boundaries.
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
10:29
What you see here in black line is the safe operating space,
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ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
10:32
the quantified boundaries,
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ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืžื•ืช,
10:34
as suggested by this analysis.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื–ื”.
10:36
The yellow dot in the middle here is our starting point,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•,
10:38
the pre-industrial point,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
10:40
where we're very safely in the safe operating space.
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ื›ืฉืขื•ื“ ื ืžืฆืื ื• ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืœื‘ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
10:42
In the '50s, we start branching out.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืกืชืขืฃ.
10:45
In the '60s already, through the green revolution
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื”,
10:47
and the Haber-Bosch process
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ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืจ-ื‘ื•ืฉ
10:49
of fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere --
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ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”--
10:51
you know, human's today take out more nitrogen from the atmosphere
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ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื ืงืŸ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”
10:54
than the whole biosphere does naturally as a whole.
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ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
10:58
We don't transgress the climate boundary until the early '90s,
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ืœื ืคืจืฆื ื• ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90,
11:01
actually, right after Rio.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืจื™ื•.
11:03
And today, we are in a situation where we estimate
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื
11:05
that we've transgressed three boundaries,
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ืฉืคืจืฆื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช,
11:07
the rate of biodiversity loss,
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ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
11:09
which is the sixth extinction period in the history of humanity --
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืฉื™ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช--
11:12
one of them being the extinctions of the dinosaurs --
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ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื--
11:15
nitrogen and climate change.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
11:17
But we still have some degrees of freedom on the others,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื• ืžืขื˜ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช,
11:19
but we are approaching fast
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ืืš ืื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
11:21
on land, water, phosphorus and oceans.
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ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ื‘ืžื™ื, ื‘ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
11:23
But this gives a new paradigm
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
11:25
to guide humanity,
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ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
11:27
to put the light on our, so far
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื
11:30
overpowered industrial vehicle,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื”,
11:32
which operates as if
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ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื•
11:34
we're only on a dark, straight highway.
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ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื›ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจื”.
11:37
Now the question then is:
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื:
11:39
how gloomy is this?
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืงื•ื“ืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘?
11:41
Is then sustainable development utopia?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืจืช ืงื™ื™ืžื?
11:43
Well, there's no science to suggest.
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ืœืžื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
11:45
In fact, there is ample science
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื
11:47
to indicate that we can do this transformative change,
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ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื•ืจืฃ ื–ื”,
11:50
that we have the ability
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
11:52
to now move into a new innovative,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืขืช ืœื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
11:55
a transformative gear,
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ืœืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
11:57
across scales.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
11:59
The drama is, of course,
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ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
12:01
is that 200 countries on this planet
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ื”ื™ื ืฉ-200 ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”
12:03
have to simultaneously start moving
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช
12:05
in the same direction.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
12:07
But it changes fundamentally our governance and management paradigm,
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ืืš ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•,
12:10
from the current linear,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
12:12
command and control thinking,
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ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืงื•ื•ื™ืช,
12:14
looking at efficiencies and optimization
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื˜ื•ื‘
12:16
towards a much more flexible,
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ื•ืœืงืจืืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
12:19
a much more adaptive approach,
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ื•ืกืชื’ืœื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
12:21
where we recognize that redundancy,
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ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืชื™ืจื•ืช,
12:23
both in social and environmental systems,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืื—ื“,
12:25
is key to be able to deal
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“
12:27
with a turbulent era of global change.
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ืขื ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื.
12:30
We have to invest in persistence,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชืžื“ื ื•,
12:32
in the ability of social systems and ecological systems
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
12:35
to withstand shocks and still remain in that desired cup.
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ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืฉืงืข ื”ืจืฆื•ื™.
12:38
We have to invest in transformations capability,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช,
12:41
moving from crisis into innovation
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื‘ืจ ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
12:44
and the ability to rise after a crisis,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ,
12:47
and of course to adapt to unavoidable change.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข.
12:49
This is a new paradigm.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
12:51
We're not doing that at any scale on governance.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ืจืžืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ.
12:54
But is it happening anywhere?
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ืืš ื”ืื ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•?
12:56
Do we have any examples of success
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช
12:58
on this mind shift being applied at the local level?
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ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืœืš-ืจื•ื— ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช?
13:01
Well, yes, in fact we do
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื›ืŸ.
13:04
and the list can start becoming longer and longer.
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ื•ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืืจืš ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.
13:06
There's good news here,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
13:08
for example, from Latin America,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
13:10
where plow-based farming systems
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ืฉืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืฉ
13:13
of the '50s and '60s
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ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื•ื”-60
13:15
led farming basically to a dead-end,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื,
13:17
with lower and lower yields, degrading the organic matter
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ืขื ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™
13:20
and fundamental problems at the livelihood levels
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืคืจื ืกื”
13:23
in Paraguay, Uruguay and a number of countries, Brazil,
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ื‘ืคืจืื’ื•ื•ืื™, ืื•ืจื•ื’ื•ื•ืื™, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ,
13:26
leading to innovation and entrepreneurship
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ืžื•ืช
13:28
among farmers in partnership with scientists
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
13:30
into an agricultural revolution of zero tillage systems
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ื•ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืคืก ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“
13:33
combined with mulch farming
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ื‘ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืขื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช-ื’ื‘ื‘ื”
13:35
with locally adapted technologies,
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ื•ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
13:37
which today, for example, in some countries,
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ืฉื›ื™ื•ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
13:40
have led to a tremendous increase
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืขืœื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”
13:42
in area under mulch, zero till farming
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช-ื’ื‘ื‘ื”, ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืืคืก-ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“,
13:45
which, not only produces more food,
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ืฉืœื ืจืง ืžืคื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
13:47
but also sequesters carbon.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžืคืจื™ื“ื” ืคื—ืžืŸ.
13:49
The Australian Great Barrier Reef is another success story.
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ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
13:52
Under the realization from tourist operators,
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช,
13:54
fishermen,
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ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื,
13:56
the Australian Great Barrier Reef Authority and scientists
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ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
13:59
that the Great Barrier Reef is doomed
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ืฉื ื’ื–ืจ ื’ื•ืจืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
14:01
under the current governance regime.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
14:04
Global change, beautification rack culture,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื™ื•ืคื™,
14:06
overfishing and unsustainable tourism,
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ื“ื™ื’-ื™ืชืจ ื•ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื-ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช,
14:08
all together placing this system
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื›ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื•
14:10
in the realization of crisis.
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ืืœ ืกืฃ ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
14:12
But the window of opportunity was innovation and new mindset,
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ืืš ืื– ื ืคืชื— ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
14:14
which today has led to a completely new governance strategy
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
14:17
to build resilience,
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ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช,
14:19
acknowledge redundancy
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ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืชื™ืจื•ืช
14:21
and invest in the whole system as an integrated whole,
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื‘ืฉืœื ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™.
14:24
and then allow for much more redundancy in the system.
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ื•ืื– ืœืืคืฉืจ ื™ืชื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช.
14:27
Sweden, the country I come from, has other examples,
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ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื™, ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
14:30
where wetlands in southern Sweden were seen as --
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ื›ืฉืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•--
14:33
as in many countries -- as flood-prone polluted nuisance
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช-- ืœืžื˜ืจื“ ืžื–ื•ื”ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืฆืคื•ืช
14:36
in the peri-urban regions.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ื.
14:38
But again, a crisis, new partnerships,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
14:41
actors locally, transforming these
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ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืžืฉื ื™ื ื–ืืช
14:43
into a key component
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ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืคืชื—
14:45
of sustainable urban planning.
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ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
14:47
So crisis leading into opportunities.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžื•ืœื™ื“ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
14:51
Now, what about the future?
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ื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“?
14:53
Well, the future, of course, has one massive challenge,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืืชื’ืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืจ
14:56
which is feeding a world of nine billion people.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื ืช ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืŸ 9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ.
14:58
We need nothing less than a new green revolution,
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ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื• ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื”ืคื›ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
15:00
and the planet boundaries shows
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ื•ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช
15:02
that agriculture has to go from a source of greenhouse gases to a sink.
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ืฉืขืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืœื›ืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ.
15:05
It has to basically do this on current land.
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ืขืœื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืื“ืžื•ืช.
15:08
We cannot expand anymore,
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:10
because it erodes the planetary boundaries.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื•ื—ืง ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
15:12
We cannot continue consuming water as we do today,
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
15:15
with 25 percent of world rivers not even reaching the ocean.
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ื›ืฉ-25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื.
15:18
And we need a transformation.
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ื•ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™
15:20
Well, interestingly, and based on my work
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ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™,
15:22
and others in Africa, for example,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœืžืฉืœ,
15:24
we've shown that even the most vulnerable small-scale rainfall farming systems,
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ื”ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืฉื’ื ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
15:27
with innovations and supplementary irrigation
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืฉืงื™ื™ื”
15:29
to bridge dry spells and droughts,
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ืฆื•ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช,
15:31
sustainable sanitation systems to close the loop on nutrients
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืกื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื
15:34
from toilets back to farmers' fields,
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ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืœ ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™,
15:37
and innovations in tillage systems,
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ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“,
15:39
we can triple, quadruple, yield levels
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืฉืœืฉ ื•ืœืจื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื
15:41
on current land.
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ื‘ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช.
15:43
Elinor Ostrom,
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ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื,
15:45
the latest Nobel laureate of economics,
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ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืœืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”,
15:47
clearly shows empirically across the world
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ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
15:49
that we can govern the commons
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ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื
15:51
if we invest in trust,
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ืื ื ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ,
15:54
local, action-based partnerships
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ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช-ืคืขื•ืœื”
15:57
and cross-scale institutional innovations,
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ื•ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
16:01
where local actors,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
16:04
together, can deal with the global commons
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ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื
16:06
at a large scale.
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื—ื‘.
16:08
But even on the hard policy area we have innovations.
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ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
16:11
We know that we have to move from our fossil dependence
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
16:13
very quickly into a low-carbon economy in record time.
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ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื“ืœืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ-ืฉื™ื.
16:16
And what shall we do?
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ื•ืžื” ื ืขืฉื”?
16:18
Everybody talks about carbon taxes -- it won't work -- emission schemes,
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืกื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ -ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“- ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื”,
16:21
but for example, one policy measure,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื•ื“ื“ืช
16:23
feed-in tariffs on the energy system,
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ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
16:25
which is already applied,
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื•ืฉืžืช,
16:27
from China doing it on offshore wind systems,
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ืžืกื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
16:29
all the way to the U.S.
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ื•ืขื“ ืืจื”"ื‘, ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉืœืžื™ื
16:31
where you give the guaranteed price for investment in renewable energy,
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ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืงื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช,
16:33
but you can subsidize electricity to poor people.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื‘ืกื“ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื.
16:36
You get people out of poverty.
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ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
16:38
You solve the climate issue with regards to the energy sector,
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ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
16:40
while at the same time, stimulating innovation --
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ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ืžื“ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช--
16:43
examples of things that can be out scaled quickly
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ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื”ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
16:45
at the planetary level.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ืช.
16:47
So there is -- no doubt -- opportunity here,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืœื ืกืคืง ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช,
16:49
and we can list many, many examples
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
16:52
of transformative opportunities around the planet.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
16:55
The key though in all of these,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื›ืœ ืืœื”
16:57
the red thread,
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ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™,
16:59
is the shift in mindset,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”,
17:01
moving away from a situation where we simply are pushing ourselves
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ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
17:04
into a dark future,
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ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขืชื™ื“ ืืคืœ,
17:06
where we instead backcast our future,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืžืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•,
17:08
and we say, "What is the playing field on the planet?
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืžื”ื• ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช?
17:11
What are the planetary boundaries
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ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
17:13
within which we can safely operate?"
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ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ืžืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ?"
17:15
and then backtrack innovations within that.
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ื•ืื– ืžืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื.
17:17
But of course, the drama is, it clearly shows
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ืืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ
17:19
that incremental change is not an option.
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ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช.
17:22
So, there is scientific evidence.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
17:24
They sort of say the harsh news,
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ืฉืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช,
17:26
that we are facing the largest
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ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
17:28
transformative development
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ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
17:30
since the industrialization.
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ืžืื– ื”ืชื™ืขื•ืฉ.
17:32
In fact, what we have to do over the next 40 years
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘-40 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
17:34
is much more dramatic and more exciting
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื”ื™ื‘
17:37
than what we did when we moved into
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ืžืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกื ื•
17:40
the situation we're in today.
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ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
17:42
Now, science indicates that,
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ื”ืžื“ืข ืžืจืื”
17:44
yes, we can achieve a prosperous future
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ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื ื•
17:46
within the safe operating space,
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ืื ื ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
17:48
if we move simultaneously,
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ืื ื ื ื•ืข ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
17:50
collaborating on a global level, from local to global scale,
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ื ืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืžื”ืจืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
17:53
in transformative options, which build resilience on a finite planet.
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ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœืœื• ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืกื•ืคื™.
17:56
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:58
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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