Why the secret to success is setting the right goals | John Doerr | TED

2,326,298 views ใƒป 2018-07-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Tal Hemu ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
We're at a critical moment.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
00:16
Our leaders,
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:17
some of our great institutions
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ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
00:19
are failing us.
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ืžืื›ื–ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•.
00:22
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
00:24
In some cases, it's because they're bad
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืจืขื™ื
00:26
or unethical,
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ืื• ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื,
00:28
but often, they've taken us to the wrong objectives.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘, ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
00:33
And this is unacceptable.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ.
00:38
This has to stop.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืคืกืง.
00:40
How are we going to correct these wrongs?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•?
00:44
How are we going to choose the right course?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:47
It's not going to be easy.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœ.
00:49
For years, I've worked with talented teams
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื•ืช
00:52
and they've chosen the right objectives and the wrong objectives.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
00:55
Many have succeeded, others of them have failed.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•, ื”ืฉืืจ ื ื›ืฉืœื•.
00:58
And today I'm going to share with you
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื
01:00
what really makes a difference --
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ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ --
01:02
that's what's crucial,
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘
01:05
how and why
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ืื™ืš ื•ืœืžื”
01:06
they set meaningful and audacious goals,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช,
01:09
the right goals for the right reasons.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
01:13
Let's go back to 1975.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ 1975.
01:15
Yep, this is me.
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื ื™.
01:17
I've got a lot to learn, I'm a computer engineer,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“, ืื ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
01:19
I've got long hair,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืืจื•ืš,
01:21
but I'm working under Andy Grove,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืชื—ืช ืื ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื‘,
01:24
who's been called the greatest manager of his or any other era.
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ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื—ืจืช.
01:28
Andy was a superb leader and also a teacher,
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ืื ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื ืคืœื ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื”,
01:32
and he said to me, "John, it almost doesn't matter what you know.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™, "ื’'ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข.
01:36
Execution is what matters the most."
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉื ื”."
01:39
And so Andy invented a system called "Objectives and Key Results."
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืคืชื—."
01:44
It kind of rolls off the tongue, doesn't it?
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ื™ ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:47
And it's all about excellent execution.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขื•ืœื”.
01:51
So here's a classic video from the 1970s
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืœืืกื™ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”70
01:54
of professor Andy Grove.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจืคืกื•ืจ ืื ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื‘.
01:56
(Video) Andy Grove: The two key phrases of the management by objective systems
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ืื ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื‘: ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
02:00
are the objectives and the key results, and they match the two purposes.
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ื”ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื•ื”ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช.
02:04
The objective is the direction.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
02:07
The key results have to be measured,
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื“ื“,
02:09
but at the end you can look and without any argument say,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
02:12
"Did I do that, or did I not do that?" Yes. No. Simple.
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"ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืื• ืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”?" ื›ืŸ. ืœื. ืคืฉื•ื˜.
02:14
John Doerr: That's Andy.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ: ื–ื” ืื ื“ื™.
02:16
Yes. No. Simple.
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ื›ืŸ. ืœื. ืคืฉื•ื˜.
02:19
Objectives and Key Results,
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ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืคืชื—,
02:21
or OKRs,
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ืื• ืžืช"ืž,
02:23
are a simple goal-setting system
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช
02:26
and they work for organizations, they work for teams,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืœืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื,
02:29
they even work for individuals.
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ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
02:31
The objectives are what you want to have accomplished.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
02:34
The key results are how I'm going to get that done.
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชืŸ.
02:37
Objectives. Key results.
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ืžื˜ืจื•ืช. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืคืชื—.
02:40
What and how.
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"ืžื”" ื•"ืื™ืš".
02:43
But here's the truth:
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ืืžืช:
02:45
many of us are setting goals wrong,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
02:47
and most of us are not setting goals at all.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืœื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœ.
02:50
A lot of organizations set objectives and meet them.
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืžืžืฉื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ.
02:53
They ship their sales, they introduce their new products,
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ื”ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื,
02:56
they make their numbers,
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ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
02:57
but they lack a sense of purpose to inspire their teams.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืกืจื” ืœื”ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:02
So how do you set these goals the right way?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”?
03:05
First, you must answer the question, "Why?"
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ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” "ืœืžื”?"
03:09
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
03:11
Because truly transformational teams
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™
03:13
combine their ambitions to their passion and to their purpose,
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ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืขื ื”ืœื”ื˜ ื•ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:19
and they develop a clear and compelling sense of why.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ "ืœืžื”".
03:23
I want to tell you a story.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
03:25
I work with a remarkable entrepreneur.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ื™ื–ืžื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
03:27
Her name is Jini Kim.
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ืฉืžื” ื”ื•ื ื’'ื™ื ื™ ืงื™ื.
03:29
She runs a company called Nuna.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื "ื ื•ื ื”".
03:32
Nuna is a health care data company.
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ื ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืจืคื•ืื™.
03:35
And when Nuna was founded,
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ื•ื›ืฉื ื•ื ื” ื ื•ืกื“ื”,
03:37
they used data to serve the health needs of lots of workers at large companies.
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
03:43
And then two years into the company's life,
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ื•ืื– ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
03:45
the federal government issued a proposal
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืฆืขื”
03:48
to build the first ever cloud database for Medicaid.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืฉืจืช ืขื ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืœ"ืžื“ื™ืงืื™ื™ื“".
03:52
Now, you'll remember that Medicaid is that program
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ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ืงืื™ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
03:54
that serves 70 million Americans,
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ืฉืžืฉืจืชืช 70 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
03:57
our poor, our children
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
03:59
and people with disabilities.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:02
Nuna at the time was just 15 people
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ื ื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง 15 ืื™ืฉ
04:06
and this database had to be built in one year,
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ื•ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช,
04:08
and they had a whole set of commitments that they had to honor,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื“,
04:12
and frankly, they weren't going to make very much money on the project.
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ื•ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ื”ื ืœื ืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
04:17
This was a bet-your-company moment,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœืš,
04:20
and Jini seized it.
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ื•ื’'ื™ื ื™ ืœืงื—ื” ืื•ืชื•.
04:21
She jumped at the opportunity. She did not flinch.
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ื”ื™ื ืงืคืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ืจืชืขื”.
04:25
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
04:27
Well, it's a personal why.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” "ืœืžื”" ืื™ืฉื™.
04:29
Jini's younger brother Kimong has autism.
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ืœืื—ื™ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื ื™, ืงื™ืžื•ื ื’, ื™ืฉ ืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื
04:34
And when he was seven,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 7
04:36
he had his first grand mal seizure
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืฃ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•
04:38
at Disneyland.
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ื‘ื“ื™ืกื ื™ืœื ื“.
04:39
He fell to the ground. He stopped breathing.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืคืœ ืœืจืฆืคื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื ืฉื•ื.
04:42
Jini's parents are Korean immigrants.
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื.
04:45
They came to the country with limited resources
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ืขื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื
04:48
speaking little English,
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ื“ื‘ืจื• ืžืขื˜ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
04:50
so it was up to Jini to enroll her family in Medicaid.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื’'ื™ื ื™ ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ืงืื™ื™ื“.
04:54
She was nine years old.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 9.
04:58
That moment defined her mission,
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ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
05:01
and that mission became her company,
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื”,
05:04
and that company bid on, won and delivered on that contract.
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื–ื”, ื ื™ืฆื—ื” ื•ืกื™ืคืงื”.
05:08
Here's Jini to tell you why.
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ื”ื ื” ื’'ื™ื ื™ ืฉืชืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืœืžื”.
05:10
(Video) Jini Kim: Medicaid saved my family from bankruptcy,
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ื’'ื™ื ื™ ืงื™ื: ืžื“ื™ืงืื™ื™ื“ ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ,
05:13
and today it provides for Kimong's health and for millions of others.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืงื™ืžื•ื ื’ ื•ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:17
Nuna is my love letter to Medicaid.
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ื ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืžื“ื™ืงืื™ื™ื“.
05:20
Every row of data is a life
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ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื
05:22
whose story deserves to be told with dignity.
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ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
05:25
JD: And Jini's story tells us
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ื’.ื“: ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื ื™ ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื•
05:27
that a compelling sense of why can be the launchpad for our objectives.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ "ืœืžื”" ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจืฉ ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
05:32
Remember, that's what we want to have accomplished.
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ื–ื›ืจื•, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
05:35
And objectives are significant,
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ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
05:38
they're action-oriented,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช-ืคืขื•ืœื”,
05:40
they are inspiring,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืื”,
05:43
and they're a kind of vaccine against fuzzy thinking.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืขื•ืจืคืœืช.
05:46
You think a rockstar
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืจื•ืง
05:48
would be an unlikely user of Objectives and Key Results,
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ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืคืชื—,
05:51
but for years, Bono has used OKRs
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืช"ืž
05:54
to wage a global war against poverty and disease,
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ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
05:58
and his ONE organization has focused on two really gorgeous,
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ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ONE ืฉืœื• ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช
06:03
audacious objectives.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช.
06:04
The first is debt relief
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืœืช ื—ื•ื‘
06:07
for the poorest countries in the world.
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
06:09
The next is universal access to anti-HIV drugs.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ HIV.
06:14
Now, why are these good objectives?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช?
06:16
Let's go back to our checklist.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงืจื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•:
06:18
Significant? Check. Concrete? Yes.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช? ื›ืŸ. ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช? ื›ืŸ.
06:22
Action-oriented? Yes.
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ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื”? ื›ืŸ.
06:24
Inspirational?
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ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืื”?
06:26
Well, let's just listen to Bono.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื•ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื•ื ื•.
06:28
(Video) Bono: So you're passionate?
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ื‘ื•ื ื•: ืื– ืืชื” ืžืœื ืชืฉื•ืงื”?
06:30
How passionate?
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ื›ืžื” ืžืœื?
06:31
What actions does your passion lead you to do?
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ืœืื™ืœื• ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœืš ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชืš?
06:34
If the heart doesn't find a perfect rhyme with the head,
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ืื ื”ืœื‘ ืœื ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขื ื”ืจืืฉ,
06:37
then your passion means nothing.
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ืื– ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœืš ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื•ื.
06:39
The OKR framework cultivates the madness,
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ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืช"ืž ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ,
06:43
the chemistry contained inside it.
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ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืžื•ื›ืœืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
06:45
It gives us an environment for risk,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
06:48
for trust,
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ืœืืžื•ื ื”,
06:49
where failing is not a fireable offense.
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ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื™ืœื” ืœืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
06:51
And when you have that sort of structure and environment
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ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืืœื•
06:54
and the right people,
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื,
06:56
magic is around the corner.
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ื”ืงืกื ื ืžืฆื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ื ื”.
07:00
JD: I love that.
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ื’.ื“: ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”.
07:02
OKRs cultivate the madness,
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ืžืช"ืž ืžื˜ืคื— ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ,
07:04
and magic is right around the corner.
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ื•ื”ืงืกื ื ืžืฆื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ื ื”.
07:07
This is perfect.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืœื.
07:10
So with Jini we've covered the whys,
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ืื– ืขื ื’'ื™ื ื™ ืกืงืจื ื• ืืช ื”"ืœืžื”".
07:13
with Bono the whats of goal-setting.
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ืขื ื‘ื•ื ื• ืืช ื”"ืžื”" ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช.
07:15
Let's turn our attention to the hows.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืคื ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืืœ ื”"ืื™ืš".
07:18
Remember, the hows are the key results.
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ื–ื›ืจื•, ื”"ืื™ืš" ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื—.
07:20
That's how we meet our objectives.
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ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:23
And good results are specific and time-bound.
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ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
07:25
They're aggressive but realistic.
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ื”ืŸ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืจืืœื™ื•ืช.
07:27
They're measurable, and they're verifiable.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื•ืœืืžืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
07:29
Those are good key results.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
07:32
In 1999, I introduced OKRs to Google's cofounders,
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ื‘1999 ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืืช ืžืช"ืž ืœืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ,
07:37
Larry and Sergey.
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ืœืืจื™ ื•ืกืจื’ื™ื™.
07:38
Here they are, 24 years old in their garage.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื, ื‘ื ื™ 24 ื‘ื’ืืจื–' ืฉืœื”ื.
07:41
And Sergey enthusiastically said he'd adopt them.
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ื•ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ืืžืฆื• ืื•ืชืŸ.
07:45
Well, not quite.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
07:48
What he really said was,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืืžืจ ื”ื™ื”
07:49
"We don't have any other way to manage this company,
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"ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
07:52
so we'll give it a go."
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ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช."
07:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:54
And I took that as a kind of endorsement.
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ื•ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ.
07:58
But every quarter since then,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืžืื–,
08:00
every Googler has written down her objectives and her key results.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœื•.
08:06
They've graded them,
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ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื,
08:07
and they've published them for everyone to see.
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ื•ื”ื ืคืจืกืžื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื.
08:10
And these are not used for bonuses or for promotions.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืกื™ื ืื• ืงื™ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
08:13
They're set aside.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“.
08:14
They're used for a higher purpose,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื–ื•,
08:16
and that's to get collective commitment
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
08:18
to truly stretch goals.
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ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืžืชื•ื— ืžื˜ืจื•ืช.
08:21
In 2008, a Googler, Sundar Pichai, took on an objective
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ื‘2008 ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ืกื•ื ืืจ ืคื™ืฆ'ืื™, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืžื˜ืจื”
08:26
which was to build the next generation client platform
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื”ื‘ืื”
08:29
for the future of web applications --
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ืœืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช --
08:32
in other words, build the best browser.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:36
He was very thoughtful about how he chose his key results.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื”ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœื•.
08:39
How do you measure the best browser?
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ืื™ืš ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
08:41
It could be ad clicks or engagement.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ืื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช
08:43
No. He said: numbers of users,
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ืœื. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
08:47
because users are going to decide
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
08:49
if Chrome is a great browser or not.
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ืื ื›ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืื• ืœื.
08:52
So he had this one three-year-long objective:
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื:
08:55
build the best browser.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
08:56
And then every year he stuck to the same key results,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื—,
08:59
numbers of users, but he upped the ante.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ.
09:01
In the first year, his goal was 20 million users
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” 20 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
09:04
and he missed it.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
09:05
He got less than 10.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-10 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ.
09:06
Second year, he raised the bar to 50 million.
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืฃ ืœ-50 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
09:09
He got to 37 million users.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-37 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
09:11
Somewhat better.
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ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:13
In the third year,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช,
09:16
he upped the ante once more to a hundred million.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืฃ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืžืื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ.
09:18
He launched an aggressive marketing campaign,
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ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™,
09:21
broader distribution, improved the technology, and kaboom!
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ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื”, ืฉื™ืคืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื•ื!
09:24
He got 111 million users.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-111 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
09:28
Here's why I like this story,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
09:30
not so much for the happy ending,
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื—,
09:32
but it shows someone carefully choosing the right objective
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ืืœื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”,
09:36
and then sticking to it year after year after year.
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ื•ืื– ื“ื•ื‘ืง ื‘ื” ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”.
09:40
It's a perfect story for a nerd like me.
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ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื—ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื ื™.
09:44
Now, I think of OKRs as transparent vessels
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžืช"ืž ื›ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื
09:47
that are made from the whats and hows of our ambitions.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”-"ืžื”" ื•ื”-"ืื™ืš" ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:52
What really matters is the why that we pour into those vessels.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”-"ืœืžื”" ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื›ืœื™ื.
09:58
That's why we do our work.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
10:00
OKRs are not a silver bullet.
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ืžืช"ืž ื”ืŸ ืœื ืงืœื™ืข ื›ืกื•ืฃ.
10:03
They're not going to be a substitute for a strong culture
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื”
10:06
or for stronger leadership,
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ืื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื”,
10:07
but when those fundamentals are in place, they can take you to the mountaintop.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื›ื ืืœ ืคืกื’ืช ื”ื”ืจ.
10:12
I want you to think about your life for a moment.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœืจื’ืข.
10:16
Do you have the right metrics?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช?
10:19
Take time to write down your values,
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
10:23
your objectives and your key results.
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ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื—.
10:27
Do it today.
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ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
10:29
If you'd like some feedback on them, you can send them to me.
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื ืืœื™ื™.
10:32
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ืื ื™ [email protected].
10:35
If we think of the world-changing goals
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืช-ื”ืขื•ืœื
10:38
of an Intel, of a Nuna, of Bono,
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ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœ, ืฉืœ ื ื•ื ื”, ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื ื•,
10:43
of Google,
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ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ,
10:44
they're remarkable:
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ:
10:46
ubiquitous computing,
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ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
10:48
affordable health care, high-quality for everyone,
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ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’-ื™ื“ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื,
10:51
ending global poverty,
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ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™,
10:53
access to all the world's information.
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
10:55
Here's the deal:
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื”:
10:57
every one of those goals is powered today by OKRs.
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ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืช"ืž.
11:03
Now, I've been called the Johnny Appleseed of OKRs
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืงืจืืชื™ ื’'ื•ื ื™ ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืžืช"ืž
11:06
for spreading the good gospel according to Andy Grove,
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ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืคืฆืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื‘,
11:09
but I want you to join me in this movement.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืืชื ืชืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื™ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื•.
11:13
Let's fight for what it is that really matters,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืœื—ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
11:15
because we can take OKRs beyond our businesses.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืžืช"ืž ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
11:19
We can take them to our families,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ืืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
11:21
to our schools,
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ืœื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ,
11:22
even to our governments.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
11:24
We can hold those governments accountable.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
11:26
We can transform those informations.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
11:28
We can get back on the right track
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืœืš
11:34
if we can and do measure what really matters.
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ืื ื ืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
11:42
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
11:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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