Jill Tarter: Why the search for alien intelligence matters

181,437 views ใƒป 2009-02-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:20
So, my question:
0
20160
2000
ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ ื”ื™ื:
00:22
are we alone?
1
22160
2000
ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“?
00:24
The story of humans is the story of ideas --
2
24160
4000
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช --
00:28
scientific ideas that shine light into dark corners,
3
28160
5000
ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื›ื•ืช,
00:33
ideas that we embrace rationally and irrationally,
4
33160
5000
ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช,
00:38
ideas for which we've lived and died and killed and been killed,
5
38160
5000
ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืžืชื ื• ื•ื”ืจื’ื ื• ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื ื•,
00:43
ideas that have vanished in history,
6
43160
2000
ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืœืžื• ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
00:45
and ideas that have been set in dogma.
7
45160
3000
ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
00:49
It's a story of nations,
8
49160
3000
ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื•ืช,
00:53
of ideologies,
9
53160
3000
ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
00:57
of territories,
10
57160
2000
ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:00
and of conflicts among them.
11
60160
4000
ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
01:05
But, every moment of human history,
12
65160
4000
ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:09
from the Stone Age to the Information Age,
13
69160
4000
ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข,
01:13
from Sumer and Babylon to the iPod and celebrity gossip,
14
73160
5000
ืžืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืœืื™ื™ืคื•ื“ ื•ืžื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช,
01:18
they've all been carried out --
15
78160
5000
ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• --
01:23
every book that you've read,
16
83160
2000
ื›ืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉืงืจืืชื,
01:25
every poem, every laugh, every tear --
17
85160
5000
ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื”, ื›ืœ ืฆื—ื•ืง, ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืžืขื”,
01:30
they've all happened here.
18
90160
3000
ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื›ืืŸ.
01:34
Here.
19
94160
2000
ื›ืืŸ.
01:37
Here.
20
97160
2000
ื›ืืŸ.
01:41
Here.
21
101160
2000
ื›ืืŸ.
01:44
(Laughter)
22
104160
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:47
Perspective is a very powerful thing.
23
107160
3000
ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“.
01:50
Perspectives can change.
24
110160
3000
ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
01:53
Perspectives can be altered.
25
113160
3000
ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช.
01:56
From my perspective, we live on a fragile island of life,
26
116160
6000
ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื™, ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:02
in a universe of possibilities.
27
122160
4000
ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:06
For many millennia, humans have been on a journey to find answers,
28
126160
7000
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืกืข ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
02:13
answers to questions about naturalism and transcendence,
29
133160
5000
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
02:18
about who we are and why we are,
30
138160
4000
ืขืœ, ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•, ื•ืขืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
02:22
and of course, who else might be out there.
31
142160
3000
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
02:28
Is it really just us?
32
148160
4000
ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื” ืจืง ืื ื—ื ื•?
02:32
Are we alone in this vast universe
33
152160
3000
ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืขื ืง ื”ื–ื”
02:35
of energy and matter and chemistry and physics?
34
155160
3000
ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”?
02:39
Well, if we are, it's an awful waste of space.
35
159160
4000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“, ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื ื•ืจืื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื.
02:43
(Laughter)
36
163160
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:45
But, what if we're not?
37
165160
2000
ืื‘ืœ, ืžื” ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืœื‘ื“?
02:47
What if, out there, others are asking and answering similar questions?
38
167160
6000
ืžื” ืื, ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช?
02:53
What if they look up at the night sky, at the same stars,
39
173160
4000
ืžื” ืื ื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
02:57
but from the opposite side?
40
177160
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš?
03:00
Would the discovery of an older cultural civilization out there
41
180160
8000
ื”ืื ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
03:08
inspire us to find ways to survive
42
188160
5000
ื™ื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
03:13
our increasingly uncertain technological adolescence?
43
193160
5000
ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœ-ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช?
03:18
Might it be the discovery of a distant civilization
44
198160
4000
ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืงื•ืกืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
03:22
and our common cosmic origins
45
202160
3000
ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื•ืœื ื•
03:25
that finally drives home the message of the bond among all humans?
46
205160
6000
ืฉื™ืฉื›ื ืข ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื?
03:31
Whether we're born in San Francisco, or Sudan,
47
211160
3000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ื•ืœื“ื ื• ื‘ืกืŸ-ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื•, ืื• ืกื•ื“ืŸ,
03:34
or close to the heart of the Milky Way galaxy,
48
214160
3000
ืื• ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืœื‘ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘,
03:37
we are the products of a billion-year lineage of wandering stardust.
49
217160
7000
ืื ื• ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื‘ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืง ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“.
03:44
We, all of us,
50
224160
3000
ืื ื•, ื›ื•ืœื ื•,
03:47
are what happens when a primordial mixture of hydrogen and helium
51
227160
4000
ื”ื™ื ื ื• ืžื” ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืœื™ื•ื
03:51
evolves for so long that it begins to ask where it came from.
52
231160
5000
ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ื›ื” ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื”.
03:57
Fifty years ago,
53
237160
2000
ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”,
03:59
the journey to find answers took a different path
54
239160
5000
ื”ืžืกืข ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชืคื ื™ืช
04:04
and SETI, the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence,
55
244160
3000
ื•-SETI, ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
04:07
began.
56
247160
2000
ื”ื—ืœ.
04:09
So, what exactly is SETI?
57
249160
2000
ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง SETI?
04:11
Well, SETI uses the tools of astronomy
58
251160
3000
SETI ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”
04:14
to try and find evidence of someone else's technology out there.
59
254160
5000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ืจื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
04:19
Our own technologies are visible over interstellar distances,
60
259160
3000
ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื™ื,
04:22
and theirs might be as well.
61
262160
3000
ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:25
It might be that some massive network of communications,
62
265160
4000
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื–ื• ืจืฉืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช,
04:29
or some shield against asteroidal impact,
63
269160
3000
ืื• ืื™ื–ื” ืžื’ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื,
04:32
or some huge astro-engineering project that we can't even begin to conceive of,
64
272160
5000
ืื• ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ื–ื-ื—ืœืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืขื ืง ืฉืื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•,
04:37
could generate signals at radio or optical frequencies
65
277160
4000
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ืื• ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช
04:41
that a determined program of searching might detect.
66
281160
4000
ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืืชืจ.
04:45
For millennia, we've actually turned to the priests and the philosophers
67
285160
4000
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ ื“ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื
04:49
for guidance and instruction on this question of whether there's intelligent life out there.
68
289160
6000
ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
04:55
Now, we can use the tools of the 21st century to try and observe what is,
69
295160
6000
ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ
05:01
rather than ask what should be, believed.
70
301160
4000
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ ื‘ืžื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ.
05:05
SETI doesn't presume the existence of extra terrestrial intelligence;
71
305160
5000
SETI ืœื ืžื ื™ื— ืžืจืืฉ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื—ื•ืฅ-ืืจืฆื™ืช,
05:10
it merely notes the possibility, if not the probability
72
310160
4000
ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ืื ืœื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช
05:14
in this vast universe, which seems fairly uniform.
73
314160
4000
ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืืฉืจ ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ื“.
05:18
The numbers suggest a universe of possibilities.
74
318160
3000
ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืงื•ื ืžืœื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:21
Our sun is one of 400 billion stars in our galaxy,
75
321160
6000
ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืž-400 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
05:27
and we know that many other stars have planetary systems.
76
327160
5000
ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช.
05:32
We've discovered over 350 in the last 14 years,
77
332160
4000
ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžืขืœ 350 ื‘-14 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
05:36
including the small planet, announced earlier this week,
78
336160
6000
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืงื˜ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื– ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
05:42
which has a radius just twice the size of the Earth.
79
342160
4000
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:46
And, if even all of the planetary systems in our galaxy were devoid of life,
80
346160
9000
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
05:55
there are still 100 billion other galaxies out there,
81
355160
2000
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
05:57
altogether 10^22 stars.
82
357160
3000
ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 22 ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
06:00
Now, I'm going to try a trick, and recreate an experiment from this morning.
83
360160
5000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืื ืกื” ืื™ื–ื” ืชื›ืกื™ืก ื•ืืฉื—ื–ืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
06:05
Remember, one billion?
84
365160
2000
ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“?
06:07
But, this time not one billion dollars, one billion stars.
85
367160
4000
ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืืœื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
06:11
Alright, one billion stars.
86
371160
2000
ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
06:13
Now, up there, 20 feet above the stage,
87
373160
3000
ื›ืขืช, ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”, 20 ืจื’ืœ ืžืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”,
06:16
that's 10 trillion.
88
376160
2000
ื–ื” 10 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
06:18
Well, what about 10^22?
89
378160
3000
ืื– ืžื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 22?
06:21
Where's the line that marks that?
90
381160
3000
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื• ืฉืžืกืžืŸ ืืช ื–ื”?
06:24
That line would have to be 3.8 million miles above this stage.
91
384160
6000
ื”ืงื• ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” 3.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืžืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:30
(Laughter)
92
390160
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:31
16 times farther away than the moon,
93
391160
3000
ืคื™ 16 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืจื—,
06:34
or four percent of the distance to the sun.
94
394160
2000
ืื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืžืจื—ืง ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
06:36
So, there are many possibilities.
95
396160
3000
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
06:39
(Laughter)
96
399160
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:41
And much of this vast universe,
97
401160
3000
ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:44
much more may be habitable than we once thought,
98
404160
3000
ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืคืขื,
06:47
as we study extremophiles on Earth --
99
407160
2000
ื›ื›ืœ ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื --
06:49
organisms that can live in conditions totally inhospitable for us,
100
409160
4000
ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•,
06:53
in the hot, high pressure thermal vents at the bottom of the ocean,
101
413160
7000
ื‘ืคืชื—ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
07:00
frozen in ice, in boiling battery acid,
102
420160
4000
ืื• ืงืคื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืจื—, ืื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืจื•ืชื—ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช,
07:04
in the cooling waters of nuclear reactors.
103
424160
4000
ืื• ื‘ืžื™-ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
07:08
These extremophiles tell us that life may exist in many other environments.
104
428160
6000
ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
07:15
But those environments are going to be widely spaced in this universe.
105
435160
4000
ืืœื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื–ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื–ื”.
07:19
Even our nearest star, the Sun --
106
439160
2000
ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื•, ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
07:21
its emissions suffer the tyranny of light speed.
107
441160
5000
ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื›ืคื•ืคื” ืœืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
07:26
It takes a full eight minutes for its radiation to reach us.
108
446160
3000
ืœื•ืงื— ืœืงืจื™ื ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืืœื™ื ื•.
07:29
And the nearest star is 4.2 light years away,
109
449160
3000
ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 4.2 ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ,
07:32
which means its light takes 4.2 years to get here.
110
452160
4000
ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืœื•ืงื— ืœืื•ืจื• 4.2 ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื•.
07:36
And the edge of our galaxy is 75,000 light years away,
111
456160
4000
ื•ืงืฆื” ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 75,000 ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
07:40
and the nearest galaxy to us, 2.5 million light years.
112
460160
5000
ื•ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ.
07:45
That means any signal we detect would have started its journey a long time ago.
113
465160
5000
ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืขื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
07:51
And a signal would give us a glimpse of their past,
114
471160
5000
ื•ืื•ืช ื›ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืฆื” ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื”ื,
07:56
not their present.
115
476160
2000
ืœื ืœื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
07:58
Which is why Phil Morrison calls SETI, "the archaeology of the future."
116
478160
5000
ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืคื™ืœ ืžื•ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื›ื ื” ืืช SETI, "ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“".
08:03
It tells us about their past,
117
483160
3000
SETI ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืขื‘ืจื,
08:06
but detection of a signal tells us it's possible for us to have a long future.
118
486160
8000
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ ืืจื•ืš.
08:14
I think this is what David Deutsch meant in 2005,
119
494160
3000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื–ื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘-2005,
08:17
when he ended his Oxford TEDTalk
120
497160
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฆืืช ื”-TED ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“
08:19
by saying he had two principles he'd like to share for living,
121
499160
5000
ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ืง,
08:24
and he would like to carve them on stone tablets.
122
504160
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืจื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืื‘ืŸ.
08:27
The first is that problems are inevitable.
123
507160
4000
ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขื•ืช.
08:31
The second is that problems are soluble.
124
511160
4000
ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืคืชื™ืจื•ืช.
08:38
So, ultimately what's going to determine the success or failure of SETI
125
518160
5000
ืžื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื• ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ SETI
08:43
is the longevity of technologies,
126
523160
3000
ื–ื” ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
08:47
and the mean distance between technologies in the cosmos --
127
527160
6000
ื•ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื --
08:53
distance over space and distance over time.
128
533160
3000
ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื•ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
08:57
If technologies don't last and persist,
129
537160
3000
ืื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืชืชืงื™ื™ืžื ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
09:00
we will not succeed.
130
540160
2000
ืœื ื ืฆืœื™ื—.
09:02
And we're a very young technology
131
542160
2000
ื•ืื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื“
09:04
in an old galaxy,
132
544160
3000
ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื–ืงื ื”,
09:07
and we don't yet know whether it's possible for technologies to persist.
133
547160
5000
ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชืชืงื™ื™ืžื ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
09:12
So, up until now I've been talking to you about really large numbers.
134
552160
5000
ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
09:17
Let me talk about a relatively small number.
135
557160
3000
ืื– ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื, ืื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
09:20
And that's the length of time that the Earth was lifeless.
136
560160
5000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:25
Zircons that are mined in the Jack Hills of western Australia,
137
565160
7000
ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืฉื ื›ืจื• ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื’'ืง ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
09:32
zircons taken from the Jack Hills of western Australia
138
572160
3000
ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืžืฉื
09:36
tell us that within a few hundred million years of the origin of the planet
139
576160
5000
ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
09:41
there was abundant water and perhaps even life.
140
581160
3000
ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:44
So, our planet has spent the vast majority of its 4.56 billion year history
141
584160
9000
ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืช 4.56 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื•
09:53
developing life,
142
593160
2000
ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•,
09:55
not anticipating its emergence.
143
595160
2000
ื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื.
09:57
Life happened very quickly,
144
597160
2000
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ,
09:59
and that bodes well for the potential of life elsewhere in the cosmos.
145
599160
6000
ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
10:05
And the other thing that one should take away from this chart
146
605160
4000
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ืžื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื”
10:09
is the very narrow range of time
147
609160
4000
ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ
10:13
over which humans can claim to be the dominant intelligence on the planet.
148
613160
4000
ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ื”ืœื›ืช.
10:17
It's only the last few hundred thousand years
149
617160
4000
ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
10:21
modern humans have been pursuing technology and civilization.
150
621160
4000
ืฉื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
10:25
So, one needs a very deep appreciation
151
625160
4000
ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื—ืก ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืžื•ืงื”
10:29
of the diversity and incredible scale of life on this planet
152
629160
5000
ืœื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื–ื”
10:34
as the first step in preparing to make contact with life elsewhere in the cosmos.
153
634160
9000
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื’ืข ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
10:43
We are not the pinnacle of evolution.
154
643160
6000
ืื ื• ืœื ืคืกื’ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
10:49
We are not the determined product
155
649160
4000
ืื ื• ืœื ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™
10:53
of billions of years of evolutionary plotting and planning.
156
653160
5000
ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
10:58
We are one outcome of a continuing adaptational process.
157
658160
8000
ืื ื• ืจืง ืชื•ืฆืื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื•ืžืชืžืฉืš.
11:06
We are residents of one small planet
158
666160
4000
ืื ื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืื—ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ
11:10
in a corner of the Milky Way galaxy.
159
670160
3000
ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
11:13
And Homo sapiens are one small leaf
160
673160
5000
ื•ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืขืœื” ืื—ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ
11:18
on a very extensive Tree of Life,
161
678160
4000
ืฉืœ ืขืฅ-ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘,
11:22
which is densely populated by organisms that have been honed for survival
162
682160
7000
ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื—ื™ื–ื• ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
11:29
over millions of years.
163
689160
2000
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
11:31
We misuse language,
164
691160
3000
ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืคื”,
11:34
and talk about the "ascent" of man.
165
694160
3000
ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ "ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื".
11:37
We understand the scientific basis for the interrelatedness of life
166
697160
6000
ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืœืงืฉืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื
11:43
but our ego hasn't caught up yet.
167
703160
4000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื’ื• ืฉืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืชืคืก ื–ืืช.
11:47
So this "ascent" of man, pinnacle of evolution,
168
707160
4000
ืื– ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ืคืกื’ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
11:51
has got to go.
169
711160
2000
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืœื.
11:53
It's a sense of privilege that the natural universe doesn't share.
170
713160
5000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”.
11:58
Loren Eiseley has said,
171
718160
3000
ืœื•ืจืŸ ืื™ื™ืกืœื™ ืืžืจ ืคืขื,
12:01
"One does not meet oneself
172
721160
3000
ืฉ"ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
12:04
until one catches the reflection from an eye other than human."
173
724160
4000
ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ืœื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืขื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ."
12:08
One day that eye may be that of an intelligent alien,
174
728160
5000
ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจ ืชื‘ื•ื ื™,
12:13
and the sooner we eschew our narrow view of evolution
175
733160
6000
ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ืฆืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
12:19
the sooner we can truly explore our ultimate origins and destinations.
176
739160
9000
ื›ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:28
We are a small part of the story of cosmic evolution,
177
748160
6000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช,
12:34
and we are going to be responsible for our continued participation in that story,
178
754160
9000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื ื• ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื”,
12:43
and perhaps SETI will help as well.
179
763160
3000
ื•ืื•ืœื™ SETI ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
12:46
Occasionally, throughout history, this concept
180
766160
4000
ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื•
12:50
of this very large cosmic perspective comes to the surface,
181
770160
4000
ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื˜ ืงื•ืกืžื™ ืจื—ื‘ ืฆืคื” ืืœ ืคื ื™-ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
12:54
and as a result we see transformative and profound discoveries.
182
774160
6000
ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื” ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื•ืช.
13:00
So in 1543, Nicholas Copernicus published "The Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres,"
183
780160
7000
ื›ืš ื‘-1543, ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก ืคืจืกื ืืช "ื”ื”ืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™ื",
13:07
and by taking the Earth out of the center,
184
787160
6000
ื•ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืจื›ื–,
13:13
and putting the sun in the center of the solar system,
185
793160
3000
ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
13:16
he opened our eyes to a much larger universe,
186
796160
4000
ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื™ืงื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
13:20
of which we are just a small part.
187
800160
3000
ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืžื ื•.
13:23
And that Copernican revolution continues today
188
803160
3000
ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
13:26
to influence science and philosophy and technology and theology.
189
806160
5000
ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื“ืข ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
13:31
So, in 1959, Giuseppe Coccone and Philip Morrison
190
811160
5000
ื‘-1959, ื’'ืื•ืกื™ืคื” ืงื•ืงื•ื ื” ื•ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืžื•ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ
13:36
published the first SETI article in a refereed journal,
191
816160
4000
ืคืจืกืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ SETI ื‘ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ,
13:40
and brought SETI into the scientific mainstream.
192
820160
3000
ื•ื›ืš ืžื™ืงืžื• ืืช SETI ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
13:43
And in 1960, Frank Drake conducted the first SETI observation
193
823160
6000
ื•ื‘-1960, ืคืจื ืง ื“ืจื™ื™ืง ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”-SETI ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
13:49
looking at two stars, Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani,
194
829160
3000
ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื˜ืื• ืกื˜ื™ ื•ืืคืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื“ืื ื™,
13:52
for about 150 hours.
195
832160
2000
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›-150 ืฉืขื•ืช.
13:54
Now Drake did not discover extraterrestrial intelligence,
196
834160
3000
ื“ืจื™ื™ืง ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื—ื•ืฅ-ืืจืฆื™ืช,
13:57
but he learned a very valuable lesson from a passing aircraft,
197
837160
5000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืจื‘-ืขืจืš ืžื›ืœื™-ื˜ื™ืก ื—ื•ืœืฃ,
14:02
and that's that terrestrial technology can interfere
198
842160
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืจืฆื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘
14:05
with the search for extraterrestrial technology.
199
845160
3000
ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฅ-ืืจืฆื™ืช.
14:08
We've been searching ever since,
200
848160
2000
ืžืื– ืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื,
14:10
but it's impossible to overstate the magnitude of the search that remains.
201
850160
5000
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ืชืื•ืจ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆืข.
14:15
All of the concerted SETI efforts, over the last 40-some years,
202
855160
4000
ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”-SETI ื”ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื, ื‘ืžืฉืš 40 ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
14:19
are equivalent to scooping a single glass of water from the oceans.
203
859160
5000
ื”ื ืฉื•ื•ื™-ืขืจืš ืœื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ืก ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
14:24
And no one would decide that the ocean was without fish
204
864160
4000
ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ-ืกืžืš ื›ื•ืก ืื—ืช
14:28
on the basis of one glass of water.
205
868160
2000
ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
14:30
The 21st century now allows us to build bigger glasses --
206
870160
5000
ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
14:35
much bigger glasses.
207
875160
2000
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
14:37
In Northern California, we're beginning to take observations
208
877160
5000
ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช
14:42
with the first 42 telescopes of the Allen Telescope Array --
209
882160
4000
ืขื 42 ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืขืจืš ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ ืืœืŸ --
14:46
and I've got to take a moment right now to publicly thank
210
886160
4000
ื•ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™
14:50
Paul Allen and Nathan Myhrvold
211
890160
2000
ืœืคื•ืœ ืืœืŸ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ื™ื”ืจื•ื•ืœื“
14:52
and all the TeamSETI members in the TED community
212
892160
3000
ื•ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”-SETI ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ืช TED
14:55
who have so generously supported this research.
213
895160
4000
ืืฉืจ ืชืžื›ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื”.
14:59
(Applause)
214
899160
9000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:08
The ATA is the first telescope built from a large number of small dishes,
215
908160
4000
ื”-ATA ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืžืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
15:12
and hooked together with computers.
216
912160
2000
ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
15:14
It's making silicon as important as aluminum,
217
914160
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื,
15:16
and we'll grow it in the future by adding more antennas to reach 350
218
916160
6000
ื•ืื ื• ื ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื˜ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-350
15:22
for more sensitivity and leveraging Moore's law for more processing capability.
219
922160
5000
ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืœืžื ืฃ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“.
15:27
Today, our signal detection algorithms
220
927160
4000
ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช
15:31
can find very simple artifacts and noise.
221
931160
3000
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืจืขืฉ.
15:34
If you look very hard here you can see the signal from the Voyager 1 spacecraft,
222
934160
5000
ืื ืชืชืืžืฆื• ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืช ืžื—ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื•ื™ื•ื’'ืจ 1,
15:39
the most distant human object in the universe,
223
939160
4000
ื”ืขืฆื ื™ืฆื™ืจ-ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
15:43
106 times as far away from us as the sun is.
224
943160
5000
ืคื™-106 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
15:48
And over those long distances, its signal is very faint when it reaches us.
225
948160
5000
ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืœืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื•.
15:53
It may be hard for your eye to see it,
226
953160
2000
ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•,
15:55
but it's easily found with our efficient algorithms.
227
955160
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจืชืžื™ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
15:58
But this is a simple signal,
228
958160
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜,
16:00
and tomorrow we want to be able to find more complex signals.
229
960160
4000
ื•ืžื—ืจ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
16:04
This is a very good year.
230
964160
3000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช.
16:07
2009 is the 400th anniversary of Galileo's first use of the telescope,
231
967160
7000
2009 ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช ื”-400 ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื” ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค,
16:14
Darwin's 200th birthday,
232
974160
3000
ืฉื ืช ื”-200 ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
16:17
the 150th anniversary of the publication of "On the Origin of Species,"
233
977160
5000
ืฉื ืช ื”-150 ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ "ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื",
16:22
the 50th anniversary of SETI as a science,
234
982160
3000
ืฉื ืช ื”-50 ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”-SETI,
16:25
the 25th anniversary of the incorporation of the SETI Institute as a non-profit,
235
985160
6000
ืฉื ืช ื”-25 ืœื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”-SETI ืฉืœื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—,
16:31
and of course, the 25th anniversary of TED.
236
991160
3000
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื ืช ื”-25 ืœ-TED.
16:34
And next month, the Kepler Spacecraft will launch
237
994160
3000
ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื, ืชืฉื•ื’ืจ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืงืคืœืจ
16:37
and will begin to tell us just how frequent Earth-like planets are,
238
997160
5000
ื•ืชื—ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืžื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
16:42
the targets for SETI's searches.
239
1002160
2000
ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ SETI.
16:44
In 2009, the U.N. has declared it to be the International Year of Astronomy,
240
1004160
7000
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009, ื”ืื•"ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉืฉื ื” ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
16:51
a global festival to help us residents of Earth
241
1011160
4000
ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ
16:55
rediscover our cosmic origins and our place in the universe.
242
1015160
4000
ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
16:59
And in 2009, change has come to Washington,
243
1019160
4000
ื•ื‘-2009, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
17:03
with a promise to put science in its rightful position.
244
1023160
5000
ืขื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ืจืื•ื™.
17:08
(Applause)
245
1028160
1000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:09
So, what would change everything?
246
1029160
2000
ืื– ืžื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœ?
17:11
Well, this is the question the Edge foundation asked this year,
247
1031160
3000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืฉืืœื” ืงืจืŸ ืื“ื’' ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื•,
17:14
and four of the respondents said, "SETI."
248
1034160
4000
ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื•, "SETI".
17:18
Why?
249
1038160
2000
ืžื“ื•ืข?
17:20
Well, to quote:
250
1040160
2000
ืื– ืื ืœืฆื˜ื˜:
17:22
"The discovery of intelligent life beyond Earth
251
1042160
2000
"ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ
17:24
would eradicate the loneliness and solipsism
252
1044160
2000
ื™ืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืื’ื•-ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
17:26
that has plagued our species since its inception.
253
1046160
3000
ืฉื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื”ื ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื•.
17:29
And it wouldn't simply change everything,
254
1049160
2000
ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื›ืœ,
17:31
it would change everything all at once."
255
1051160
3000
ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื‘ืช-ืื—ืช."
17:34
So, if that's right, why did we only capture four out of those 151 minds?
256
1054160
7000
ืื– ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืชืคืก ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืชื•ืš 151 ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช?
17:41
I think it's a problem of completion and delivery,
257
1061160
6000
ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื•ืช,
17:47
because the fine print said,
258
1067160
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืืœื•,
17:49
"What game-changing ideas and scientific developments
259
1069160
3000
"ืื™ืœื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื™ื
17:52
would you expect to live to see?"
260
1072160
2000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื›ื?"
17:54
So, we have a fulfillment problem.
261
1074160
3000
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื”.
17:57
We need bigger glasses and more hands in the water,
262
1077160
3000
ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœืžืกืคืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื™ื,
18:00
and then working together, maybe we can all live to see
263
1080160
3000
ื•ืื– ืื ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
18:03
the detection of the first extraterrestrial signal.
264
1083160
4000
ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ-ืืจืฆื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
18:07
That brings me to my wish.
265
1087160
3000
ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืฉืืœืชื™.
18:11
I wish that you would empower Earthlings everywhere
266
1091160
5000
ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืชืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
18:16
to become active participants
267
1096160
4000
ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื
18:20
in the ultimate search for cosmic company.
268
1100160
3000
ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืื—ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื.
18:23
The first step would be to tap into the global brain trust,
269
1103160
5000
ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
18:28
to build an environment where raw data could be stored,
270
1108160
4000
ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืฉื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื—ืกืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื™ื,
18:32
and where it could be accessed and manipulated,
271
1112160
3000
ื•ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ื,
18:35
where new algorithms could be developed and old algorithms made more efficient.
272
1115160
5000
ืฉืฉื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืืœื’ื•ืจืชืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืขืœ ืืœื’ื•ืจืชืžื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื.
18:40
And this is a technically creative challenge,
273
1120160
3000
ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื”ื• ืืชื’ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™,
18:43
and it would change the perspective of people who worked on it.
274
1123160
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื•.
18:46
And then, we'd like to augment the automated search with human insight.
275
1126160
9000
ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
18:55
We'd like to use the pattern recognition capability of the human eye
276
1135160
6000
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช
19:01
to find faint, complex signals that our current algorithms miss.
277
1141160
6000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ืจืคื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืืœื’ื•ืจืชืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื.
19:07
And, of course, we'd like to inspire and engage the next generation.
278
1147160
5000
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ืจืฆื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
19:12
We'd like to take the materials that we have built for education,
279
1152160
7000
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•,
19:19
and get them out to students everywhere,
280
1159160
3000
ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
19:22
students that can't come and visit us at the ATA.
281
1162160
3000
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘-ATA.
19:25
We'd like to tell our story better,
282
1165160
2000
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
19:27
and engage young people, and thereby change their perspective.
283
1167160
4000
ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื.
19:31
I'm sorry Seth Godin, but over the millennia, we've seen where tribalism leads.
284
1171160
5000
ืžืฆื˜ืขืจืช, ืกืช ื’ื•ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื ืจืื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
19:36
We've seen what happens when we divide an already small planet
285
1176160
4000
ืจืื™ื ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ
19:40
into smaller islands.
286
1180160
2000
ืœืื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
19:42
And, ultimately, we actually all belong to only one tribe,
287
1182160
6000
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืจืง ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“,
19:48
to Earthlings.
288
1188160
2000
ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
19:50
And SETI is a mirror --
289
1190160
2000
ื•-SETI ื”ื•ื ืžืจืื”,
19:52
a mirror that can show us ourselves
290
1192160
3000
ืžืจืื” ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื•
19:55
from an extraordinary perspective,
291
1195160
2000
ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆืืช-ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
19:57
and can help to trivialize the differences among us.
292
1197160
5000
ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื—ืกืจื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช.
20:02
If SETI does nothing but change the perspective of humans on this planet,
293
1202160
7000
ืื SETI ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื›ืœื•ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื–ื”,
20:09
then it will be one of the most profound endeavors in history.
294
1209160
4000
ื’ื ืื– ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขืžื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
20:14
So, in the opening days of 2009,
295
1214160
4000
ืื–, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2009,
20:18
a visionary president stood on the steps of the U.S. Capitol
296
1218160
4000
ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
20:22
and said, "We cannot help but believe
297
1222160
3000
ื•ืืžืจ, "ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
20:25
that the old hatreds shall someday pass,
298
1225160
3000
ืฉื”ืฉื ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
20:28
that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve,
299
1228160
4000
ืฉื”ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื™ืชืžื•ืกืกื•,
20:32
that, as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself."
300
1232160
6000
ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชืชื’ืœื” ืžืืœื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•."
20:38
So, I look forward to working with the TED community
301
1238160
2000
ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ืช ื”-TED
20:40
to hear about your ideas about how to fulfill this wish,
302
1240160
4000
ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื›ื ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืืœื” ื–ื•,
20:44
and in collaborating with you,
303
1244160
4000
ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืื™ืชื›ื ืคืขื•ืœื”,
20:48
hasten the day that that visionary statement can become a reality.
304
1248160
5000
ืœื”ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
20:53
Thank you.
305
1253160
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
20:55
(Applause)
306
1255160
22000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7