The biology of gender, from DNA to the brain | Karissa Sanbonmatsu

347,263 views ใƒป 2019-02-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ruth Veksler ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Weisman
00:14
So what does it mean to be a woman?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื”?
00:19
We all have XX chromosomes, right?
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ XX, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:22
Actually, that's not true.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:25
Some women are mosaics.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืŸ ืคืกื™ืคืก.
00:26
They have a mix of chromosome types with X, with XY or with XXX.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืžื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื X, ืขื XY ืื• ืขื XXX.
00:33
If it's not just about our chromosomes,
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ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืจืง ืœื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:35
then what is being a woman about?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื”?
00:38
Being feminine?
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืช?
00:40
Getting married?
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ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ?
00:41
Having kids?
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื?
00:43
You don't have to look far to find fantastic exceptions
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื•ืช
00:47
to these rules,
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ืžื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
00:48
but we all share something that makes us women.
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ืืš ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื ืฉื™ื.
00:53
Maybe that something is in our brains.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
00:57
You might have heard theories from last century
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœื›ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช
01:00
about how men are better at math than women
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื ืฉื™ื
01:03
because they have bigger brains.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:05
These theories have been debunked.
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ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคืจื›ื•.
01:07
The average man has a brain about three times smaller
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ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”
01:10
than the average elephant,
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ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
01:12
but that doesn't mean
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
01:13
the average man is three times dumber than an elephant ...
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ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืคื™ืœ...
01:16
or does it?
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ืื• ืฉื›ืŸ?
01:17
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:20
There's a new wave of female neuroscientists
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ื™ืฉ ื’ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื•ืช ืžื•ื—
01:25
that are finding important differences between female and male brains
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ืฉืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื™ื
01:29
in neuron connectivity,
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ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื,
01:31
in brain structure, in brain activity.
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ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื—, ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช.
01:34
They're finding that the brain is like a patchwork mosaic --
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ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืคืกื™ืคืก ื˜ืœืื™ื --
01:38
a mixture.
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ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช.
01:40
Women have mostly female patches and a few male patches.
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ืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื˜ืœืื™ื ื ืงื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ื˜ืœืื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื.
01:44
With all this new data, what does it mean to be a woman?
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื”?
01:49
This is something that I've been thinking about almost my entire life.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™.
01:53
When people learn that I'm a woman who happens to be transgender,
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ื›ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื’ื ื˜ืจื ืกื’'ื ื“ืจื™ืช,
01:57
they always ask,
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ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื:
01:59
"How do you know you're a woman?"
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"ืื™ืš ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืืช ืื™ืฉื”?"
02:02
As a scientist, I'm searching for a biological basis of gender.
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ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ.
02:07
I want to understand what makes me me.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžื™ ืฉืื ื™.
02:12
New discoveries at the front edge of science
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ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืข
02:15
are shedding light on the biomarkers that define gender.
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ืฉื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ.
02:19
My colleagues and I in genetics, neuroscience, physiology and psychology,
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ืื ื™ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:26
we're trying to figure out exactly how gender works.
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ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ.
02:29
These vastly different fields share a common connection --
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ --
02:33
epigenetics.
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ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”.
02:35
In epigenetics, we're studying how DNA activity
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ื‘ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื "ื
02:41
can actually radically and permanently change,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช,
02:44
even though the sequence stays the same.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืฆืฃ ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื”.
02:48
DNA is the long, string-like molecule that winds up inside our cells.
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ื“ื "ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช-ื”ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ืฉืžืคื•ืชืœืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:53
There's so much DNA
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื "ื
02:54
that it actually gets tangled into these knot-like things --
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื‘ืš ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืงืฉืจื™ื --
02:57
we'll just call them knots.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื ืงืฉืจื™ื.
03:00
So external factors change how those DNA knots are formed.
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื "ื.
03:06
You can think of it like this:
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš:
03:08
inside our cells, there's different contraptions building things,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
03:14
connecting circuits,
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ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื,
03:15
doing all the things they need to make life happen.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช.
03:19
Here's one that's sort of reading the DNA and making RNA.
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ื”ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืฉืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ื“ื "ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืจื "ื.
03:25
And then this one is carrying a huge sac of neurotransmitters
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื
03:29
from one end of the brain cell
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ืžืงืฆื” ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื ื”ืžื•ื— ืืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:30
to the other.
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03:32
Don't they get hazard pay for this kind of work?
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ืœื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืชื•ืกืคืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”?
03:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:36
This one is an entire molecular factory --
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืคืขืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื --
03:38
some say it's the secret to life.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:40
It's call the ribosome.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ื.
03:42
I've been studying this since 2001.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 2001.
03:46
One of the stunning things about our cells
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:49
is that the components inside them are actually biodegradable.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
03:53
They dissolve,
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ื”ื ืžืชืžื•ืกืกื™ื,
03:55
and then they're rebuilt each day,
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ื•ืื– ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
03:57
kind of like a traveling carnival
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ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื™ืจื™ื“ ื ื•ื“ื“,
03:59
where the rides are taken down and then rebuilt every single day.
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ืื– ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
04:04
A big difference between our cells and the traveling carnival
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“
04:08
is that in the carnival,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื™ื“,
04:10
there are skilled craftsmen that rebuild the rides each day.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
04:15
In our cells, there are no such skilled craftsmen,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื›ืืœื”,
04:17
only dumb builder machines
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ืจืง ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช
04:19
that build whatever's written in the plans,
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ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช,
04:21
no matter what those plans say.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช.
04:24
Those plans are the DNA.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื "ื.
04:27
The instructions for every nook and cranny inside our cells.
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ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:32
If everything in, say, our brain cells
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ืื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•,
04:35
dissolves almost every day,
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ืžืชืžื•ืกืก ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
04:37
then how can the brain remember anything past one day?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ื“?
04:40
That's where DNA comes in.
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื“ื "ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
04:42
DNA is one of the those things that does not dissolve.
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ื“ื "ื ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชืžื•ืกืกื™ื.
04:46
But for DNA to remember that something happened,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื "ื ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ,
04:48
it has to change somehow.
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ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื.
04:51
We know the change can't be in the sequence;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆืฃ;
04:53
if it changed sequence all the time,
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ืื ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
04:55
then we might be growing like, a new ear or a new eyeball every single day.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื•ื–ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืื• ืขื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
05:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:01
So, instead it changes shape,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื” ืฆื•ืจื”,
05:03
and that's where those DNA knots come in.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื "ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
05:05
You can think of them like DNA memory.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืขืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื“ื "ื.
05:09
When something big in our life happens,
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ื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
05:11
like a traumatic childhood event,
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™,
05:14
stress hormones flood our brain.
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ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
05:16
The stress hormones don't affect the sequence of DNA,
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ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืœื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื“ื "ื,
05:19
but they do change the shape.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื”.
05:21
They affect that part of DNA
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ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื‘ื“ื "ื
05:24
with the instructions for molecular machines that reduce stress.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ.
05:28
That piece of DNA gets wound up into a knot,
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ืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื "ื ืžืชืคืชืœืช ืœืชื•ืš ืงืฉืจ,
05:31
and now the dumb builder machines can't read the plans they need
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ
05:35
to build the machines that reduce stress.
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ.
05:38
That's a mouthful, but it's what's happening on the microscale.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•.
05:41
On the macroscale, you practically lose the ability to deal with stress,
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืืงืจื•, ืืชื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืœื—ืฅ,
05:44
and that's bad.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข.
05:46
And that's how DNA can remember what happens in the past.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื "ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
05:51
This is what I think was happening to me
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืงืจื” ืœื™
05:53
when I first started my gender transition.
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœื™.
05:57
I knew I was a woman on the inside,
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื,
05:59
and I wore women's clothes on the outside,
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ื•ืœื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
06:02
but everyone saw me as a man in a dress.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืจืื• ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืจ ืขื ืฉืžืœื”.
06:07
I felt like no matter how many things I try,
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืื ืกื”,
06:12
no one would ever really see me as a woman.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืจืื” ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืื™ืฉื”.
06:14
In science, your credibility is everything,
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ื‘ืžื“ืข, ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืœ,
06:17
and people were snickering in the hallways,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื—ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
06:21
giving me stares,
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ืœื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
06:23
looks of disgust --
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ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืขืœ --
06:25
afraid to be near me.
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ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™.
06:28
I remember my first big talk after transition.
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
06:31
It was in Italy.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”.
06:32
I'd given prestigious talks before,
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
06:34
but this one, I was terrified.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ื”ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืขืชืช.
06:37
I looked out into the audience,
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ,
06:39
and the whispers started --
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ืช --
06:42
the stares,
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ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื,
06:43
the smirks, the chuckles.
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ื”ื’ื™ื—ื•ื›ื™ื, ื”ืฆื—ืงื•ืงื™ื.
06:46
To this day, I still have social anxiety around my experience eight years ago.
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ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ืจื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื.
06:53
I lost hope.
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ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
06:56
Don't worry, I've had therapy so I'm OK --
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ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื– ืื ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ --
06:59
I'm OK now.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
07:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:02
(Cheers)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
07:04
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:08
But I felt enough is enough:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ืกืคื™ืง.
07:10
I'm a scientist,
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช,
07:12
I have a doctorate in astrophysics,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
07:14
I've published in the top journals,
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ืคื™ืจืกืžืชื™ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ื”ื›ื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
07:16
in wave-particle interactions, space physics,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ืœ-ื—ืœืงื™ืง, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื—ืœืœ,
07:18
nucleic acid biochemistry.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ.
07:20
I've actually been trained to get to the bottom of things, so --
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื›ืฉืจืชื™ ืœืจื“ืช ืœืขื•ืžืงื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื– --
07:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:25
I went online --
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ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืจืฉืช --
07:26
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:31
So I went online, and I found fascinating research papers.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืจืฉืช, ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืžืจืชืงื™ื.
07:35
I learned that these DNA knot things are not always bad.
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื“ื "ื ื”ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืขื™ื.
07:38
Actually, the knotting and unknotting --
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืงืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืจื” ืฉืœื”ื --
07:40
it's like a complicated computer language.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืช ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช.
07:43
It programs our bodies with exquisite precision.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื›ื ืชืช ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื•ืงืคื“.
07:47
So when we get pregnant,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ,
07:49
our fertilized eggs grow into newborn babies.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืจื›ื™ื.
07:53
This process requires thousands of DNA decisions to happen.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืœืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื“ื "ื.
07:57
Should an embryo cell become a blood cell?
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ื”ืื ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืชื ื“ื?
08:00
A heart cell? A brain cell?
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ืœืชื ืœื‘, ืœืชื ืžื•ื—?
08:02
And the decisions happen at different times during pregnancy.
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ื•ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
08:06
Some in the first trimester, some in the second trimester
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื—ืœืงืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™
08:09
and some in the third trimester.
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ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
08:14
To truly understand DNA decision-making,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื "ื,
08:17
we need to see the process of knot formation in atomic detail.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช.
08:21
Even the most powerful microscopes can't see this.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช.
08:26
What if we tried to simulate these on a computer?
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ืžื” ืื ื ื ืกื” ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘?
08:29
For that we'd need a million computers to do that.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
08:34
That's exactly what we have at Los Alamos Labs --
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื•ืก ืืœืžื•ืก --
08:37
a million computers connected in a giant warehouse.
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื—ืกืŸ ืขื ืง.
08:42
So here we're showing the DNA making up an entire gene
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ื“ื "ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ืŸ ืฉืœื
08:46
folded into very specific shapes of knots.
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ืžืงื•ืคืœ ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื.
08:50
For the first time,
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
08:51
my team has simulated an entire gene of DNA --
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื’ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื "ื --
08:55
the largest biomolecular simulation performed to date.
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ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืขื“ ื›ื”.
09:00
For the first time, we're beginning to understand the unsolved problem
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืคืชื•ืจื”
09:03
of how hormones trigger the formation of these knots.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
09:09
DNA knot formation can be seen beautifully in calico cats.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ ื“ื "ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืคื” ื‘ื—ืชื•ืœื•ืช ืงืืœื™ืงื•.
09:14
The decision between orange and black
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ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืจ
09:16
happens early on in the womb,
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืจื—ื,
09:19
so that orange-and-black patchy pattern,
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœืื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
09:21
it's an exact readout of what happened
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืœื˜ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
09:24
when that cat was just a tiny little kitten embryo
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ืชื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื—ืชืœืชื•ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ
09:26
inside her mom's womb.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจื—ื ืื™ืžื”.
09:28
And the patchy pattern actually happens in our brains and in cancer.
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ื•ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœืื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
09:34
It's directly related to intellectual disability and breast cancer.
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ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“.
09:39
These DNA decisions also happen in other parts of the body.
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื“ื "ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
09:44
It turns out that the precursor genitals transform into either female or male
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืŸ ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื ืงื‘ื™ ืื• ืœื–ื›ืจื™
09:49
during the first trimester of pregnancy.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
09:51
The precursor brains, on the other hand,
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ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืŸ ืœืžื•ื—, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
09:54
transform into female or male during the second trimester of pregnancy.
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื ืงื‘ื™ ืื• ืœื–ื›ืจื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ืจื™ืžืกื˜ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
09:58
So the current working model
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™
10:00
is that a unique mix in my mom's womb
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื—ื ืืžื™
10:04
caused the precursor genitals to transform one way,
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ื’ืจื ืœืงื•ื“ืžืŸ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช,
10:08
but the precursor brain to transform the other way.
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ืืš ืœืงื•ื“ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
10:15
Most of epigenetic research
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™
10:17
has really focused on stress, anxiety, depression --
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ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ, ื—ืจื“ื”, ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ --
10:20
kind of a downer,
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ื“ื™ ืžื‘ืืก,
10:21
kind of bad things.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ืจืขื™ื.
10:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:24
But nowadays --
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ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ --
10:25
the latest stuff --
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืขื”.
10:27
people are looking at relaxation.
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10:28
Can that have a positive effect on your DNA?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื "ื ืฉืœื›ื?
10:32
Right now we're missing key data from mice models.
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ื›ืจื’ืข ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžืคืชื— ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.
10:36
We know that mice relax,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืจื’ืขื™ื,
10:38
but could they meditate like the Dalai Lama?
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ืืš ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ืœืื™ ืœืืžื”?
10:42
Achieve enlightenment?
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืืจื”?
10:43
Could they move stones with their mind like Jedi Master Yoda?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ืžืืกื˜ืจ ื”ื’'ื“ื™ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื”?
10:47
(Yoda voice): Hm, a Jedi mouse must feel the force flow, hm.
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(ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื“ื”): ืขืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’'ื“ื™ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื—.
10:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:53
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:57
I wonder if the support I've had since that talk back in Italy
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ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืื ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื– ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”
11:01
has tried to unwind my DNA.
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ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื "ื ืฉืœื™.
11:04
Having a great circle of friends, supportive parents
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื
11:07
and being in a loving relationship
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช
11:09
has actually given me strength and hope to help others.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
11:13
At work I wear a rainbow bracelet.
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ื ื“ืช ืฆืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืงืฉืช.
11:16
Sometimes it raises eyebrows, but it also raises awareness.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื” ืืš ื’ื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
11:20
There's so many transgender people --
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ืจื ืกื’'ื ื“ืจื™ื --
11:22
especially women of color --
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื ืฉื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช --
11:24
that are just one demeaning comment away from taking their own lives.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืขืจื” ืžืฉืคื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืžืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
11:31
Forty percent of us attempt suicide.
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ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“.
11:35
If you're listening and you feel like you have no other option,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืืฃ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช,
11:40
try to call a friend,
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ื ืกื• ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ,
11:42
go online or try to get in a support group.
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ื”ื›ื ืกื• ืœืจืฉืช ื•ื ืกื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชืžื™ื›ื”.
11:45
If you're a woman who's not transgender but you know pain of isolation,
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ืื ืืชืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื˜ืจื ืกื’'ื ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ืืš ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ืื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“,
11:50
of sexual assault --
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ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช --
11:52
reach out.
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ื‘ืงืฉื• ืขื–ืจื”.
11:56
So what does it mean to be a woman?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื”?
12:00
The latest research is showing
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืžืจืื”
12:02
that female and male brains do develop differently in the womb,
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ื›ื™ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืงื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื,
12:06
possibly giving us females this innate sense of being a woman.
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ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืฆืœื™ื ื• ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื”.
12:11
On the other hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
12:12
maybe it's our shared sense of commonality that makes us women.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื ืฉื™ื.
12:18
We come in so many different shapes and sizes
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ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื
12:20
that asking what it means to be a woman may not be the right question.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
12:24
It's like asking a calico cat what it means to be a calico cat.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืฉืืœ ื—ืชื•ืœืช ืงืืœื™ืงื• ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืชื•ืœืช ืงืืœื™ืงื•.
12:29
Maybe becoming a woman means accepting ourselves
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
12:34
for who we really are
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ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช
12:36
and acknowledging the same in each other.
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืื—ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
12:39
I see you.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืชื›ืŸ.
12:41
And you've just seen me.
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ื•ื”ืจื’ืข ืืชืŸ ืจืื™ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื™.
12:44
(Applause and cheers)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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