Let the environment guide our development | Johan Rockstrom

437,298 views ใƒป 2010-08-31

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jade Suh ๊ฒ€ํ† : Kyungja Woo
00:15
We live on a human-dominated planet,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
putting unprecedented pressure
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์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„
00:20
on the systems on Earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋ถ€๋‹ด์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
This is bad news, but perhaps surprising to you,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์†Œ์‹์ด์ง€์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
00:24
it's also part of the good news.
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์ด๊ฑด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์œผ๋ก  ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
We're the first generation -- thanks to science --
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๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๋•ํƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
00:29
to be informed that we may be
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
00:31
undermining the stability and the ability
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„
00:33
of planet Earth
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ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
00:35
to support human development as we know it.
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์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋œ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ธ๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
It's also good news, because the planetary risks we're facing
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š”
00:40
are so large,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
00:42
that business as usual is not an option.
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๋” ์ด์ƒ "๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹"์ด ์„ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
In fact, we're in a phase
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š”
00:46
where transformative change is necessary,
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
which opens the window for innovation,
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ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€
00:51
for new ideas and new paradigms.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์˜ ์ฐฝ์„ ์—ฌ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
This is a scientific journey on the challenges facing humanity
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๋ณธ ๊ฐ•์˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ
00:57
in the global phase of sustainability.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋„์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
On this journey, I'd like to bring, apart from yourselves,
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์ด ์—ฌ์ •์—์„œ, ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด,
01:02
a good friend,
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์ข‹์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด์ž
01:04
a stakeholder, who's always absent
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
01:06
when we deal with the negotiations on environmental issues,
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์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ์ค‘์ธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž,
01:08
a stakeholder who refuses to compromise --
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ํƒ€ํ˜‘์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์ธ
01:11
planet Earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
So I thought I'd bring her with me today on stage,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™€์„œ,
01:16
to have her as a witness
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์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์—ฌ์ •์˜
01:18
of a remarkable journey,
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์ฆ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ ,
01:21
which humbly reminds us
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ผ๋งŒ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
01:23
of the period of grace we've had
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๋ˆ„๋ ธ๋˜ ์ž๋น„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„
01:25
over the past 10,000 years.
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์ƒ๊ฐ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
This is the living conditions on the planet over the last 100,000 years.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋งŒ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
It's a very important period --
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๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
it's roughly half the period when we've been fully modern humans on the planet.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๋Œ€๋žต ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ฏค์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
We've had the same, roughly, abilities
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ
01:37
that developed civilizations as we know it.
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๋ฌธ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
This is the environmental conditions on the planet.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
Here, used as a proxy, temperature variability.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ, ์˜จ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:44
It was a jumpy ride. 80,000 years back in a crisis,
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์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฝ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 8๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์—,
01:47
we leave Africa, we colonize Australia
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
in another crisis, 60,000 years back,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜€๋˜ 6๋งŒ๋…„์ „์— ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
we leave Asia for Europe
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์•„์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์€
01:53
in another crisis, 40,000 years back,
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๋˜ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜€๋˜ 4๋งŒ๋…„์ „์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ,
01:55
and then we enter
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
01:57
the remarkably stable Holocene phase,
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์™„์‹ ์„ธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:00
the only period in the whole history of the planet,
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ
02:03
that we know of, that can support human development.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
A thousand years into this period,
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์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฒœ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
02:07
we abandon our hunting and gathering patterns.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ ต๊ณผ ์ฑ„์ง‘ ์–‘์‹์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
We go from a couple of million people
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์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์‚ผ๋ฐฑ ๋งŒ ๋ช…์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:12
to the seven billion people we are today.
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ํ˜„์žฌ 70์–ต ๋ช…๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Š˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
The Mesopotamian culture: we invent agriculture,
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๋ฉ”์†Œํฌํƒ€๋ฏธ์•„ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋†์—…์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ,
02:16
we domesticate animals and plants.
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๊ฐ€์ถ•๊ณผ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
You have the Roman, the Greek and the story as you know it.
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๋กœ๋งˆ ๋ฌธ๋ช…, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฌธ๋ช…, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
The only phase, as we know it
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
02:23
that can support humanity.
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
The trouble is we're putting a quadruple sqeeze
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 4์ค‘์˜ ์••๋ฐ•์„
02:27
on this poor planet,
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๋ถˆ์Œํ•œ ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
a quadruple sqeeze, which, as its first squeeze,
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4์ค‘์˜ ์••๋ฐ• ์ค‘์—, ์šฐ์„  ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ
02:32
has population growth of course.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
Now, this is not only about numbers;
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์ธ๊ตฌ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ˆซ์ž๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
this is not only about the fact that we're seven billion people
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70์–ต ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 90์–ต์ด ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
02:39
committed to nine billion people, it's an equity issue as well.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•จ๊ณผ ์ •์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
The majority of the environmental impacts on the planet
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
02:44
have been caused by the rich minority,
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์†Œ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
the 20 percent that jumped onto the industrial bandwagon
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์ด๋“ค 20%๋Š” 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜, ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๋ฅ˜์—
02:48
in the mid-18th century.
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ํŽธ์Šนํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
The majority of the planet,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
02:52
aspiring for development, having the right for development,
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๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์—ด๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:54
are in large aspiring for an unsustainable lifestyle,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
a momentous pressure.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••๋ฐ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
The second pressure on the planet is, of course the climate agenda --
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์••๋ฐ•์€, ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
the big issue -- where the policy interpretation of science
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์ด ์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์žˆ์–ด, ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•ด์„์ด
03:03
is that it would be enough
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์ด ์ •๋„๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:05
to stabilize greenhouse gases at 450 ppm
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ 450ppm์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
to avoid average temperatures
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์ด๋กœ์จ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€
03:10
exceeding two degrees,
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2๋„ ์ด์ƒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
03:12
to avoid the risk that we may be destabilizing
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์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ค์„œ
03:14
the West Antarctic Ice Sheet,
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์„œ ๋‚จ๊ทน ๋น™์ƒ์ด ๋…น์œผ๋ฉด
03:16
holding six meters -- level rising,
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ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด 6๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ƒ์Šนํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ,
03:18
the risk of destabilizing the Greenland Ice Sheet,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๋น™์ƒ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋Š”
03:20
holding another seven meters -- sea level rising.
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ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ 7๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
Now, you would have wished the climate pressure
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ๊ธฐํ›„์˜ ์••๋ฐ•์ด
03:24
to hit a strong planet, a resilient planet,
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ํŠผํŠผํ•˜๊ณ , ํšŒ๋ณต์ด ๋น ๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํƒ€ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋žฌ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
but unfortunately, the third pressure
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์••๋ฐ•์€
03:28
is the ecosystem decline.
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์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
Never have we seen, in the past 50 years,
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์ง€๋‚œ 50๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š”
03:32
such a sharp decline
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๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‡ ํ‡ด๊ฐ€
03:34
of ecosystem functions and services on the planet,
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—ญํ•  ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
one of them being the ability to regulate climate on the long term,
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด
03:40
in our forests, land and biodiversity.
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์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๋•…๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
The forth pressure is surprise,
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๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์••๋ฐ•์€ ๋ถˆ์‹œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
the notion and the evidence
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์Šต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š”
03:47
that we need to abandon our old paradigm,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ก์€ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
that ecosystems behave linearly, predictably,
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ, ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ
03:52
controllably in our -- so to say -- linear systems,
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์„ ํ˜•์ฒด๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
and that in fact, surprise is universal,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ถˆ์‹œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์Šต์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
as systems tip over very rapidly, abruptly
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ 
03:59
and often irreversibly.
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์ข…์ข… ๋Œ์ดํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
This, dear friends, poses a human pressure on the planet
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—
04:04
of momentous scale.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์••๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
We may, in fact, have entered a new geological era --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€์งˆํ•™์  ์‹œ๋Œ€์ธ
04:10
the Anthropocene,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์„ธ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
where humans are the predominant driver of change
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด
04:14
at a planetary level.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
Now, as a scientist,
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์ด์ œ, ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์จ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
what's the evidence for this?
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:20
Well, the evidence is,
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š”
04:22
unfortunately, ample.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
It's not only carbon dioxide
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๊ผญ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
that has this hockey stick pattern of accelerated change.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•˜ํ‚ค์ฑ„ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋กœ ์ž˜ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:29
You can take virtually any parameter
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์•ˆ๋…•์— ๊ด€๊ณ„๋œ
04:31
that matters for human well-being --
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
nitrous oxide, methane,
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์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ, ๋ฉ”ํƒ„,
04:35
deforestation, overfishing
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์‚ฐ๋ฆผํŒŒ๊ดด, ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‚จํš,
04:37
land degredation, loss of species --
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ํ† ์–‘ ํ‡ดํ™”, ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ,
04:40
they all show the same pattern
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘
04:42
over the past 200 years.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ 200๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
Simultaneously, they branch off in the mid-50s,
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2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์˜ 10๋…„ํ›„์ธ 50๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์—
04:48
10 years after the Second World War,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:51
showing very clearly that the great acceleration of the human enterprise
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š”
04:54
starts in the mid-50s.
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50๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋šœ๋ ท์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ฃ .
04:56
You see, for the first time, an imprint on the global level.
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์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ํ”์ ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
And I can tell you,
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์ด์ œ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
05:01
you enter the disciplinary research in each of these,
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์ด๋“ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
05:03
you find something remarkably important,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
the conclusion that we may have come to the point
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์—
05:09
where we have to bend the curves,
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์™€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
that we may have entered the most challenging and exciting decade
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ด๋ž˜
05:14
in the history humanity on the planet,
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๊ฐ€์ • ๋„์ „์ ์ด๊ณ , ์•„์Šฌ์•„์Šฌํ•œ 10๋…„,
05:17
the decade when we have to bend the curves.
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์ด ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊บพ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” 10๋…„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
Now, as if this was not enough --
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์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š์€๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ
05:22
to just bend the curves and understanding the accelerated pressure on the planet --
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๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๊บพ๊ณ , ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์••๋ฐ•์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
05:25
we also have to recognize the fact
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์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
that systems do have multiple stable states,
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ,
05:30
separated by thresholds -- illustrated here by this ball and cup diagram,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„์น˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ณผ ์ปต ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๋„ํ‘œ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
05:33
where the depth of the cup is the resilience of the system.
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์ด ์ปต์˜ ๊นŠ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํƒ„์„ฑ๋ ฅ, ๋ณต์›๋ ฅ์„ ๋œปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
Now, the system may gradually --
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์ด์ œ, ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ
05:39
under pressure of climate change,
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์™€,
05:41
erosion, biodiversity loss --
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ํ† ์–‘์นจ์‹, ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์†์‹ค์˜ ์••๋ ฅ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ
05:43
lose the depth of the cup, the resilience,
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์ปต์˜ ๊นŠ์ด, ์ฆ‰ ๋ณต์›๋ ฅ์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
05:45
but appear to be healthy
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
05:47
and appear to suddenly, under a threshold,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ, ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ
05:49
be tipping over. Upff.
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๋’ค์ง‘ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ด์ฟ !
05:51
Sorry. Changing state
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์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:54
and literally ending up
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์›์น˜์•Š๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ,
05:56
in an undesired situation,
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๋ฌธ์ž๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋์žฅ์ด ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
where new biophysical logic takes over,
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๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ ,
06:03
new species take over, and the system gets locked.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ํ์‡„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
Do we have evidence of this? Yes, coral reef systems.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ๋„ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
Biodiverse, low-nutrient, hard coral systems
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์ƒ๋ฌผ์ข…์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋นˆ์˜์–‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฐํ˜ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
06:12
under multiple pressures of overfishing,
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ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‚จํš, ํ™˜๊ฒฝํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘,
06:15
unsustainable tourism, climate change.
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ์•„๋ž˜ ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
A trigger and the system tips over,
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๋ฐฉ์•„์‡ ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ „๋ณต๋˜๊ณ ,
06:19
loses its resilience,
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์ž์ฒด์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต๋ ฅ์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
06:21
soft corals take over,
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์—ฐ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด,
06:23
and we get undesired systems
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”
06:25
that cannot support economic and social development.
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์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:27
The Arctic -- a beautiful system --
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๋ถ๊ทน์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
06:29
a regulating biome at the planetary level,
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์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ๊ณ„์ฃ .
06:31
taking the knock after knock on climate change,
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
06:34
appearing to be in a good state.
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๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
No scientist could predict that in 2007,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋„ 2007๋…„์— ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ์ผ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
suddenly, what could be crossing a threshold.
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ, ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๋„˜์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:41
The system suddenly, very surprisingly, loses 30 to 40 percent
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๋ถ๊ทน ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ, ์•„์ฃผ ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„,
06:43
of its summer ice cover.
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์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋งŒ๋…„์„ค์ด 30์—์„œ 40ํผ์„ผํŠธ์ •๋„๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
And the drama is, of course, that
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
06:47
when the system does this, the logic may change.
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ž, ๊ทธ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
It may get locked in an undesired state,
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๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ž ๊ฒผ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
because it changes color, absorbs more energy,
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์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ๋ณ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ด์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
06:53
and the system may get stuck.
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ฐ‡ํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
In my mind, the largest red flag warning for humanity
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
06:58
that we are in a precarious situation.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๊นƒ๋ฐœ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
As a sideline, you know that the only red flag that popped up here
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์ž ๊น ๋”ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋กœ, ์ด๊ณณ ๋ถ๊ทน์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๊นƒ๋ฐœ์€
07:04
was a submarine from an unnamed country
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์ต๋ช…์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:06
that planted a red flag at the bottom of the Arctic
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์ด ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์ด ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๊นƒ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ถ๊ทน์˜ ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๊ฝ‚์•„ ๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
to be able to control the oil resources.
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์„์œ  ์ž์›์„ ๋งˆ์Œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ฃ .
07:12
Now, if we have evidence, which we now have,
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:15
that wetlands, forests,
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์Šต์ง€๋Œ€์™€ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ,
07:17
[unclear] monsoon system, the rainforests,
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๋ชฌ์ˆœ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์—ด๋Œ€ ์šฐ๋ฆผ ์ง€์—ญ์ด
07:19
behave in this nonlinear way.
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๋น„์„ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
30 or so scientists around the world
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์„œ๋ฅธ๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
07:23
gathered and asked a question for the first time,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
"Do we have to put the planet into the the pot?"
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"์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‘˜์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์„๊นŒ?"
07:27
So we have to ask ourselves:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
are we threatening this extraordinarily stable Holocene state?
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์œ ๋ก€์—†์ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ถฉ์ ์„ธ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:33
Are we in fact putting ourselves in a situation
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ž์‹ ์„
07:35
where we're coming too close
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ํ•œ๊ณ„์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ์š”?
07:37
to thresholds that could lead
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฌธํ„ฑ์ธ ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์€
07:39
to deleterious and very undesired,
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ํ•ด๋กญ๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ์•Š์ข‹์€,
07:41
if now catastrophic, change
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํŒŒ๋ฉธ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„
07:43
for human development?
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:45
You know, you don't want to stand there.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ €๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์— ์„œ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
In fact, you're not even allowed to stand
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์‚ฌ์‹ค,
07:49
where this gentleman is standing,
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์ € ์‹ ์‚ฌ๋ถ„์ด ์„œ์žˆ๋Š”
07:51
at the foaming, slippery waters at the threshold.
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๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ € ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์„œ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๋ฝ๋˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•„์š”.
07:54
In fact, there's a fence
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฝค ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ชฝ์—
07:56
quite upstream of this threshold,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์—
07:58
beyond which you are in a danger zone.
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์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ณ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
And this is the new paradigm,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
which we gathered two, three years back,
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2,3๋…„ ์ „ ํ•œ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋ชจ์˜€๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
08:04
recognizing that our old paradigm
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ 
08:06
of just analyzing and pushing and predicting
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:08
parameters into the future,
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์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์€
08:10
aiming at minimalizing environmental impacts, is of the past.
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๊ตฌ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ž„์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์ง€์š”.
08:13
Now we to ask ourselves:
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
08:15
which are the large environmental processes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ถฉ์ ์„ธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
08:17
that we have to be stewards of
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์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒญ์ง€๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
08:19
to keep ourselves safe in the Holocene?
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์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ?
08:21
And could we even,
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
08:23
thanks to major advancements in Earth systems science,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์น˜๋“ค๊ณผ
08:25
identify the thresholds,
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๋น„์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„
08:27
the points where we may expect nonlinear change?
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๋น„์„ ํ˜•์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
08:30
And could we even define
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์ง€๊ตฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์น˜,
08:32
a planetary boundary, a fence,
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์ฆ‰, ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ
08:35
within which we then have a safe operating space for humanity?
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
08:38
This work, which was published in "Nature,"
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์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ "๋„ค์ด์ ธ"์ง€์—
08:40
late 2009,
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2009๋…„ ๋ง์— ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
after a number of years of analysis,
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์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
08:44
led to the final proposition
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์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ธ ์ตœ์ข… ์ œ์•ˆ์€
08:47
that we can only find
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
08:49
nine planetary boundaries
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์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์˜์œ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„
08:51
with which, under active stewardship,
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๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
08:54
would allow ourselves to have a safe operating space.
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์•„ํ™‰๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง€๊ตฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์น˜๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
These include, of course, climate.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
It may surprise you that it's not only climate.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋งŒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋†€๋ผ์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
But it shows that we are interconnected, among many systems on the planet,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
with the three big systems, climate change,
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์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ, ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”,
09:06
stratospheric ozone depletion and ocean acidification
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์„ฑ์ธต๊ถŒ ์˜ค์กด์ธต ๊ฐ์†Œ, ํ•ด์–‘ ์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™”๋Š”
09:09
being the three big systems,
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์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ์จ
09:11
where the scientific evidence of large-scale thresholds
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ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์น˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œย ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€
09:14
in the paleo-record of the history of the planet.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
But we also include, what we call, the slow variables,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ, ์†Œ์œ„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”, ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผฐ๋Š”๋ฐ,
09:20
the systems that, under the hood,
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์€, ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ
09:22
regulate and buffer the capacity of the resilience of the planet --
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํƒ„์„ฑ ํšŒ๋ณต ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
09:25
the interference of the big nitrogen and phosphorus cycles on the planet,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์งˆ์†Œ์™€ ์ธ์˜ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์‹ธ์ดํด์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€,
09:28
land use change, rate of biodiversity loss,
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ํ† ์–‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ข… ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์†์‹ค ์ถ”์„ธ,
09:30
freshwater use,
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๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
functions which regulate
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ
09:35
biomass on the planet, carbon sequestration, diversity.
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ํƒ„์†Œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
And then we have two parameters which we were not able to quantify --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
air pollution,
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์˜ค์—ผ์ธ๋ฐ,
09:43
including warming gases and air-polluting sulfates and nitrates,
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์˜จ๋‚œํ™” ๊ฐ€์Šค์™€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ค์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ์งˆ์‚ฐ์—ผ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€์š”.
09:46
but also chemical pollution.
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์ด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผย ํ™”ํ•™์  ์˜ค์—ผ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
Together, these form an integrated whole
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘,
09:52
for guiding human development in the Anthropocene,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ž๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ ˆ์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:54
understanding that the planet
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์„ธ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„
09:56
is a complex self-regulating system.
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๊ฐ€์ด๋“œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
In fact, most evidence indicates
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š”
10:01
that these nine may behave as three Musketeers,
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์ด ์•„ํ™‰๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์‚ผ์ด์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์›€์ง์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
"One for all. All for one."
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"ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ „์ฒด๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ."
10:06
You degrade forests, you go beyond the boundary on land,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆฒ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด, ๋•…์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
10:09
you undermine the ability of the climate system
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๊ธฐํ›„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
10:11
to stay stable.
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ›ผ์†์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
The drama here is, in fact, that
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ๊ทน๋ณธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ์‹ค
10:15
it may show that the climate challenge
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๊ธฐํ›„์˜ ๋„์ „์€ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด
10:17
is the easy one,
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์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
if you consider the whole challenge
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด
10:21
of sustainable development.
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์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๋„์ „์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:24
Now this is the Big Bang equivalent then of human development
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์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์น˜์˜ ์šด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”
10:27
within the safe operating space of the planetary boundaries.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๋น…๋ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
What you see here in black line is the safe operating space,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊นŒ๋งŒ์„  ์•ˆ์€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์šด์˜๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ฉฐ,
10:32
the quantified boundaries,
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์ด ๋ถ„์„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์‹œ๋œ
10:34
as suggested by this analysis.
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์ˆ˜์น˜๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์น˜๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
The yellow dot in the middle here is our starting point,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ
10:38
the pre-industrial point,
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์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ์ด์ „์ธ๋ฐ,
10:40
where we're very safely in the safe operating space.
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์ด๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์šด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
In the '50s, we start branching out.
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1950๋…„๋Œ€์—, ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
In the '60s already, through the green revolution
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1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ด๋ฏธ, ๋…น์ƒ‰ํ˜๋ช…๊ณผ
10:47
and the Haber-Bosch process
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๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ
10:49
of fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere --
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋ณด์Šˆ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:51
you know, human's today take out more nitrogen from the atmosphere
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์–‘์€
10:54
than the whole biosphere does naturally as a whole.
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์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์–‘์„ ๋‹ค ํ•ฉ์นœ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
We don't transgress the climate boundary until the early '90s,
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1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋„˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
actually, right after Rio.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ, ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ํšŒ์˜๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฌ์ง€์š”.
11:03
And today, we are in a situation where we estimate
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
11:05
that we've transgressed three boundaries,
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์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋„˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
the rate of biodiversity loss,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ข…๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์†์‹ค ์ถ”์„ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
which is the sixth extinction period in the history of humanity --
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ ์งธ์˜ ์ข…์˜ ์†Œ๋ฉธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
one of them being the extinctions of the dinosaurs --
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๋ฉธ์ข…์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:15
nitrogen and climate change.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์งˆ์†Œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
But we still have some degrees of freedom on the others,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์น˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
11:19
but we are approaching fast
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ
11:21
on land, water, phosphorus and oceans.
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ํ† ์ง€์™€, ๋‹ด์ˆ˜, ์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์น˜์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
But this gives a new paradigm
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€
11:25
to guide humanity,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ,
11:27
to put the light on our, so far
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชฐ์•„์˜จ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์—
11:30
overpowered industrial vehicle,
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๋“ฑ์„ ์ผœ์ค„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
which operates as if
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋งˆ์น˜
11:34
we're only on a dark, straight highway.
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์–ด๋‘ก๊ณ  ๊ณง์€ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ์— ํ˜ผ์ž๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์™”์ง€์š”.
11:37
Now the question then is:
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
how gloomy is this?
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์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์•”๋‹ดํ•œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
11:41
Is then sustainable development utopia?
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์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:43
Well, there's no science to suggest.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์‹œํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
In fact, there is ample science
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ด
11:47
to indicate that we can do this transformative change,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
11:50
that we have the ability
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์—ฌ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:52
to now move into a new innovative,
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
11:55
a transformative gear,
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๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ๋™๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
across scales.
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๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:59
The drama is, of course,
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๊ฐ๋ณธ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก 
12:01
is that 200 countries on this planet
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ 200๊ฐœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
12:03
have to simultaneously start moving
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๋™์‹œ์— ์›€์ง์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
in the same direction.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด์„œ์š”.
12:07
But it changes fundamentally our governance and management paradigm,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
from the current linear,
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์ ์ด๊ณ ,
12:12
command and control thinking,
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๋ช…๋ น๊ณผ ํ†ต์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
12:14
looking at efficiencies and optimization
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ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ตœ์ ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
12:16
towards a much more flexible,
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ,
12:19
a much more adaptive approach,
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์ ์‘์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
where we recognize that redundancy,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
12:23
both in social and environmental systems,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์–‘์ชฝ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ด
12:25
is key to be able to deal
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์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ธ‰๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ
12:27
with a turbulent era of global change.
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ด์‡ ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
We have to invest in persistence,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด
12:32
in the ability of social systems and ecological systems
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์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฌ๋””์–ด ๋‚ด๊ณ , ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ์ปต ์•ˆ์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
12:35
to withstand shocks and still remain in that desired cup.
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ํˆฌ์žํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
We have to invest in transformations capability,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ˜์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š”
12:41
moving from crisis into innovation
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๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ
12:44
and the ability to rise after a crisis,
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์œ„๊ธฐ ํ›„์— ๋” ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ
12:47
and of course to adapt to unavoidable change.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
This is a new paradigm.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
We're not doing that at any scale on governance.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ทœ๋ชจ์—์„œ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜์ฒด์ œ์—์„œ๋„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
But is it happening anywhere?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋””์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:56
Do we have any examples of success
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์ง€์—ญ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ
12:58
on this mind shift being applied at the local level?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:01
Well, yes, in fact we do
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๋„ค, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
and the list can start becoming longer and longer.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์ด ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์•„ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
There's good news here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
13:08
for example, from Latin America,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋‚จ๋ฏธ์—์„œ
13:10
where plow-based farming systems
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50๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 60๋…„๋Œ€์˜
13:13
of the '50s and '60s
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์Ÿ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†์—…์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
13:15
led farming basically to a dead-end,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์— ๋‹ฟ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
with lower and lower yields, degrading the organic matter
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์†Œ์ถœ์€ ์ ์  ์ค„๊ณ , ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ํ‡ดํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
13:20
and fundamental problems at the livelihood levels
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์ƒ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋ด‰์ฐฉํ•œ
13:23
in Paraguay, Uruguay and a number of countries, Brazil,
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ํŒŒ๋ผ๊ณผ์ด, ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์„œ๋Š”
13:26
leading to innovation and entrepreneurship
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์‚ฌ์ด์—
13:28
among farmers in partnership with scientists
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ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ ์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
into an agricultural revolution of zero tillage systems
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์ œ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜๋ช…์  ๋†๋ฒ•๊ณผ
13:33
combined with mulch farming
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ํ”ผ๋ณต๋†๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ,
13:35
with locally adapted technologies,
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์ง€์—ญ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ ‘๋ชฉ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
which today, for example, in some countries,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š”
13:40
have led to a tremendous increase
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์†Œ์ถœ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
13:42
in area under mulch, zero till farming
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ํ”ผ๋ณต, ์ œ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ ๋†๋ฒ•์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
which, not only produces more food,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ๋ฟ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:47
but also sequesters carbon.
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ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
The Australian Great Barrier Reef is another success story.
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ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ž‡ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋ฆฌํ”„๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
Under the realization from tourist operators,
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๊ด€๊ด‘์‚ฐ์—… ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ
13:54
fishermen,
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์ง€์—ญ ์–ด๋ฏผ,
13:56
the Australian Great Barrier Reef Authority and scientists
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋ฆฌํ”„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋‹น๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
13:59
that the Great Barrier Reef is doomed
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋ฆฌํ”„์˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๊ฐ€
14:01
under the current governance regime.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฒด์ œ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ ์  ์‡ ๋ฝํ•ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
Global change, beautification rack culture,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”,
14:06
overfishing and unsustainable tourism,
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์–ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‚จํš๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘,
14:08
all together placing this system
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„
14:10
in the realization of crisis.
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์œ„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋ฐ€์–ด ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
But the window of opportunity was innovation and new mindset,
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๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ฐฝ์€ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋งˆ์Œ๊ฐ€์ง์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
which today has led to a completely new governance strategy
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ „๋žต์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
14:17
to build resilience,
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ํšŒ๋ณต๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
14:19
acknowledge redundancy
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๋ฐ˜๋ณต๊ณผ ์ž‰์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
14:21
and invest in the whole system as an integrated whole,
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ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ „์ฒด๋กœ์จ์˜ ์ด์ฒด์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ 
14:24
and then allow for much more redundancy in the system.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•ˆ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
Sweden, the country I come from, has other examples,
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์ €์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ์ธ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์—๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
where wetlands in southern Sweden were seen as --
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๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์Šต์ง€๋Š”
14:33
as in many countries -- as flood-prone polluted nuisance
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ ํ™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ท€์ฐฎ์€
14:36
in the peri-urban regions.
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๋„์‹œ ๊ทผ๊ต์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ณจ์น˜๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
But again, a crisis, new partnerships,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋˜ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š”
14:41
actors locally, transforming these
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์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„
14:43
into a key component
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์„
14:45
of sustainable urban planning.
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์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
So crisis leading into opportunities.
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์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
14:51
Now, what about the future?
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์ž, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
14:53
Well, the future, of course, has one massive challenge,
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„์ „์— ๋งž์„œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
which is feeding a world of nine billion people.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ 90์–ต์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ฌ ์‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:58
We need nothing less than a new green revolution,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ˜๋ช… ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:00
and the planet boundaries shows
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์น˜๋“ค์€ ๋†์—…์ด
15:02
that agriculture has to go from a source of greenhouse gases to a sink.
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์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค๋“ค์˜ ๊ทผ์›์—์„œ ๋นจ์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ์‹ฑํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
It has to basically do this on current land.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋†์ง€์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
We cannot expand anymore,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋†์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:10
because it erodes the planetary boundaries.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์†์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
We cannot continue consuming water as we do today,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฌผ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:15
with 25 percent of world rivers not even reaching the ocean.
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ•๋ฌผ์˜ 25%๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ์ด๋ฅด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
And we need a transformation.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:20
Well, interestingly, and based on my work
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ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋‚˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€
15:22
and others in Africa, for example,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
15:24
we've shown that even the most vulnerable small-scale rainfall farming systems,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ฒœ์ˆ˜๋‹ต ๋†์—… ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ๋„
15:27
with innovations and supplementary irrigation
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ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๋ณด์กฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์‹œ์„ค๋กœ
15:29
to bridge dry spells and droughts,
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๊ฑด๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์„ ๊ฒฌ๋””๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
15:31
sustainable sanitation systems to close the loop on nutrients
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์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์œ„์ƒ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ
15:34
from toilets back to farmers' fields,
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์˜์–‘๋ถ„์ด ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
15:37
and innovations in tillage systems,
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๊ฒฝ์ž‘ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์œผ๋กœ
15:39
we can triple, quadruple, yield levels
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋†์ง€์—์„œ๋„ ์„ธ๋ฐฐ, ๋„ค ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ™•์„
15:41
on current land.
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๊ฑฐ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
Elinor Ostrom,
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์—˜๋ฆฌ๋„ˆ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กฌ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”
15:45
the latest Nobel laureate of economics,
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2009๋…„ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
15:47
clearly shows empirically across the world
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ
15:49
that we can govern the commons
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
if we invest in trust,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
15:54
local, action-based partnerships
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์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ๊ณผ
15:57
and cross-scale institutional innovations,
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๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ต์ฐจ์ ์ธ ์ œ๋„์  ํ˜์‹ ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:01
where local actors,
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์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ–‰๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
16:04
together, can deal with the global commons
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณต์œ ์ž์› ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
16:06
at a large scale.
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๋” ํฐ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
But even on the hard policy area we have innovations.
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๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜์‹  ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:11
We know that we have to move from our fossil dependence
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„์œ ์˜์กด ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜
16:13
very quickly into a low-carbon economy in record time.
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ํ•œ์‹œ๋ผ๋„ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ €ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
And what shall we do?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
16:18
Everybody talks about carbon taxes -- it won't work -- emission schemes,
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๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ํƒ„์†Œ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜์ž, ์ž˜ ์•ˆ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:21
but for example, one policy measure,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด,
16:23
feed-in tariffs on the energy system,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ด๋ฏธ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋ฐ์š”,
16:25
which is already applied,
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ง€์›์ œ๋„๊ฐ€
16:27
from China doing it on offshore wind systems,
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์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์— ํ’๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด
16:29
all the way to the U.S.
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๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„
16:31
where you give the guaranteed price for investment in renewable energy,
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์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์—์˜ ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:33
but you can subsidize electricity to poor people.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ๋ณด์กฐํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
16:36
You get people out of poverty.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋นˆ๊ณค์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:38
You solve the climate issue with regards to the energy sector,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:40
while at the same time, stimulating innovation --
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๋™์‹œ์—, ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
16:43
examples of things that can be out scaled quickly
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์„ฑ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜์žˆ์„๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ์†ํžˆ
16:45
at the planetary level.
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์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:47
So there is -- no doubt -- opportunity here,
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๊ธฐํšŒ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜์‹ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
and we can list many, many examples
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
16:52
of transformative opportunities around the planet.
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๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋“ ์ง€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์—ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:55
The key though in all of these,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์‡ ์ด์ž
16:57
the red thread,
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
16:59
is the shift in mindset,
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์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:01
moving away from a situation where we simply are pushing ourselves
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์™ธ๋ฉดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ž์‹ ์„
17:04
into a dark future,
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์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:06
where we instead backcast our future,
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๋Œ€์‹ , ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:08
and we say, "What is the playing field on the planet?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, "์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
17:11
What are the planetary boundaries
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
17:13
within which we can safely operate?"
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์น˜๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?"
17:15
and then backtrack innovations within that.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณค ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ˜์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:17
But of course, the drama is, it clearly shows
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋Š˜๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
17:19
that incremental change is not an option.
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์„ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:22
So, there is scientific evidence.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:24
They sort of say the harsh news,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ง€๋งŒ
17:26
that we are facing the largest
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์ด๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ
17:28
transformative development
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์ „ํ™˜์  ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ
17:30
since the industrialization.
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์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:32
In fact, what we have to do over the next 40 years
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ํ–ฅํ›„ 40๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์€
17:34
is much more dramatic and more exciting
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์ด์ „์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ
17:37
than what we did when we moved into
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ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
17:40
the situation we're in today.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ทน์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:42
Now, science indicates that,
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์ด์ œ, ๊ณผํ•™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
17:44
yes, we can achieve a prosperous future
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ
17:46
within the safe operating space,
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๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:48
if we move simultaneously,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์—, ์ „ํ™˜์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
17:50
collaborating on a global level, from local to global scale,
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์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ, ์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
17:53
in transformative options, which build resilience on a finite planet.
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:56
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:58
(Applause)
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๋ฐ•์ˆ˜
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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