Rose Goslinga: Crop insurance, an idea worth seeding

54,534 views ใƒป 2014-08-26

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
In Kenya, 1984 is known
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ื‘ืงื ื™ื”, ืฉื ืช 1984 ืžื•ื›ืจืช
00:15
as the year of the cup,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ืฉื ืช ื”ืกืคืœ",
00:18
or the goro goro.
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ืื• "ืฉื ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื•-ื’ื•ืจื•".
00:20
The goro goro is a cup used to measure
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื•-ื’ื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื ืกืคืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื”
00:23
two kilograms of maize flower on the market,
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ืฉืœ 2 ืง"ื’ ืงืžื— ืชื™ืจืก,
00:26
and the maize flower is used to make ugali,
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ื•ืงืžื— ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืื•ื’ืืœื™,
00:30
a polenta-like cake that is eaten together with vegetables.
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ืขื•ื’ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ืคื•ืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ืจืงื•ืช.
00:34
Both the maize and the vegetables are grown
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื™ื
00:36
on most Kenyan farms,
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ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื,
00:38
which means that most families can feed themselves
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ
00:40
from their own farm.
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ืžืคืจื™ ืžืฉืงื™ื”ืŸ.
00:42
One goro goro can feed three meals
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ื’ื•ืจื•-ื’ื•ืจื• ืื—ื“ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื›ื ืช 3 ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช
00:46
for an average family,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช,
00:48
and in 1984, the whole harvest
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ื•ื‘-1984, ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•
00:51
could fit in one goro goro.
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ื”ืกืชื›ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจื•-ื’ื•ืจื• ืื—ื“.
00:55
It was and still is one of the worst droughts
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื•ืขื•ื“ื ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:57
in living memory.
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ื”ื–ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืื™-ืคืขื.
01:00
Now today, I insure farmers against droughts
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช
01:03
like those in the year of the cup,
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉื‘"ืฉื ืช ื”ืกืคืœ",
01:05
or to be more specific, I insure the rains.
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ืื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื.
01:10
I come from a family of missionaries
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื
01:13
who built hospitals in Indonesia,
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ืฉื‘ื ื• ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”,
01:15
and my father built a psychiatric hospital
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ื•ืื‘ื™ ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช-ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”.
01:17
in Tanzania.
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01:18
This is me, age five, in front of that hospital.
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ื–ืืช ืื ื™, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 5, ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื.
01:21
I don't think they thought I'd grow up
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื ืชื™ืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื
ืฉืื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื›ืฉืื’ื“ืœ. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:24
to sell insurance. (Laughter)
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01:27
So let me tell you how that happened.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื”.
01:30
In 2008, I was working
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ื‘-2008 ืขื‘ื“ืชื™
01:31
for the Ministry of Agriculture of Rwanda,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืื ื“ื”,
01:34
and my boss had just been promoted
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ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืงื•ื“ืžื” ืœื ืžื›ื‘ืจ
01:36
to become the minister.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื ืชื” ืœืฉืจื”.
01:37
She launched an ambitious plan
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืงื” ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช
01:39
to start a green revolution in her country,
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ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื‘ืืจืฆื”,
01:41
and before we knew it, we were importing
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ื‘ื
01:43
tons of fertilizer and seed
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ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืฉืŸ ื•ื–ืจืขื™ื
01:45
and telling farmers how to apply that fertilizer
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ื•ืœื™ืžื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืฉืŸ ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืœ.
01:48
and plant.
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01:49
A couple of weeks later,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
01:51
the International Monetary Fund visited us,
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ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžื˜ืขื ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
01:54
and asked my minister,
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ื•ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉืจื” ืฉืœื™:
01:56
"Minister, it's great that you want to help farmers
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"ื’ื‘ื™ืจืชื™ ื”ืฉืจื”, ื ื”ื“ืจ ืฉืืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื
01:58
reach food security, but what if it doesn't rain?"
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"ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ืœื ื™ื™ืจื“ ื’ืฉื?"
02:03
My minister answered proudly
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ื”ืฉืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื ืชื” ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื”
02:05
and somewhat defiantly,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชืจืกื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช:
02:07
"I am going to pray for rain."
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"ืื– ืืชืคืœืœ ืœื’ืฉื."
02:11
That ended the discussion.
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ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืฅ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
02:15
On the way back to the ministry in the car,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฉืจื“, ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช,
02:17
she turned around to me and said,
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ื”ื™ื ืคื ืชื” ืืœื™ ื•ืืžืจื”:
02:19
"Rose, you've always been interested in finance.
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"ืจื•ื–, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื.
02:21
Go find us some insurance."
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"ืœื›ื™ ืชืฉื™ื’ื™ ืœื ื• ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—."
02:24
It's been six years since,
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ืžืื– ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
02:26
and last year I was fortunate enough
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื™
02:28
to be part of a team that insured
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ืœื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื—
02:30
over 185,000 farmers in Kenya and Rwanda
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ืžืขืœ 185,000 ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช.
02:33
against drought.
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02:35
They owned an average of half an acre
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข 2 ื“ื•ื ื
02:37
and paid on average two Euros in premium.
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืคืจืžื™ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ 2 ืื™ืจื•.
02:41
It's microinsurance.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—-ื–ืขื™ืจ.
02:43
Now, traditional insurance doesn't work
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืคืจืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ 2-3 ืื™ืจื•,
02:45
with two to three Euros of premium,
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02:47
because traditional insurance relies on farm visits.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง.
02:50
A farmer here in Germany would be visited
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ื—ืงืœืื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช
02:52
for the start of the season, halfway through,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขื•ื ื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืขื•ื ื”
02:55
and at the end, and again if there was a loss,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื”, ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื,
02:57
to estimate the damages.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื.
03:00
For a small-scale farmer in the middle of Africa,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืงืœืื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
03:04
the maths of doing those visits
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ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
03:05
simply don't add up.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืฉืชืœืžื™ื.
03:09
So instead, we rely on technology and data.
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
03:12
This satellite measures
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ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ื“
03:15
whether there were clouds or not,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืขื ื ื™ื ืื• ืœื,
03:17
because think about it:
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ื›ื™, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”:
03:18
If there are clouds, then you might have some rain,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืขื ื ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ืจื“ ื’ืฉื,
03:23
but if there are no clouds,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื ื™ื,
03:24
then it's actually impossible for it to rain.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื’ืฉื.
03:27
These images show the onset of the rains
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ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืจืื•ืช ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื
03:29
this season in Kenya.
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ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืงื ื™ื”.
03:31
You see that around March 6,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”-6 ืœืžืจืฅ,
03:33
the clouds move in and then disappear,
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ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื ืขืœืžื™ื,
03:36
and then around the March 11,
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘-11 ืœืžืจืฅ,
03:38
the clouds really move in.
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ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.
03:42
That, and those clouds,
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ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:45
were the onset of the rains this year.
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ื”ื™ื•ื• ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืฉื ื”.
03:48
This satellite covers the whole of Africa
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ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
03:50
and goes back as far as 1984,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืž-1984,
03:53
and that's important, because if you know
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
03:55
how many times a place has had a drought
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ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื
03:58
in the last 30 years,
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ื‘-30 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
04:00
you can make a pretty good estimate
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™
04:02
what the chances are of drought in the future,
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ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
04:04
and that means that you can put a price tag
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ
04:07
on the risk of drought.
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ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืฆื•ืจืช.
04:09
The data alone isn't enough.
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ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืื™ื ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื.
04:12
We devise agronomic algorithms
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ืื ื• ืžื ืกื—ื™ื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื
04:14
which tell us how much rainfall a crop needs and when.
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ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื’ืฉื ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื•ืžืชื™.
04:18
For example, for maize at planting,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ืจืก, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื”,
04:20
you need to have two days of rain
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ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืฉื
04:23
for farmers to plant,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืชื•ืœ,
04:25
and then it needs to rain once every two weeks
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื’ืฉื ืื—ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื
04:27
for the crop to properly germinate.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื• ื›ื”ืœื›ื”.
04:29
After that, you need rain every three weeks
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ืฉื ืื—ืช ืœ-3 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
04:32
for the crop to form its leaves,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืขืœื™ื,
04:35
whereas at flowering, you need it to rain more frequently,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ืฉื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:38
about once every 10 days for the crop to form its cob.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืื—ืช ืœ-10 ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืงืœื—ื™ื.
04:42
At the end of the season,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ื ื”,
04:44
you actually don't want it to rain,
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ืจืฆื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืจื“ ื’ืฉื,
04:46
because rains then can damage the crop.
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ื›ื™ ืื– ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœ.
04:49
Devising such a cover is difficult,
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ืงืฉื” ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื–ื”,
04:53
but it turned out the real challenge
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™
04:55
was selling insurance.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
04:59
We set ourselves a modest target
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ืฆื ื•ืขื”
05:02
of 500 farmers insured after our first season.
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ืœื‘ื˜ื— 500 ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
05:06
After a couple of months' intense marketing,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™,
05:08
we had signed up the grand total
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ื”ื—ืชืžื ื• ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ
05:10
of 185 farmers.
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185 ื—ืงืœืื™ื.
05:14
I was disappointed and confounded.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœืช.
05:17
Everybody kept telling me that farmers
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ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
05:18
wanted insurance,
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ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—,
05:21
but our prime customers simply weren't buying.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืจื›ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.
05:24
They were waiting to see what would happen,
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื›ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”,
05:26
didn't trust insurance companies,
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ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—,
05:29
or thought, "I've managed for so many years.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•: "ื”ืกืชื“ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช,
05:31
Why would I buy insurance now?"
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"ืœืžื” ืœื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?"
05:35
Now many of you know microcredit,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ,
05:38
the method of providing small loans to poor people
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื
05:41
pioneered by Muhammad Yunus,
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื™ื•ื ื•ืก,
05:43
who won the Nobel Peace Prize
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ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื
05:45
for his work with the Grameen Bank.
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ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืขื ื‘ื ืง ื’ืจืžื™ืŸ.
05:47
Turns out, selling microcredit
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจืช ืืฉืจืื™-ื–ืขื™ืจ
05:49
isn't the same as selling insurance.
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ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.
05:53
For credit, a farmer needs to earn the trust of a bank,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืฉืจืื™, ืขืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืง,
05:57
and if it succeeds, the bank will advance him money.
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ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—, ื”ื‘ื ืง ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• ื›ืกืฃ.
06:00
That's an attractive proposition.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืฆืขื” ืงื•ืกืžืช.
06:03
For insurance, the farmer needs to trust
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืขืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ืœืชืช ืืžื•ืŸ
06:06
the insurance company, and needs
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—,
06:07
to advance the insurance company money.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.
06:11
It's a very different value proposition.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช-ืขืจืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“.
06:14
And so the uptick of insurance has been slow,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช,
06:17
with so far only 4.4 percent of Africans
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ื•ืขื“ ื›ื”, ืจืง 4.4% ืžืŸ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ื
06:19
taking up insurance in 2012,
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ืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘-2012,
06:22
and half of that number is in one country,
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ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”: ื“ืจื•ื-ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
06:24
South Africa.
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06:26
We tried for some years
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ
06:27
selling insurance directly to farmers,
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ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื,
06:30
with very high marketing cost
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื“
06:32
and very limited success.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:35
Then we realized that there were many organizations
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
06:37
working with farmers:
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื:
06:40
seed companies, microfinance institutions,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื–ืจืขื™ื, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืขื™ืจ,
06:43
mobile phone companies,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื,
06:45
government agencies.
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ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช.
06:46
They were all providing loans to farmers,
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืกื™ืคืงื• ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช,
06:49
and often, just before they'd finalize the loan,
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืกื™ื›ืžื• ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”,
06:52
the farmer would say,
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืืœ:
06:54
"But what if it doesn't rain?
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"ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ืœื ื™ื™ืจื“ ื’ืฉื?
06:56
How do you expect me to repay my loan?"
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"ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืžืžื ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”?"
06:59
Many of these organizations
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื”
07:02
were taking on the risk themselves,
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ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื,
07:03
simply hoping that that year,
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงื™ื•ื• ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”
07:05
the worst wouldn't happen.
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ืœื ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืœ.
07:07
Most of the organizations, however,
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ืื•ืœื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื
07:09
were limiting their growth in agriculture.
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ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
07:12
They couldn't take on this kind of risk.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื”.
07:14
These organizations became our customers,
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ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•,
07:18
and when combining credit and insurance,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจืื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—,
07:21
interesting things can happen.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
07:24
Let me tell you one more story.
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“.
07:28
At the start of February 2012 in western Kenya,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2012, ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืงื ื™ื”,
07:31
the rains started, and they started early,
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ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืจื“ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื,
07:34
and when rains start early, farmers are encouraged,
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ื•ื›ืฉืขื•ื ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื–ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื,
07:37
because it usually means that the season is going to be good.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื“"ื› ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ื ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช.
07:41
So they took out loans and planted.
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ืื– ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืฉืชืœื•.
07:44
For the next three weeks,
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ื‘-3 ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื
07:45
there wasn't a single drop of rain,
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ืœื ื™ืจื“ื” ื•ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคืช ื’ืฉื ืื—ืช,
07:48
and the crops that had germinated so well
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ื•ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื, ืฉื ื‘ื˜ื• ื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘,
07:50
shriveled and died.
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ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื• ื•ื ื‘ืœื•.
07:53
We'd insured the loans of a microfinance institution
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ืื ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ ืื—ื“ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ-ื–ืขื™ืจ,
07:56
that had provided those loans
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ืฉื ืชืŸ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช
07:57
to about 6,000 farmers in that area,
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ืœื›-6,000 ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ,
08:01
and we called them up and said,
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ื”ืชืงืฉืจื ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ืืžืจื ื•:
08:02
"Look, we know about the drought.
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"ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช.
08:04
We've got you.
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"ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื›ื.
08:06
We'll give you 200,000 Euros at the end of the season."
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"ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื 200,000 ืื™ืจื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ื ื”."
08:10
They said, "Wow, that's great,
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•: "ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ,
08:12
but that'll be late.
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"ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.
08:14
Could you give us the money now?
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"ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
08:16
Then these farmers can still replant
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"ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืฉื•ื‘
08:18
and can get a harvest this season."
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"ื•ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช."
08:22
So we convinced our insurance partners,
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ืื– ืฉื›ื ืขื ื• ืืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•,
08:24
and later that April, these farmers replanted.
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉืชืœื• ืฉื•ื‘.
08:27
We took the idea of replanting to a seed company
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ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื–ืจืขื™ื
08:30
and convinced them to price the cost of insurance
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ื•ืฉื›ื ืขื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
08:32
into every bag of seed,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืง ื–ืจืขื™ื,
08:34
and in every bag, we packed a card
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืง ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก
08:36
that had a number on it,
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ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ,
08:38
and when the farmers would open the card,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก,
08:40
they'd text in that number,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืžืก ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ,
08:42
and that number would actually help us
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ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื•
08:43
to locate the farmer
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ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™
08:45
and allocate them to a satellite pixel.
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ื•ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืœื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืช.
08:48
A satellite would then measure the rainfall
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ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื
08:50
for the next three weeks,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 3 ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
08:52
and if it didn't rain,
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ื•ืื ืœื ื™ืจื“ ื’ืฉื,
08:54
we'd replace their seed.
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื–ืจืขื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
08:57
One of the first โ€”
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื --
08:58
(Applause) โ€” Hold on, I'm not there!
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื] --ื—ื›ื•, ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™!
09:04
One of the first beneficiaries of this replanting guarantee
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช
09:07
was Bosco Mwinyi.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืกืงื• ืžื•ื•ื ื™ื™.
09:09
We visited his farm later that August,
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ื‘ื™ืงืจื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืง ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”,
09:12
and I wish I could show you the smile on his face
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ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•
09:15
when he showed us his harvest,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืงืฆืจ,
09:18
because it warmed my heart
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื—ื™ืžื ืืช ืœื‘ื™
09:19
and it made me realize why selling insurance
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ื•ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
09:21
can be a good thing.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
09:24
But you know, he insisted
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉ
09:25
that we get his whole harvest in the picture,
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ืฉื ืชืคื•ืก ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœื•,
09:28
so we had to zoom out a lot.
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ืื– ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ื”ืจื‘ื”.
09:32
Insurance secured his harvest that season,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื• ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขื•ื ื”,
09:35
and I believe that today,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ื,
09:38
we have all the tools to enable African farmers
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ื
09:41
to take control of their own destiny.
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ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื.
09:44
No more years of the cup.
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ื“ื™ ืœ"ืฉึฐื ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืœ".
09:45
Instead, I am looking forward to, at least somehow,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืœืจืื•ืช, ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ืœืคื—ื•ืช,
09:49
the year of the insurance,
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ืืช "ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—"
09:51
or the year of the great harvest.
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ืื• ืืช "ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ".
09:54
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
09:57
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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