Rose Goslinga: Crop insurance, an idea worth seeding

54,421 views ・ 2014-08-26

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μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: JunYoung Lee κ²€ν† : Jeong-Lan Kinser
00:12
In Kenya, 1984 is known
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μΌ€λƒμ—μ„œ, 1984년은 컡의 ν•΄λ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ ΈμžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
as the year of the cup,
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00:18
or the goro goro.
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ν˜Ήμ€ κ³ λ‘œκ³ λ‘œλΌκ³ λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
00:20
The goro goro is a cup used to measure
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κ³ λ‘œκ³ λ‘œλŠ” μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œ 2ν‚¬λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ˜ μ˜₯수수 꽃을 κ³„λŸ‰ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ»΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
two kilograms of maize flower on the market,
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00:26
and the maize flower is used to make ugali,
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μ˜₯수수 꽃은 우갈리λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ° μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
a polenta-like cake that is eaten together with vegetables.
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μ±„μ†Œμ™€ 같이 λ¨ΉλŠ” ν΄λ Œνƒ€ 같은 μΌ€μ΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
Both the maize and the vegetables are grown
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μ˜₯μˆ˜μˆ˜μ™€ μ±„μ†Œλ“€μ€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μΌ€λƒμ˜ 농μž₯μ—μ„œ μžλžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
on most Kenyan farms,
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00:38
which means that most families can feed themselves
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 가정이 μžμ‹ μ˜ 농μž₯을 톡해 μžκΈ‰μžμ‘±ν•  수 μžˆμŒμ„ μ˜λ―Έν•˜μ£ .
00:40
from their own farm.
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00:42
One goro goro can feed three meals
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ν•œ κ³ λ‘œκ³ λ‘œλŠ” 평균적인 κ°€μ •μ˜ 세끼 식사가 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
for an average family,
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00:48
and in 1984, the whole harvest
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그리고 1984λ…„μ—λŠ” 전체 μΆ”μˆ˜κ°€ ν•œ 고둜고둜 밖에 λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
could fit in one goro goro.
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00:55
It was and still is one of the worst droughts
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이것은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” κΈ°μ–΅ 속 μ΅œμ•…μ˜ κ°€λ­„ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
in living memory.
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01:00
Now today, I insure farmers against droughts
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μ΅œκ·Όμ— μ €λŠ” λ†λΆ€λ“€μ—κ²Œ κ°€λ­„ λ³΄ν—˜μ„ νŒλ§€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
like those in the year of the cup,
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컡의 ν•΄μ—μ„œμ²˜λŸΌ 말이죠.
01:05
or to be more specific, I insure the rains.
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ν˜Ήμ€ 더 μžμ„Έν•˜κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λ©΄, μ €λŠ” λΉ„λ₯Ό 보μž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
I come from a family of missionaries
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μ €λŠ” μΈλ„λ„€μ‹œμ•„μ— 병원을 μ§“λŠ”
01:13
who built hospitals in Indonesia,
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전도사 κ°€μ‘±μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„° μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
and my father built a psychiatric hospital
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제 μ•„λ²„μ§€λŠ” νƒ„μžλ‹ˆμ•„μ— 정신병원을 μ„Έμš°μ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
in Tanzania.
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01:18
This is me, age five, in front of that hospital.
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이 사진은 κ·Έ 병원 μ•žμ— μžˆλŠ” 5μ‚΄ λ•Œμ˜ 제 μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
I don't think they thought I'd grow up
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제 생각엔 그듀이 μ œκ°€ μ»€μ„œ
01:24
to sell insurance. (Laughter)
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λ³΄ν—˜μ„ νŒλ§€ν•  것이라 생각 λͺ»ν–ˆμ„ κ±°μ—μš”.
01:27
So let me tell you how that happened.
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그럼 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λœκ±΄μ§€ μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
01:30
In 2008, I was working
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2008년에 μ „ λ₯΄μ™„λ‹€μ˜ 농업뢀λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 일을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
for the Ministry of Agriculture of Rwanda,
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01:34
and my boss had just been promoted
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그리고 μ €μ˜ μƒμ‚¬λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ μ–Όλ§ˆ 전에 μž₯κ΄€μœΌλ‘œ μŠΉμ§„ν–ˆμ—ˆμ£ .
01:36
to become the minister.
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01:37
She launched an ambitious plan
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” κ΅­κ°€μ˜ 녹색 혁λͺ…을 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λ €λŠ” 야심찬 κ³„νšμ„ λ°œν‘œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
to start a green revolution in her country,
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01:41
and before we knew it, we were importing
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•ŒκΈ°λ„ 전에
01:43
tons of fertilizer and seed
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ λΉ„λ£Œμ™€ 씨앗을 μˆ˜μž…ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
and telling farmers how to apply that fertilizer
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그리고 λ†λΆ€λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 식물에 λΉ„λ£Œλ₯Ό μ£ΌλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
and plant.
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01:49
A couple of weeks later,
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λͺ‡ μ£Όκ°€ μ§€λ‚œ ν›„
01:51
the International Monetary Fund visited us,
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IMF(ꡭ제 톡화 기ꡬ) κ°€ 우리λ₯Ό λ°©λ¬Έν•΄μ„œ μž₯κ΄€μ—κ²Œ λ¬Όμ–΄λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
and asked my minister,
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01:56
"Minister, it's great that you want to help farmers
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"μž₯κ΄€λ‹˜, 당신이 농뢀듀을 돕고 μ‹Άκ³ 
01:58
reach food security, but what if it doesn't rain?"
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μ‹ν’ˆ μ•ˆμ „μ„ 도λͺ¨ν•˜λŠ”것은 쒋은데, λ§Œμ•½ λΉ„κ°€ μ•ˆμ˜€λ©΄ μ–΄μ©Œμ£ ?"
02:03
My minister answered proudly
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우리 μž₯관은 μžμ‹ μžˆκ³  λ‹€μ†Œ λ„μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€λ‹΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
and somewhat defiantly,
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02:07
"I am going to pray for rain."
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"λΉ„λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 기도할 κ±°μ—μš”."
02:11
That ended the discussion.
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그것이 λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό μ’…κ²°μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
On the way back to the ministry in the car,
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λΆ€μ„œλ‘œ λŒμ•„μ˜€λŠ” 길에 μ°¨μ—μ„œ κ·Έλ…€κ°€
02:17
she turned around to me and said,
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μ €λ₯Ό λŒμ•„λ³΄λ©° μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κΈΈ,
02:19
"Rose, you've always been interested in finance.
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"λ‘œμ¦ˆμ”¨λŠ” 항상 μž¬μ •μ— κ΄€ν•΄ 관심이 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
02:21
Go find us some insurance."
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κ°€μ„œ λ³΄ν—˜μ„ ν•œλ²ˆ μ•Œμ•„λ΄μš”."
02:24
It's been six years since,
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κ·Έλ•ŒλΆ€ν„° 6년이 ν˜λ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
and last year I was fortunate enough
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μž‘λ…„μ—λŠ” 운이 쒋이 μ’‹μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
to be part of a team that insured
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케냐와 λ₯΄μ™„λ‹€μ—μ„œ 185,000λͺ… μ΄μƒμ˜ 농뢀듀을
02:30
over 185,000 farmers in Kenya and Rwanda
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κ°€λ­„μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 보μž₯ν•˜λŠ” νŒ€μ—μ„œ 일할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
02:33
against drought.
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02:35
They owned an average of half an acre
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그듀은 λ°˜μ—μ΄μ»€μ˜ 평균을 μ†Œμœ ν•˜κ³ 
02:37
and paid on average two Euros in premium.
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평균 2유둜의 λ³΄ν—˜λ£Œλ₯Ό μ§€κΈ‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
It's microinsurance.
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이것은 μ†Œμ•‘λ³΄ν—˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
Now, traditional insurance doesn't work
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이제 전톡적인 λ³΄ν—˜μ€ 2~3유둜의 λ³΄ν—˜λ£Œλ₯Ό 지급할 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
with two to three Euros of premium,
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02:47
because traditional insurance relies on farm visits.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 전톡적 λ³΄ν—˜μ€ 농μž₯ 방문에 κΈ°λŒ€κ³  μžˆκΈ°λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
02:50
A farmer here in Germany would be visited
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이곳 λ…μΌμ˜ λ†λΆ€λŠ” μ‹œμ¦Œμ΄ μ‹œμž‘ν•  λ•Œμ―€,
02:52
for the start of the season, halfway through,
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절반 μ―€ μ§€λ‚˜μ„œ 그리고 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ―€ λ°©λ¬Έν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
and at the end, and again if there was a loss,
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그리고 λ§Œμ•½ 그곳에 손싀이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό μΆ”μΈ‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ°©λ¬Έν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
to estimate the damages.
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03:00
For a small-scale farmer in the middle of Africa,
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μ€‘λΆ€μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜ μž‘μ€ 규λͺ¨μ˜ 농뢀λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ
03:04
the maths of doing those visits
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이런 방문은 λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 계산이 λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
simply don't add up.
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03:09
So instead, we rely on technology and data.
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λŒ€μ‹ μ— μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 기술과 μžλ£Œμ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
This satellite measures
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이 μœ„μ„±μ€ 그곳에 ꡬ름이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ—†λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
whether there were clouds or not,
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03:17
because think about it:
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
03:18
If there are clouds, then you might have some rain,
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λ§Œμ•½ ꡬ름이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ λΉ„κ°€ μ˜¬μ§€λ„ λͺ°λΌμš”.
03:23
but if there are no clouds,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ ꡬ름이 μ—†λ‹€λ©΄
03:24
then it's actually impossible for it to rain.
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거기에 λΉ„κ°€ λ‚΄λ¦¬λŠ” 것은 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ£ .
03:27
These images show the onset of the rains
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이 화면듀은 μΌ€λƒμ˜ 이번 λ†μ‚¬μ² μ˜ λΉ„μ˜ μ‹œμž‘μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
this season in Kenya.
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03:31
You see that around March 6,
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3μ›” 5일 정도λ₯Ό 보면
03:33
the clouds move in and then disappear,
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ꡬ름이 움직이닀가 μ‚¬λΌμ§€λŠ”κ±Έ λ³Ό 수 있죠.
03:36
and then around the March 11,
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그리고 3μ›” 11일을 보면
03:38
the clouds really move in.
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ꡬ름듀이 막 λͺ°λ €μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
That, and those clouds,
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저것이, 그리고 μ € ꡬ름듀이
03:45
were the onset of the rains this year.
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μ˜¬ν•΄μ˜ λΉ„μ˜ μ‹œμž‘μ΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
This satellite covers the whole of Africa
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이 μœ„μ„±μ€ 아프리카 전역을 μ»€λ²„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
and goes back as far as 1984,
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그리고 1984λ…„κΉŒμ§€ λŒμ•„κ°ˆ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
and that's important, because if you know
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이것이 μ€‘μš”ν•œλ°μš”.
03:55
how many times a place has had a drought
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ§Œμ•½ 당신이 μ§€λ‚œ 30λ…„κ°„ 이 지역에
03:58
in the last 30 years,
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 많이 가뭄이 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
04:00
you can make a pretty good estimate
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λ―Έλž˜μ— 가뭄에 λŒ€ν•œ κ½€ μ •ν™•ν•œ 좔츑을 ν•  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
what the chances are of drought in the future,
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04:04
and that means that you can put a price tag
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그건, κ°€λ­„μ˜ μœ„ν—˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ°€κ²©ν‘œλ₯Ό 뢙일 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 의미죠.
04:07
on the risk of drought.
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04:09
The data alone isn't enough.
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자료 κ·Έ μžμ²΄λ‘œλŠ” μΆ©λΆ„μΉ˜ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
We devise agronomic algorithms
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λ†μž‘λ¬Όμ— λΉ„κ°€ μ–΄λŠμ •λ„, μ–Έμ œ ν•„μš”ν• μ§€λ₯Ό μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ” 농업 μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ κ³ μ•ˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
which tell us how much rainfall a crop needs and when.
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04:18
For example, for maize at planting,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μ˜₯수수λ₯Ό μ‹¬μ„λ•Œμ—
04:20
you need to have two days of rain
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농뢀가 농사λ₯Ό 짓기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 이틀 κ°€λŸ‰μ˜ λΉ„κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:23
for farmers to plant,
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04:25
and then it needs to rain once every two weeks
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” μž‘λ¬Όμ΄ μ˜ˆμƒλŒ€λ‘œ 싹이 트기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
04:27
for the crop to properly germinate.
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이주에 ν•œλ²ˆμ •λ„ λΉ„κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ£ .
04:29
After that, you need rain every three weeks
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κ·Έ ν›„ μž‘λ¬Όμ˜ μžŽμ„ ν˜•μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 맀 3주에 ν•œλ²ˆ λΉ„κ°€ 와야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
for the crop to form its leaves,
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04:35
whereas at flowering, you need it to rain more frequently,
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꽃이 ν•„λ•Œ μ―€μ—λŠ” μ’€ 더 자주 λΉ„κ°€ 와야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
about once every 10 days for the crop to form its cob.
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λŒ€λž΅ 10일에 ν•œλ²ˆμ •λ„λŠ” 와야 μ˜₯μˆ˜μˆ˜λŒ€κ°€ ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ£ .
04:42
At the end of the season,
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λ†μ‚¬μ² μ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μ—λŠ”
04:44
you actually don't want it to rain,
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사싀 λΉ„κ°€ μ˜€μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ°λ₯Ό 바라죠.
04:46
because rains then can damage the crop.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λΉ„κ°€ μž‘λ¬Όμ— ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό 쀄 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
04:49
Devising such a cover is difficult,
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이런 보μž₯을 κ³ μ•ˆν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ–΄λ €μš΄ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
but it turned out the real challenge
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§„μ§œ λ‚œκ΄€μ€
04:55
was selling insurance.
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λ³΄ν—˜μ„ νŒŒλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
We set ourselves a modest target
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 슀슀둜 μ λ‹Ήν•œ λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό μ„€μ •ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
05:02
of 500 farmers insured after our first season.
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첫 농사철 후에 500λͺ…μ˜ 농뢀듀이 λ³΄ν—˜μ— κ°€μž…ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ˜€μ–΄μš”.
05:06
After a couple of months' intense marketing,
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μ•½ 두달 κ°€λŸ‰μ˜ 집쀑적인 λ§ˆμΌ€νŒ… 이후에
05:08
we had signed up the grand total
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총 185λͺ…μ˜ 농뢀듀이 κ°€μž…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
of 185 farmers.
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05:14
I was disappointed and confounded.
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μ €λŠ” λ‹Ήν˜ΉμŠ€λŸ½κ³  ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ¬μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
Everybody kept telling me that farmers
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 계속 λ§ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό
05:18
wanted insurance,
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농뢀듀이 λ³΄ν—˜μ„ μ›ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•˜λŠ”λ°
05:21
but our prime customers simply weren't buying.
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우리의 주고객듀은 이것을 κ΅¬μž…ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
05:24
They were waiting to see what would happen,
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그듀은 무슨일이 일어날지 보렀고 기닀리고 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ ..
05:26
didn't trust insurance companies,
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λ³΄ν—˜νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ„ 믿지 μ•Šμ•˜κ±°λ‚˜
05:29
or thought, "I've managed for so many years.
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"λ‚˜λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ 슀슀둜 κ΄€λ¦¬ν•΄μ™”λŠ”λ°
05:31
Why would I buy insurance now?"
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μ™œ 이제 λ³΄ν—˜μ„ λ“€μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”κ±°μ§€?" 라고 생각할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
05:35
Now many of you know microcredit,
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자, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 쀑 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ†Œμ•‘ λŒ€μΆœμ„ μ•Œκ³  있죠,
05:38
the method of providing small loans to poor people
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κ°€λ‚œν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μž‘μ€ λˆμ„ λŒ€μΆœν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” 방법이죠.
05:41
pioneered by Muhammad Yunus,
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노벨 평화상을 받은 λ¬΄ν•˜λ§ˆλ“œ μœ λˆ„μŠ€κ°€ 그라민 은행과 κ°œμ²™ν•œ 방법이죠.
05:43
who won the Nobel Peace Prize
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05:45
for his work with the Grameen Bank.
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05:47
Turns out, selling microcredit
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λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„μ™€μ„œ μ†Œμ•‘λŒ€μΆœμ„ νŒλ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것은
05:49
isn't the same as selling insurance.
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λ³΄ν—˜μ„ νŒŒλŠ” 것과 같지 μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” 게 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:53
For credit, a farmer needs to earn the trust of a bank,
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λŒ€μΆœμ„ μœ„ν•΄μ„œ λ†λΆ€λŠ” μ€ν–‰μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„° μ‹ μš©μ„ μŒ“μ•„μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:57
and if it succeeds, the bank will advance him money.
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그리고 이것이 μ„±κ³΅ν•œλ‹€λ©΄, 은행은 λ†λΆ€μ—κ²Œ λˆμ„ μž…κΈˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:00
That's an attractive proposition.
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그건 맀λ ₯적인 μ œμ•ˆμ΄μ£ .
06:03
For insurance, the farmer needs to trust
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λ³΄ν—˜μ„ μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
농뢀가 λ³΄ν—˜νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό λ―Ώμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ 
06:06
the insurance company, and needs
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06:07
to advance the insurance company money.
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λ³΄ν—˜νšŒμ‚¬λ‘œ λˆμ„ μž…κΈˆν•΄μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
It's a very different value proposition.
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이것은 맀우 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°€μΉ˜μ˜ 제의 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:14
And so the uptick of insurance has been slow,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ³΄ν—˜μ˜ μž‘μ€ 증가도 λŠλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
with so far only 4.4 percent of Africans
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겨우 아프리카 μ€‘μ˜ 4.4%μ •λ„λ§Œμ΄ 2012년도에 λ³΄ν—˜μ„ λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:19
taking up insurance in 2012,
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06:22
and half of that number is in one country,
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그리고 μ € 수치 쀑에 μ ˆλ°˜μ€ ν•œ κ΅­κ°€μ˜€λŠ”λ°
06:24
South Africa.
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λ‚¨μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜€μ£ .
06:26
We tried for some years
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λͺ‡λ…„κ°„ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ†λΆ€λ“€μ—κ²Œ 직접 λ³΄ν—˜μ„ νŒ”κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
selling insurance directly to farmers,
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06:30
with very high marketing cost
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λ§Žμ€ λ§ˆμΌ€νŒ… λΉ„μš©μ„ μ§€λΆˆν•˜λ©΄μ„œ ꡉμž₯히 적은 μ„±κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:32
and very limited success.
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06:35
Then we realized that there were many organizations
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그리고 λ‚œ λ’€ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ§Žμ€ 단체듀이 농뢀듀과 μΌν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œλ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
06:37
working with farmers:
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06:40
seed companies, microfinance institutions,
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μ’…μžνšŒμ‚¬λ“€, μ†Œμ•‘κΈˆμœ΅κΈ°κ΄€λ“€,
06:43
mobile phone companies,
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νœ΄λŒ€μ „ν™” νšŒμ‚¬λ“€,
06:45
government agencies.
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μ •λΆ€ κΈ°κ΄€λ“€,
06:46
They were all providing loans to farmers,
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κ·Έλ“€ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ λ†λΆ€λ“€μ—κ²Œ λŒ€μΆœμ„ ν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆμ£ .
06:49
and often, just before they'd finalize the loan,
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그리고 ν”νžˆ, λŒ€μΆœμ„ κ²°μ •ν•˜κΈ° 전에
06:52
the farmer would say,
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농뢀듀은 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•˜κ³€ ν–ˆμ£ .
06:54
"But what if it doesn't rain?
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"그런데 λΉ„κ°€ μ•ˆμ˜€λ©΄ μ–΄μ©Œμ£ ?
06:56
How do you expect me to repay my loan?"
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제 λŒ€μΆœμ΄ μƒν™˜λ κ±°λΌκ³  μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κΈ°λŒ€ν•  수 있죠?"
06:59
Many of these organizations
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이듀 쀑 λ§Žμ€ 기관듀이
07:02
were taking on the risk themselves,
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κ·Έλ“€ 슀슀둜 μœ„ν—˜μ„ κ°λ‹Ήν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
simply hoping that that year,
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κ·Έμ € μ˜¬ν•΄λŠ” μ΅œμ•…μ˜ μƒνƒœκ°€ λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λΌλŠ”κ±°μ£ .
07:05
the worst wouldn't happen.
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07:07
Most of the organizations, however,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 기관듀은
07:09
were limiting their growth in agriculture.
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λ†μ—…λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ„±μž₯을 μ œν•œμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:12
They couldn't take on this kind of risk.
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그듀은 이런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μœ„ν—˜μ„ κ°μˆ˜ν•  쀄 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:14
These organizations became our customers,
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이듀 기관듀이 우리의 고객이 λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
07:18
and when combining credit and insurance,
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λŒ€μΆœκ³Ό λ³΄ν—˜μ΄ ν•©μ³μ‘Œμ„ λ•Œ
07:21
interesting things can happen.
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ν₯미둜운 일이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
Let me tell you one more story.
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이야기 ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œ 더 ν•΄λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”.
07:28
At the start of February 2012 in western Kenya,
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2012λ…„ 2μ›” μ΄ˆμ— 케냐 μ„œλΆ€μ—μ„œ
07:31
the rains started, and they started early,
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λΉ„κ°€ 였기 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆκ³ , 농뢀듀도 일찍 농사λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
and when rains start early, farmers are encouraged,
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그리고 λΉ„κ°€ 일찍 였자 농뢀듀은 용기λ₯Ό μ–»μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:37
because it usually means that the season is going to be good.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 보톡 그건 농사철이 쒋을 κ±°λΌλŠ” κ±Έ λœ»ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
07:41
So they took out loans and planted.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그듀은 λŒ€μΆœμ„ λ°›κ³  농사λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:44
For the next three weeks,
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λ‹€μŒ 3주간은 단 ν•œλ°©μšΈμ˜ 비도 내리지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:45
there wasn't a single drop of rain,
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07:48
and the crops that had germinated so well
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그리고 μž‘λ¬Όλ“€μ€ 잘 싹이 νŠΈλ”λ‹ˆ
07:50
shriveled and died.
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μ‚¬κ·ΈλŸ¬λ“€κ³  μ£½μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:53
We'd insured the loans of a microfinance institution
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ μ§€μ—­μ˜ 6μ²œμ—¬λͺ…μ˜ λ†λΆ€μ—κ²Œ μ†Œμ•‘λŒ€μΆœ κΈ°κ΄€μ˜ λŒ€μΆœκΈˆμ„ 보μž₯ν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆμ£ .
07:56
that had provided those loans
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07:57
to about 6,000 farmers in that area,
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08:01
and we called them up and said,
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그듀을 뢈러 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 이야기 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
"Look, we know about the drought.
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"λ³΄μ„Έμš”, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 가뭄에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:04
We've got you.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 당신듀을 λŒ€μ²˜ν•˜κ² μ–΄μš”.
08:06
We'll give you 200,000 Euros at the end of the season."
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이번 μ‹œμ¦Œμ΄ 끝날 λ•Œ 20만 유둜λ₯Ό λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
08:10
They said, "Wow, that's great,
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그듀은 "κ·Έκ±° 정말 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•˜λ„€μš”!
08:12
but that'll be late.
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그런데 그건 μ’€ λŠ¦μ„ κ±° κ°™λ„€μš”.
08:14
Could you give us the money now?
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ν˜Ήμ‹œ μ§€κΈˆ λˆμ„ μ€„μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†λ‚˜μš”?
08:16
Then these farmers can still replant
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그럼 이 농뢀듀이 계속 씨λ₯Ό 심고
08:18
and can get a harvest this season."
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이번 μ‹œμ¦Œμ— μΆ”μˆ˜λ₯Ό ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μš”."
08:22
So we convinced our insurance partners,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ³΄ν—˜ λ™μ—…μžλ“€μ„ ν™•μ‹ μ‹œμΌ°κ³ 
08:24
and later that April, these farmers replanted.
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κ·Έ ν•΄ 4μ›” ν›„λ°˜κΈ°μ— 이 농뢀듀은 씨λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μ‹¬μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
We took the idea of replanting to a seed company
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λ‹€μ‹œ 심기 아이디어λ₯Ό μ’…μž νšŒμ‚¬μ— μ „λ‹¬ν–ˆκ³ 
08:30
and convinced them to price the cost of insurance
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λͺ¨λ“  씨앗 μ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆμ— λ³΄ν—˜ μš”κΈˆμ„ λ“€μ–΄κ°€κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν™•μ‹ μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:32
into every bag of seed,
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08:34
and in every bag, we packed a card
194
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그리고 λͺ¨λ“  μ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆμ— μˆ«μžκ°€ μžˆλŠ” μΉ΄λ“œλ₯Ό λ„£μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:36
that had a number on it,
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08:38
and when the farmers would open the card,
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농뢀듀이 κ·Έ μΉ΄λ“œλ₯Ό μ—΄κ³ ,
08:40
they'd text in that number,
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κ·Έ 숫자λ₯Ό μ „μ†‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:42
and that number would actually help us
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κ·Έ μˆ«μžλŠ” λ†λΆ€μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜λŠ”λ° μ‹€μ œμ μΈ 도움을 μ£Όκ³ 
08:43
to locate the farmer
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08:45
and allocate them to a satellite pixel.
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그듀을 μœ„μ„± 점으둜 λΆ„ν• ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:48
A satellite would then measure the rainfall
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μœ„μ„±μ΄ λ‹€μŒ 3μ£Όκ°„μ˜ κ°•μš°λŸ‰μ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:50
for the next three weeks,
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08:52
and if it didn't rain,
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그리고 λ§Œμ•½ λΉ„κ°€ μ˜€μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄
08:54
we'd replace their seed.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 씨λ₯Ό λŒ€μ²΄ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:57
One of the first β€”
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ³΄λ‹€ 큰 -
08:58
(Applause) β€” Hold on, I'm not there!
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κΈ°λ‹€λ € μ£Όμ„Έμš”. 아직 μ•ˆ λλ‚¬μ–΄μš”.
09:04
One of the first beneficiaries of this replanting guarantee
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이 λ‹€μ‹œμ‹¬κΈ° 보증의 κ°€μž₯ 큰 μˆ˜ν˜œμžλŠ”
09:07
was Bosco Mwinyi.
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λ³΄μŠ€μ½” μœ„λ‹ˆ μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:09
We visited his farm later that August,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 8월말에 그의 농μž₯에 λ°©λ¬Έν–ˆμ–΄μš”,
09:12
and I wish I could show you the smile on his face
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μ €λŠ” μœ„λ‹ˆκ°€ μˆ˜ν™•λ¬Όμ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ€¬μ„λ•Œμ˜ κ·Έ λ―Έμ†Œλ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ 보여주고 μ‹Άλ„€μš”.
09:15
when he showed us his harvest,
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09:18
because it warmed my heart
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그게 제 λ§ˆμŒμ„ λ”°λœ»ν•˜κ²Œ ν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆκ³ 
09:19
and it made me realize why selling insurance
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μ œκ°€ λ³΄ν—˜μ„ νŒŒλŠ” 일이 쒋은 일이 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹«κ²Œ ν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
09:21
can be a good thing.
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09:24
But you know, he insisted
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근데 κ·Έκ±° μ•„μ„Έμš”?
09:25
that we get his whole harvest in the picture,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 그의 λͺ¨λ“  μΆ”μˆ˜λ₯Ό 사진에 λ‹΄μ•„μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  κ³ μ§‘ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
09:28
so we had to zoom out a lot.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—„μ²­ λ’€λ‘œ λ¬ΌλŸ¬μ„œμ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
Insurance secured his harvest that season,
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λ³΄ν—˜μ΄ κ·Έ λ†μ‚¬μ² μ˜ 그의 μΆ”μˆ˜λ₯Ό 보μž₯ν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆκ³ 
09:35
and I believe that today,
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μ œκ°€ λ―ΏκΈ°λ‘  μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 아프리카 농뢀듀이
09:38
we have all the tools to enable African farmers
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 운λͺ…을 ν†΅μ œν•  수 있게 ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  도ꡬ듀을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:41
to take control of their own destiny.
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09:44
No more years of the cup.
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더이상 컡의 ν•΄λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:45
Instead, I am looking forward to, at least somehow,
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λŒ€μ‹ μ— μ €λŠ” μ–΄μ¨Œλ“  적어도
09:49
the year of the insurance,
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λ³΄ν—˜μ˜ ν•΄λ₯Ό κΈ°λŒ€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:51
or the year of the great harvest.
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ν˜Ήμ€ ꡉμž₯ν•œ μΆ”μˆ˜μ˜ ν•΄λ₯Ό κΈ°λŒ€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:57
(Applause)
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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