3 kinds of bias that shape your worldview | J. Marshall Shepherd

324,743 views ใƒป 2019-01-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
I'm a meteorologist by degree,
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ืื ื™ ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื™,
00:14
I have a bachelor's, master's and PhD in physical meteorology,
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
00:17
so I'm a meteorologist, card carrying.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ ืขื ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช.
00:20
And so with that comes four questions, always.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืืœื•ืช. ืชืžื™ื“.
00:25
This is one prediction I will always get right.
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ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืื ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง ืชืžื™ื“.
00:27
(Laughter)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
00:29
And those questions are,
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ,
00:31
"Marshall, what channel are you on?"
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"ืžืจืฉืœ, ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขืจื•ืฅ ืืชื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข?"
00:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:36
"Dr. Shepherd, what's the weather going to be tomorrow?"
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"ื“"ืจ ืฉืคืจื“, ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื—ืจ?"
00:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:39
And oh, I love this one:
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ื•ืืช ื–ืืช ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘:
00:41
"My daughter is getting married next September, it's an outdoor wedding.
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"ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื™ ืžืชื—ืชื ืช ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ. ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
"ื”ืื ื™ื™ืจื“ ื’ืฉื?"
00:45
Is it going to rain?"
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00:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:47
Not kidding, I get those, and I don't know the answer to that,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆื•ื—ืง. ืืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
00:50
the science isn't there.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ืข ืœื–ื”,
00:53
But the one I get a lot these days is,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื,
00:56
"Dr. Shepherd, do you believe in climate change?"
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"ื“"ืจ ืฉืคืจื“, ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื?
01:01
"Do you believe in global warming?"
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"ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช?"
01:04
Now, I have to gather myself every time I get that question.
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ืื ื™ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื›ื–ืืช,
01:08
Because it's an ill-posed question --
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ื›ื™ ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช: ื”ืžื“ืข ืื™ื ื ื• ื“ืช.
01:10
science isn't a belief system.
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01:12
My son, he's 10 -- he believes in the tooth fairy.
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ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ 10 -- ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
01:16
And he needs to get over that, because I'm losing dollars, fast.
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื•, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื”.
01:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:22
But he believes in the tooth fairy.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
01:24
But consider this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš:
01:27
Bank of America building, there, in Atlanta.
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ื”ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ "ื‘ื ืง ืื•ืฃ ืืžืจื™ืงื”", ื‘ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื”.
01:29
You never hear anyone say,
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ืื™ื ื›ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
01:32
"Do you believe, if you go to the top of that building
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"ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ืชืขืœื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
"ื•ืชืฉืœื™ืš ืžืžื ื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืคื•ืœ?"
01:35
and throw a ball off, it's going to fall?"
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01:37
You never hear that, because gravity is a thing.
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ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
01:42
So why don't we hear the question,
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
01:44
"Do you believe in gravity?"
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"ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”?"
01:46
But of course, we hear the question,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
01:48
"Do you believe in global warming?"
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"ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช?"
01:52
Well, consider these facts.
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ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:
01:55
The American Association for the Advancement of Science, AAAS,
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ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข,
01:58
one of the leading organizations in science,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:01
queried scientists and the public on different science topics.
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ืขืจื›ื” ืกืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:05
Here are some of them:
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื:
02:06
genetically modified food, animal research, human evolution.
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ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื-ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
02:11
And look at what the scientists say about those,
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ืจืื• ืžื” ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื,
02:14
the people that actually study those topics, in red,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื”, ื‘ืื“ื•ื,
02:16
versus the gray, what the public thinks.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืืคื•ืจ, ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
02:19
How did we get there?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื›ืš?
02:21
How did we get there?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื›ืš,
02:24
That scientists and the public are so far apart on these science issues.
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืืœื”?
02:29
Well, I'll come a little bit closer to home for me,
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ืืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื™, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
02:31
climate change.
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02:33
Eighty-seven percent of scientists
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ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
02:36
believe that humans are contributing to climate change.
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืชื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
02:41
But only 50 percent of the public?
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš?
02:45
How did we get there?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื›ืš?
02:46
So it begs the question,
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ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
ืžื” ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ืข?
02:48
what shapes perceptions about science?
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02:54
It's an interesting question
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ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”.
02:56
and one that I've been thinking about quite a bit.
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03:00
I think that one thing that shapes perceptions in the public, about science,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ืข,
03:05
is belief systems and biases.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:08
Belief systems and biases.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:09
Go with me for a moment.
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ืขื™ืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™,
ื›ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”:
03:12
Because I want to talk about three elements of that:
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03:14
confirmation bias, Dunning-Kruger effect
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ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืฉ, ืืคืงื˜ ื“ืื ื™ื ื’-ืงืจื•ื’ืจ ื•ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
03:18
and cognitive dissonance.
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03:20
Now, these sound like big, fancy, academic terms, and they are.
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ืืœื” ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ื ืคื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ื›ืืœื”.
03:24
But when I describe them, you're going to be like, "Oh!
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืื•ืชื, ืืชื ืชื’ื™ื“ื•, "ืื”!
03:28
I recognize that; I even know somebody that does that."
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"ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”. ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”."
03:33
Confirmation bias.
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ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืฉ:
03:36
Finding evidence that supports what we already believe.
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ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืžื™ืœื.
03:40
Now, we're probably all a little bit guilty of that at times.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื.
03:45
Take a look at this.
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ืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”.
03:46
I'm on Twitter.
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ืื ื™ ื‘"ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ".
03:48
And often, when it snows,
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ืฉืœื’,
03:50
I'll get this tweet back to me.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
03:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:55
"Hey, Dr. Shepherd, I have 20 inches of global warming in my yard,
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"ื”ื™ื™, ื“"ืจ ืฉืคืจื“. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื—ืฆื™-ืžื˜ืจ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
03:58
what are you guys talking about, climate change?"
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"ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื?"
04:01
I get that tweet a lot, actually.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
04:04
It's a cute tweet, it makes me chuckle as well.
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ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ืฅ ื—ืžื•ื“, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื™.
04:07
But it's oh, so fundamentally scientifically flawed.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
04:12
Because it illustrates
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ
04:13
that the person tweeting doesn't understand
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ืฉื”ืื“ื ืฉืžืขืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ
04:15
the difference between weather and climate.
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ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ืืงืœื™ื".
04:19
I often say, weather is your mood
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื‘-ืจื•ื—
ื•ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช.
04:23
and climate is your personality.
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04:26
Think about that.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:28
Weather is your mood, climate is your personality.
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ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช.
04:30
Your mood today doesn't necessarily tell me anything about your personality,
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ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื›ื,
04:34
nor does a cold day tell me anything about climate change,
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ื•ื’ื ื™ื•ื ืงืจ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
04:37
or a hot day, for that matter.
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ืื• ื™ื•ื ื—ื, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:41
Dunning-Kruger.
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ื“ืื ื™ื ื’-ืงืจื•ื’ืจ:
04:43
Two scholars from Cornell came up with the Dunning-Kruger effect.
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ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืจื ืœ ื ื™ืกื—ื• ืืช ืืคืงื˜ ื“ืื ื™ื ื’-ืงืจื•ื’ืจ.
04:46
If you go look up the peer-reviewed paper for this,
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ืื ืชื—ืคืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื–ื”,
ืชืžืฆืื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืคื•ื ืคื ื™ื:
04:49
you will see all kinds of fancy terminology:
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04:51
it's an illusory superiority complex, thinking we know things.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:55
In other words, people think they know more than they do.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
04:59
Or they underestimate what they don't know.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ืžืžืขื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
05:02
And then, there's cognitive dissonance.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
05:06
Cognitive dissonance is interesting.
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ื”ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
05:09
We just recently had Groundhog Day, right?
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ื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืจืžื™ื˜ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:13
Now, there's no better definition of cognitive dissonance
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™
05:15
than intelligent people asking me if a rodent's forecast is accurate.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืื ืžื›ืจืกื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ืช.
05:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:22
But I get that, all of the time.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
05:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:26
But I also hear about the Farmer's Almanac.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ื’ื ืขืœ ืืœืžื ืš ื”ื—ืงืœืื™.
05:29
We grew up on the Farmer's Almanac, people are familiar with it.
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ื’ื“ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืืœืžื ืš ื”ื—ืงืœืื™. ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
05:34
The problem is, it's only about 37 percent accurate,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื›-37% ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
05:37
according to studies at Penn State University.
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ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”.
05:43
But we're in an era of science
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืžื“ืขื™
05:47
where we actually can forecast the weather.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื -- ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, "ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื—" --
05:49
And believe it or not, and I know some of you are like, "Yeah, right,"
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›-90% ื•ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
05:52
we're about 90 percent accurate, or more, with weather forecast.
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ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช.
05:55
You just tend to remember the occasional miss, you do.
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05:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:02
So confirmation bias, Dunning-Kruger and cognitive dissonance.
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ืื– ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืฉ, ืืคืงื˜ ื“ืื ื™ื ื’-ืงืจื•ื’ืจ ื•ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
06:05
I think those shape biases and perceptions that people have about science.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืชื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื“ืข.
06:11
But then, there's literacy and misinformation
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกื•ืœืฃ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
06:13
that keep us boxed in, as well.
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06:17
During the hurricane season of 2017,
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ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉืœ 2017,
06:20
media outlets had to actually assign reporters
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ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื
06:24
to dismiss fake information about the weather forecast.
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ืฉื™ืคืกืœื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘ ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
06:30
That's the era that we're in.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:32
I deal with this all the time in social media.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
06:35
Someone will tweet a forecast --
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืฅ ืื™ื–ื• ืชื—ื–ื™ืช --
06:36
that's a forecast for Hurricane Irma, but here's the problem:
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ื–ืืช ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ "ืื™ืจืžื”", ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื”:
06:39
it didn't come from the Hurricane Center.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืื” ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื.
06:42
But people were tweeting and sharing this; it went viral.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื™ื™ืฆื• ื•ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืื•ืชื”. ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ื•ื™ืจืืœื™.
06:45
It didn't come from the National Hurricane Center at all.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
06:50
So I spent 12 years of my career at NASA
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ืืก"ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 12 ืฉื ื” ืžื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™
06:52
before coming to the University of Georgia,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื”,
06:54
and I chair their Earth Science Advisory Committee,
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ื•ืฉื ืื ื™ ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
06:57
I was just up there last week in DC.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”,
06:59
And I saw some really interesting things.
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืื“.
ื”ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื
07:01
Here's a NASA model and science data from satellite
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07:04
showing the 2017 hurricane season.
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ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืืช ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉืœ 2017.
07:06
You see Hurricane Harvey there?
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ "ื”ืืจื•ื•ื™"?
07:09
Look at all the dust coming off of Africa.
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ืจืื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื‘ืง ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”.
07:12
Look at the wildfires up in northwest US and in western Canada.
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ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืงื ื“ื”.
07:17
There comes Hurricane Irma.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ "ืื™ืจืžื”".
07:20
This is fascinating to me.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื–ื” ืžืจืชืง.
07:23
But admittedly, I'm a weather geek.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื ื•ืŸ-ืžื–ื’-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
07:26
But more importantly, it illustrates that we have the technology
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื–ื” ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
07:30
to not only observe the weather and climate system,
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ืœื ืจืง ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
07:33
but predict it.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
07:34
There's scientific understanding,
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ืฉื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
07:36
so there's no need for some of those perceptions and biases
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
07:39
that we've been talking about.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื•.
07:41
We have knowledge.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื“ืข.
07:42
But think about this ...
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”...
07:43
This is Houston, Texas, after Hurricane Harvey.
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ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ืงืกืก ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ "ื”ืืจื•ื•ื™".
07:47
Now, I write a contribution for "Forbes" magazine periodically,
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ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ืคื•ืจื‘ืก",
07:50
and I wrote an article a week before Hurricane Harvey made landfall, saying,
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ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืžืืžืจ
ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ "ื”ืืจื•ื•ื™" ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืฉืืžืจ,
07:55
"There's probably going to be 40 to 50 inches of rainfall."
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"ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• 100-130 ืž"ืž ื’ืฉื."
07:58
I wrote that a week before it happened.
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื”.
08:01
But yet, when you talk to people in Houston,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
08:03
people are saying, "We had no idea it was going to be this bad."
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื” ื’ืจื•ืข."
08:07
I'm just...
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜...
08:08
(Sigh)
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(ืื ื—ื”)
08:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:10
A week before.
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ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืงื•ื“ื.
08:11
But --
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ืื‘ืœ --
08:13
I know, it's amusing, but the reality is,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข. ื–ื” ืžืฉืขืฉืข, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื,
08:15
we all struggle with perceiving something outside of our experience level.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื˜ืจื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื•.
08:21
People in Houston get rain all of the time,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื’ืฉื ื•ืœื”ืฆืคื•ืช,
08:24
they flood all of the time.
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08:26
But they've never experienced that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื•ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”.
08:29
Houston gets about 34 inches of rainfall for the entire year.
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ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื›-90 ืž"ืž ื’ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื›ื•ืœื”.
08:33
They got 50 inches in three days.
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ื”ื ืกืคื’ื• 130 ืž"ืž ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื.
08:37
That's an anomaly event, that's outside of the normal.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ืจื™ื’, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื•ืจืžื”.
08:42
So belief systems and biases, literacy and misinformation.
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ืื– ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกื•ืœืฃ.
08:45
How do we step out of the boxes that are cornering our perceptions?
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ืื™ืš ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืชืคื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื•?
08:50
Well we don't even have to go to Houston, we can come very close to home.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืขื“ ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
08:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:55
Remember "Snowpocalypse?"
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช "ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกืช ื”ืฉืœื’"?
08:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:59
Snowmageddon?
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ืืช "ืฉืœื’ ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ"?
09:00
Snowzilla?
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ืืช "ื’ื•ื“ื–ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื’"?
09:02
Whatever you want to call it.
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ืชืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ืื™ืš ืฉืชืจืฆื•.
09:04
All two inches of it.
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ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื’.
09:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:09
Two inches of snow shut the city of Atlanta down.
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืก"ืž ืฉืœ ืฉืœื’ ืฉืชืงืขื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื”.
09:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:14
But the reality is, we were in a winter storm watch,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
09:19
we went to a winter weather advisory,
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ื™ื™ืขืฆื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืจืคื™,
09:21
and a lot of people perceived that as being a downgrade,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื’ื–ืžื”.
09:24
"Oh, it's not going to be as bad."
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"ืื”, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื ื•ืจื."
ื›ืฉื‘ืขืฆื... ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข,
09:26
When in fact, the perception was that it was not going to be as bad,
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09:29
but it was actually an upgrade.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื”.
09:31
Things were getting worse as the models were coming in.
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื.
09:33
So that's an example of how we get boxed in by our perceptions.
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ื–ืืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•.
09:38
So, the question becomes,
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื,
09:40
how do we expand our radius?
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ืื™ืš ื ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœื ื•?
09:45
The area of a circle is "pi r squared".
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ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื•ื "ืคื™ื™-ืืจ-ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข".
09:47
We increase the radius, we increase the area.
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ื›ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืก, ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
09:50
How do we expand our radius of understanding about science?
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ืื™ืš ื ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžื“ืข?
09:54
Here are my thoughts.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
09:56
You take inventory of your own biases.
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ืขืฉื• ืจืฉื™ืžืช-ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
09:59
And I'm challenging you all to do that.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
10:01
Take an inventory of your own biases.
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ืขืฉื• ืจืฉื™ืžืช-ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
10:04
Where do they come from?
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ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจืŸ?
10:06
Your upbringing, your political perspective, your faith --
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ืืชื›ื, ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื›ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืืžื•ื ืชื›ื --
10:09
what shapes your own biases?
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ืžื” ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื?
10:13
Then, evaluate your sources --
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ื›ืขืช ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื --
10:15
where do you get your information on science?
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ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื“ืข?
10:18
What do you read, what do you listen to,
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ืžื” ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื, ืœืžื” ืืชื ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื,
10:20
to consume your information on science?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื›ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข?
10:23
And then, it's important to speak out.
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ื•ืื–, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืงื•ืœ.
10:25
Talk about how you evaluated your biases and evaluated your sources.
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ืกืคืจื• ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจื›ืชื ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
10:29
I want you to listen to this little 40-second clip
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืื–ื™ื ื• ืœืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืŸ 40 ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
10:32
from one of the top TV meteorologists in the US, Greg Fishel,
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ืžืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื’ืจื’ ืคื™ืฉืœ,
10:37
in the Raleigh, Durham area.
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ื‘ืจืืœื™ื™, ืื–ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจื”ื.
10:39
He's revered in that region.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืขืจืฅ ืฉื.
10:40
But he was a climate skeptic.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืงื ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
10:42
But listen to what he says about speaking out.
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ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช.
10:44
Greg Fishel: The mistake I was making
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ื’ืจื’ ืคื™ืฉืœ: ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืขื“ ืžืžืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
10:46
and didn't realize until very recently,
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10:48
was that I was only looking for information
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืจืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืžืžื™ืœื,
10:50
to support what I already thought,
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10:53
and was not interested in listening to anything contrary.
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ื•ืœื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืžื›ืš.
10:58
And so I woke up one morning,
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจืชื™ ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช,
11:00
and there was this question in my mind,
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11:04
"Greg, are you engaging in confirmation bias?
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"ื’ืจื’, ื ืœื›ื“ืช ื‘ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืฉ?
11:07
Are you only looking for information to support what you already think?"
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"ืืชื” ืžื—ืคืฉ ืจืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืžืžื™ืœื?"
11:12
And if I was honest with myself, and I tried to be,
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ื•ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืฉืชื“ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืŸ,
11:14
I admitted that was going on.
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ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
11:17
And so the more I talked to scientists
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ืื– ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
11:19
and read peer-reviewed literature
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ืงืจืืชื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื,
11:21
and tried to conduct myself the way I'd been taught to conduct myself
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ื•ื”ืฉืชื“ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื™
11:26
at Penn State when I was a student,
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜,
11:29
it became very difficult for me to make the argument
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ื”ืชืงืฉื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ
11:32
that we weren't at least having some effect.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
11:34
Maybe there was still a doubt as to how much,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืžื”ื• ื”ื™ืงืคื”,
11:36
but to say "nothing" was not a responsible thing for me to do
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ "ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ" ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืžืฆื™ื“ื™
11:41
as a scientist or a person.
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ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ ืื• ื›ืื“ื.
11:45
JMS: Greg Fishel just talked about expanding his radius
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ื’'ืž"ืก: ื’ืจื’ ืคื™ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœื•
11:49
of understanding of science.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžื“ืข.
11:50
And when we expand our radius,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœื ื•,
11:52
it's not about making a better future,
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืชื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:56
but it's about preserving life as we know it.
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ืืœื ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื•.
12:00
So as we think about expanding our own radius in understanding science,
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ืื– ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•,
12:06
it's critical for Athens, Georgia, for Atlanta, Georgia,
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ื–ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืืชื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื”, ืœืื˜ืœื ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื”,
12:09
for the state of Georgia, and for the world.
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื” ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
12:12
So expand your radius.
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ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœื›ื.
12:14
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
12:16
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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