The strange story of the teddy bear and what it reveals | Jon Mooallem

97,076 views ใƒป 2014-05-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Yael BST
00:12
So it was the fall of 1902,
0
12960
2559
ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1902.
00:15
and President Theodore Roosevelt
1
15519
1918
ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื ื–ืงืง ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืงืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ,
00:17
needed a little break from the White House,
2
17437
1780
00:19
so he took a train to Mississippi
3
19217
2378
ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ืกืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™, ืœืฆื•ื“ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
00:21
to do a little black bear hunting outside of a town
4
21595
2128
ืœื™ื“ ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืกืžื™ื“ืก.
00:23
called Smedes.
5
23723
2187
00:25
The first day of the hunt, they didn't see a single bear,
6
25910
2060
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ื”ืฆื™ื“ ื”ื ืœื ืจืื• ืืฃ ื“ื•ื‘,
00:27
so it was a big bummer for everyone,
7
27970
1520
ื•ื–ื” ืชื™ืกื›ืœ ืžืื“ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื,
00:29
but the second day, the dogs cornered one
8
29490
2844
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื‘
00:32
after a really long chase, but by that point,
9
32334
2400
ืื—ืจื™ ืžืจื“ืฃ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืžืื“, ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืชืจ
00:34
the president had given up
10
34734
1444
00:36
and gone back to camp for lunch,
11
36178
1742
ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืžื—ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ,
00:37
so his hunting guide cracked the animal
12
37920
2611
ืื– ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืฆื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ื—ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืงืช ืจื•ื‘ื”ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”,
00:40
on the top of the head with the butt of his rifle,
13
40531
2668
00:43
and then tied it up to a tree
14
43199
1708
ืงืฉืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืขืฆื™ื
00:44
and started tooting away on his bugle
15
44907
2612
ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื” ืฉืœื•
00:47
to call Roosevelt back so he could have the honor
16
47519
2039
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื•ืœืชืช ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•.
00:49
of shooting it.
17
49558
1516
00:51
The bear was a female.
18
51074
2357
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ื‘ื”.
00:53
It was dazed, injured,
19
53431
2576
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืžื”, ืคืฆื•ืขื”,
00:56
severely underweight, a little mangy-looking,
20
56007
3647
ื‘ืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”, ื ืจืืชื” ืžื˜ื•ื ืคืช,
00:59
and when Roosevelt saw this animal
21
59654
2067
ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืขืฅ,
01:01
tied up to the tree,
22
61721
1622
01:03
he just couldn't bring himself to fire at it.
23
63343
1799
ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื– ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”.
ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
01:05
He felt like that would go against his code
24
65142
2151
01:07
as a sportsman.
25
67293
1966
01:09
A few days later, the scene was memorialized
26
69259
2701
ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื, ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืฆื—
01:11
in a political cartoon back in Washington.
27
71960
3035
ื‘ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:14
It was called "Drawing a Line in Mississippi,"
28
74995
2121
ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืชื”: "ืžื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™",
01:17
and it showed Roosevelt with his gun down and his arm out,
29
77116
2379
ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื ืžืš ื•ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืœื•ื—ื”,
01:19
sparing the bear's life,
30
79495
1637
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืก ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื”.
01:21
and the bear was sitting on its hind legs
31
81132
1526
ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื” ื ืจืืชื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:22
with these two big, frightened, wide eyes
32
82658
2038
ืฉืชื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื” ืคืขื•ืจื•ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ื”ืœื•ืช
01:24
and little ears pricked up at the top of its head.
33
84696
2130
ื•ืื•ื–ื ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื“ืงืจื•ืช ืžืจืืฉื”.
01:26
It looked really helpless, like you just wanted to
34
86826
1508
ื”ื™ื ื ืจืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืกืจืช-ื™ืฉืข,
01:28
sweep it up into your arms
35
88334
1700
ื•ืขื•ืจืจื” ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืง ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืื•ืชื”.
01:30
and reassure it.
36
90034
1216
01:31
It wouldn't have looked familiar at the time,
37
91250
1466
ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ืจืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช,
01:32
but if you go looking for the cartoon now,
38
92716
2068
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:34
you recognize the animal right away:
39
94784
2736
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื—ื™ื”:
01:37
It's a teddy bear.
40
97520
1954
ื–ื”ื• ื”"ื˜ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ" ("ื“ื•ื‘ื™").
01:39
And this is how the teddy bear was born.
41
99474
1621
ื›ืš ื ื•ืœื“ ื”"ื˜ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ".
01:41
Essentially, toymakers took the bear from the cartoon,
42
101095
2508
ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื”,
01:43
turned it into a plush toy, and then named it
43
103603
1600
ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืงื˜ื™ืคืชื™,
ื•ืงืจืื• ืœื• ืข"ืฉ ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜: ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ื“ื™.
01:45
after President Roosevelt -- Teddy's bear.
44
105203
3194
01:48
And I do feel a little ridiculous
45
108397
2144
ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ืžื’ื•ื—ืš,
01:50
that I'm up here on this stage
46
110541
2935
ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช
01:53
and I'm choosing to use my time
47
113476
1418
ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืืช ื–ืžื ื™
01:54
to tell you about a 100-year-old story
48
114894
2268
ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืŸ ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื
01:57
about the invention of a squishy kid's toy,
49
117162
3098
ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจืš,
02:00
but I'd argue that the invention of the teddy bear,
50
120260
3960
ืื‘ืœ ื˜ืขื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”"ื˜ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ"
02:04
inside that story is a more important story,
51
124220
2961
ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:07
a story about how dramatically our ideas
52
127181
2228
ืฉืžืชืืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
02:09
about nature can change,
53
129409
1596
ื•ื’ื ืื™ืš ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”,
02:11
and also about how, on the planet right now,
54
131005
3340
02:14
the stories that we tell
55
134345
2096
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื
02:16
are dramatically changing nature.
56
136441
2268
ืžืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
02:18
Because think about the teddy bear.
57
138709
1532
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”"ื˜ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ".
02:20
For us, in retrospect, it feels like an obvious fit,
58
140241
2505
ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื”,
02:22
because bears are so cute and cuddly,
59
142746
1503
ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื” ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ืœืœื™ื˜ื•ืฃ,
02:24
and who wouldn't want to give one to their kids to play with,
60
144249
2472
ื•ืžื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ื›ื–ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื—ืงื• ืื™ืชื•,
02:26
but the truth is that in 1902,
61
146721
2532
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘-1902
02:29
bears weren't cute and cuddly.
62
149253
1628
ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืคื™ื.
02:30
I mean, they looked the same,
63
150881
1301
ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื ืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ,
02:32
but no one thought of them that way.
64
152182
1133
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืš.
02:33
In 1902, bears were monsters.
65
153315
2846
ื‘-1902 ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžืคืœืฆื•ืช.
02:36
Bears were something that frickin' terrified kids.
66
156161
3324
ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื“ ืžื•ื•ืช.
02:39
For generations at that point,
67
159485
1660
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืขื“ ืื–, ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื’ื™ืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช
02:41
the bear had been a shorthand for all the danger
68
161145
3273
02:44
that people were encountering on the frontier,
69
164418
1759
ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกึฐืคืจ,
02:46
and the federal government was actually
70
166177
1368
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ืขืกืง ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื
02:47
systematically exterminating bears
71
167545
2285
02:49
and lots of other predators too,
72
169830
1253
ื•ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื–ืื‘ื™-ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื–ืื‘ื™ื.
02:51
like coyotes and wolves.
73
171083
1850
02:52
These animals, they were being demonized.
74
172933
1848
ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื–ื›ื• ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื ื™. ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ื ื• "ืจื•ืฆื—ื•ืช",
02:54
They were called murderers
75
174781
1298
02:56
because they killed people's livestock.
76
176079
2156
ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช-ืžืฉืง.
02:58
One government biologist, he explained this
77
178235
2538
ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
03:00
war on animals like the bear by saying
78
180773
2180
ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื•ื‘,
03:02
that they no longer had a place
79
182953
2390
ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืžืงื•ื
03:05
in our advancing civilization,
80
185343
2246
ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:07
and so we were just clearing them out of the way.
81
187589
3728
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืกืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ืจื›ื ื•.
03:11
In one 10-year period, close to half a million wolves
82
191317
3766
ื‘ืคืจืง-ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื–ืื‘ื™ื
03:15
had been slaughtered.
83
195083
1207
ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื•.
03:16
The grizzly would soon be wiped out
84
196290
1857
ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืจื™ื–ืœื™ ื™ื™ืขืœืžื•
03:18
from 95 percent of its original territory,
85
198147
3433
ืž-95% ืžื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:21
and whereas once there had been 30 million bison
86
201580
3222
ื•ืื ืคืขื ื”ื™ื• 30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืขื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื,
03:24
moving across the plains, and you would have
87
204802
1618
03:26
these stories of trains having to stop
88
206420
1708
ื•ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ
03:28
for four or five hours so that these thick,
89
208128
1988
ืœืžืฉืš 4-5 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื“ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:30
living rivers of the animals could pour over the tracks,
90
210116
3328
ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกื™ืœื”,
03:33
now, by 1902, there were maybe less than 100 left in the wild.
91
213444
5359
ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขื“ 1902 ื ื•ืชืจื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-100 ืžื”ื ื‘ืชื ืื™-ื‘ืจ.
03:38
And so what I'm saying is, the teddy bear was born
92
218803
3037
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”"ื˜ื“ื™-ื‘ืจ" ื ื•ืœื“
03:41
into the middle of this great spasm of extermination,
93
221840
3524
ื‘ืœื‘ ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
03:45
and you can see it as a sign that
94
225364
1546
ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื›ืš
03:46
maybe some people deep down
95
226910
1640
ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืœื™ื‘ื
03:48
were starting to feel conflicted about all that killing.
96
228550
4066
ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจื’ ื”ื–ื”.
03:52
America still hated the bear and feared it,
97
232616
3028
ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ืฉืฉื” ืžืžื ื•,
03:55
but all of a sudden, America also wanted
98
235644
1556
ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืชืข-ืคืชืื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื’ื ืจืฆืชื”
03:57
to give the bear a great big hug.
99
237200
2886
ืœืชืช ืœื“ื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
04:00
So this is something that I've been really curious about in the last few years.
100
240086
2229
ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืžืฉ ืกื™ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช:
04:02
How do we imagine animals,
101
242315
1674
ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:03
how do we think and feel about them,
102
243989
1598
ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื—ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื,
04:05
and how do their reputations get written
103
245587
2476
ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื”ื
ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื•.
04:08
and then rewritten in our minds?
104
248063
2256
04:10
We're here living in the eye of a great storm
105
250319
2844
ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืขืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”,
04:13
of extinction where half the species on the planet
106
253163
2852
ืฉื‘ื” ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช
04:16
could be gone by the end of the century,
107
256015
2152
ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”,
04:18
and so why is it that we come to care about
108
258167
1534
ืื– ืื™ืš ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื
04:19
some of those species and not others?
109
259701
2870
ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื - ืœื?
04:22
Well, there's a new field, a relatively new field
110
262571
2130
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ, ืชื—ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
04:24
of social science that started looking at
111
264701
1446
ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ืœืคืจืง ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื
04:26
these questions and trying to unpack the powerful
112
266147
2168
04:28
and sometimes pretty schizophrenic relationships
113
268315
1732
ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™,
04:30
that we have to animals,
114
270047
2121
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:32
and I spent a lot of time looking through
115
272168
1441
ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ
04:33
their academic journals,
116
273609
2024
ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”,
04:35
and all I can really say is that their findings
117
275633
1806
ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”
04:37
are astonishingly wide-ranging.
118
277439
1986
ืจื—ื‘ื™-ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
04:39
So some of my favorites include that
119
279425
1826
ื”ื ื” ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™:
04:41
the more television a person watches in Upstate New York,
120
281251
2641
ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื“ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ืฆื•ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
04:43
the more he or she is afraid
121
283892
1653
ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ื™ืคื—ื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:45
of being attacked by a black bear.
122
285545
1697
ืฉืžื ื™ื•ืชืงืคื• ืข"ื™ ื“ื•ื‘ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
04:47
If you show a tiger to an American,
123
287242
2788
ืื ืžืจืื™ื ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ืžืจ,
04:50
they're much more likely to assume that it's female
124
290030
2110
ืจื‘ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื• ื ืงื‘ื”,
04:52
and not male.
125
292140
1260
ื•ืœื ื–ื›ืจ.
04:53
In a study where a fake snake
126
293400
1768
ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื ื—ืฉ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข
04:55
and a fake turtle were put on the side of the road,
127
295168
1985
ื•ืฆื‘ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืœืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจืš,
04:57
drivers hit the snake much more often than the turtle,
128
297153
2252
ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื“ืจืกื• ืืช ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘,
04:59
and about three percent of drivers who hit the fake animals
129
299405
2064
ื•ื›-3% ืžื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื“ืจืกื• ืืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข,
05:01
seemed to do it on purpose.
130
301469
2278
ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
05:03
Women are more likely than men to get a
131
303747
2590
ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืฉ
05:06
"magical feeling" when they see dolphins in the surf.
132
306337
3035
"ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืงืกื•ืžื”" ืœืžืจืื” ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
05:09
Sixty-eight percent of mothers with
133
309372
1812
68% ืžื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช
05:11
"high feelings of entitlement and self-esteem"
134
311184
3380
"ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ึฐื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช"
05:14
identified with the dancing cats
135
314564
1645
ื”ื–ื“ื”ื• ืขื ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืจืงื“ื™ื
05:16
in a commercial for Purina. (Laughter)
136
316209
2465
ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ "ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”". [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:18
Americans consider lobsters
137
318674
1685
ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ื,
05:20
more important than pigeons
138
320359
1296
05:21
but also much, much stupider.
139
321655
2186
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืคืฉื™ื.
05:23
Wild turkeys are seen as only slightly more dangerous than sea otters,
140
323841
2996
ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžืœื•ื˜ืจื•ืช,
05:26
and pandas are twice as lovable as ladybugs.
141
326837
5173
ื•ืคื ื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืจื•ืช ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•.
05:32
So some of this is physical, right?
142
332010
1433
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ืคื™ื–ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:33
We tend to sympathize more with animals that look like us,
143
333443
2623
ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
05:36
and especially that resemble human babies,
144
336066
1630
ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืœื” ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
05:37
so with big, forward-facing eyes
145
337696
1427
ืขื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืคื•ื ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
05:39
and circular faces,
146
339123
1262
ื•ืคื ื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื,
05:40
kind of a roly-poly posture.
147
340385
1734
ืฉืžื ืžื ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
05:42
This is why, if you get a Christmas card from, like,
148
342119
2035
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืœื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื”ื“ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ืกื•ื˜ื”,
05:44
your great aunt in Minnesota,
149
344154
1140
05:45
there's usually a fuzzy penguin chick on it,
150
345294
1573
ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื” ืืคืจื•ื— ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื™ืจ,
05:46
and not something like a Glacier Bay wolf spider.
151
346867
2712
ื•ืœื ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื–ืื‘ืŸ ืžืคืืจืง ื’ืœื™ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื™.
05:49
But it's not all physical, right?
152
349579
2669
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ืคื™ื–ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:52
There's a cultural dimension to how we think about animals,
153
352248
3184
ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืžื“ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
05:55
and we're telling stories about these animals,
154
355432
1880
ื•ืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
05:57
and like all stories,
155
357312
1358
ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
05:58
they are shaped by the times and the places
156
358670
2073
ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื
06:00
in which we're telling them.
157
360743
876
ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ื.
06:01
So think about that moment
158
361619
1474
ืื– ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข,
06:03
back in 1902 again where a ferocious bear
159
363093
2918
ืื–, ื‘-1902, ื›ืฉื“ื•ื‘-ืคืจื ืื›ื–ืจ
06:06
became a teddy bear.
160
366011
1433
ื”ืคืš ืœ"ื“ื•ื‘ื™".
06:07
What was the context? Well, America was urbanizing.
161
367444
3067
ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืื– ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืชืขื™ื™ืจื”.
06:10
For the first time, nearly a majority of people lived in cities,
162
370511
2759
ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ,
06:13
so there was a growing distance between us and nature.
163
373270
2436
ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ.
06:15
There was a safe space where we could
164
375706
1792
ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื•
06:17
reconsider the bear and romanticize it.
165
377498
2674
ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืจ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™.
06:20
Nature could only start to seem this pure and adorable
166
380172
2734
ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื ืคืœื
06:22
because we didn't have to be afraid of it anymore.
167
382906
2754
ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืžืคื ื™ื•.
06:25
And you can see that cycle playing out
168
385660
1525
ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
06:27
again and again with all kinds of animals.
169
387185
2162
ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
06:29
It seems like we're always stuck between
170
389347
1876
ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืชืงื•ืขื™ื
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืื•ืคื™ ืฉื˜ื ื™ ืœืžื™ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ื•ืชื• ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
06:31
demonizing a species and wanting to wipe it out,
171
391223
2407
06:33
and then when we get very close to doing that,
172
393630
1580
ื•ื›ืฉืื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช,
06:35
empathizing with it as an underdog
173
395210
2537
ืื ื• ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืžื•, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ
06:37
and wanting to show it compassion.
174
397747
2525
ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ื• ื—ืžืœื”.
06:40
So we exert our power,
175
400272
1798
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื ื—ืช ื–ืจื•ืขื ื•,
06:42
but then we're unsettled
176
402070
1444
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื“ืขืชื ื• ืœื ื ื•ื—ื” ืžืขื•ืฆืžืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื•.
06:43
by how powerful we are.
177
403514
2775
06:46
So for example, this is one of
178
406289
2124
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืžืืœืคื™ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื
06:48
probably thousands of letters and drawings
179
408413
2637
06:51
that kids sent to the Bush administration,
180
411050
1544
ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘
06:52
begging it to protect the polar bear
181
412594
1711
06:54
under the Endangered Species Act,
182
414305
1267
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื›ืœื™ื”.
06:55
and these were sent back in the mid-2000s,
183
415572
2508
ืืœื” ื ืฉืœื—ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
06:58
when awareness of climate change was suddenly surging.
184
418080
2153
ืขื ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
07:00
We kept seeing that image of a polar bear
185
420233
1329
ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ ืงื•ื˜ื‘
07:01
stranded on a little ice floe
186
421562
1418
ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ืงืจื— ื–ืขื™ืจื”
07:02
looking really morose.
187
422980
1347
ื•ื ืจืื” ืขื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:04
I spent days looking through these files.
188
424327
1764
ื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
07:06
I really love them. This one's my favorite.
189
426091
2159
ืื ื™ ืžืช ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื”ื ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™.
07:08
If you can see, it's a polar bear that's drowning
190
428250
2111
ืื ืืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื–ื”ื• ื“ื•ื‘ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ืข,
07:10
and then it's also being eaten simultaneously
191
430361
2415
ื•ื‘ื•-ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ื˜ืจืฃ
07:12
by a lobster and a shark.
192
432776
2704
ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ ื•ื›ืจื™ืฉ.
07:15
This one came from a kid named Fritz,
193
435480
1712
ื–ื” ื ืฉืœื— ืข"ื™ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืคืจื™ืฅ,
07:17
and he's actually got a solution to climate change.
194
437192
1694
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
07:18
He's got it all worked out to an ethanol-based solution.
195
438886
1846
ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก-ื›ื•ื”ืœ.
07:20
He says, "I feel bad about the polar bears.
196
440732
2650
ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ: "ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘.
07:23
I like polar bears.
197
443382
2112
"ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื˜ื‘.
07:25
Everyone can use corn juice for cars. From Fritz."
198
445494
5786
"ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื™ืฅ ืชื™ืจืก ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื“ืœืง. ืžืืช ืคืจื™ืฅ."
07:31
So 200 years ago, you would have Arctic explorers
199
451280
2995
ืื– ืœืคื ื™ 200 ืฉื ื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื
07:34
writing about polar bears leaping into their boats
200
454275
2308
ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืงืคืฆื• ืœืชื•ืš ืกื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื
07:36
and trying to devour them,
201
456583
1243
ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื,
07:37
even if they lit the bear on fire,
202
457826
1667
ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ืชื• ืืช ืคืจื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื,
07:39
but these kids don't see the polar bear that way,
203
459493
2180
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืš ืืช ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘,
07:41
and actually they don't even see the polar bear
204
461673
1790
ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘
07:43
the way that I did back in the '80s.
205
463463
1760
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื ื™, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80.
07:45
I mean, we thought of these animals
206
465223
1120
ืื ื• ื”ืจื™ ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
07:46
as mysterious and terrifying lords of the Arctic.
207
466343
2866
ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™.
07:49
But look now how quickly that climate change
208
469209
2320
ืืš ืจืื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
07:51
has flipped the image of the animal in our minds.
209
471529
2886
ืฉื™ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื•.
07:54
It's gone from that bloodthirsty man-killer
210
474415
2440
ืžืจื•ืฆื— ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืฆืžื-ื“ื
07:56
to this delicate, drowning victim,
211
476855
3074
ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ืคืš ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืข ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ-ื ืคืฉ,
07:59
and when you think about it, that's kind of
212
479929
1513
ื•ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
08:01
the conclusion to the story
213
481442
1981
08:03
that the teddy bear started telling back in 1902,
214
483423
3302
ืฉื‘ื• ืคืชื— ื”"ื˜ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ" ื‘-1902.
08:06
because back then, America had more or less
215
486725
2890
ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื,
ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช,
08:09
conquered its share of the continent.
216
489615
1315
08:10
We were just getting around to
217
490930
1303
ื•ื”ืชืคื ื™ื ื• ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ ื”ื‘ืจ.
08:12
polishing off these last wild predators.
218
492233
2018
08:14
Now, society's reach has expanded
219
494251
2554
ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ืœื’ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
08:16
all the way to the top of the world,
220
496805
2060
08:18
and it's made even these, the most remote,
221
498865
2294
ื•ื’ืจืžื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื, ืœื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช
08:21
the most powerful bears on the planet,
222
501159
2032
08:23
seem like adorable and blameless victims.
223
503191
3499
ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ืคื™ื-ืžืคืฉืข.
08:26
But you know, there's also a postscript to the teddy bear story
224
506690
2891
ืื‘ืœ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”"ื˜ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ" ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืขืจืช-ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
08:29
that not a lot of people talk about.
225
509581
1637
ืฉืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”.
08:31
We're going to talk about it,
226
511218
1783
ืื ื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”,
08:33
because even though it didn't really take long
227
513001
2173
ื›ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื—ืœืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘
08:35
after Roosevelt's hunt in 1902
228
515174
1800
ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกืข ื”ืฆื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื‘-1902
08:36
for the toy to become a full-blown craze,
229
516974
1977
ืขื“ ืฉืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื”ื–ื” ืกื—ืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื,
08:38
most people figured it was a fad,
230
518951
2501
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื–ื• ืื•ืคื ื” ื—ื•ืœืคืช,
08:41
it was a sort of silly political novelty item
231
521452
2232
ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉ ืขื ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
08:43
and it would go away once the president left office,
232
523684
2242
ื•ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ื ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
08:45
and so by 1909, when Roosevelt's successor,
233
525926
3797
ืื– ื‘-1909, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื˜ืืคื˜,
08:49
William Howard Taft,
234
529723
1425
ืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื˜ืงืก ื”ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื•,
08:51
was getting ready to be inaugurated,
235
531148
1408
08:52
the toy industry was on the hunt
236
532556
1932
ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื” ื‘ืงื“ื—ืชื ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื”ื‘ื.
08:54
for the next big thing.
237
534488
2827
08:57
They didn't do too well.
238
537315
2257
ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
08:59
That January, Taft was the guest of honor
239
539572
2599
ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื˜ืืคื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจื— ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“
09:02
at a banquet in Atlanta,
240
542171
1439
ื‘ื ืฉืฃ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื”,
09:03
and for days in advance,
241
543610
1869
ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื•, ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ื“ื ื• ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜.
09:05
the big news was the menu.
242
545479
1445
09:06
They were going to be serving him
243
546924
1086
ืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืขื“ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืื“,
09:08
a Southern specialty, a delicacy, really,
244
548010
2064
09:10
called possum and taters.
245
550074
2906
ื‘ืฉื "ืคื•ืกื•ื ืื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืจืก":
09:12
So you would have a whole opossum
246
552980
2602
ืื•ืคื•ืกื•ื ืฉืœื, ืฆืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžืฆืข ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื˜ื•ืช,
09:15
roasted on a bed of sweet potatoes,
247
555582
1365
09:16
and then sometimes they'd leave
248
556947
1447
ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื ื” ืืช ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
09:18
the big tail on it like a big, meaty noodle.
249
558394
3484
ื›ืžื• ืื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
09:21
The one brought to Taft's table
250
561878
1679
ื”ืื•ืคื•ืกื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ ืœืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืืคื˜ ืฉืงืœ 8 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื.
09:23
weighed 18 pounds.
251
563557
3185
09:26
So after dinner, the orchestra started to play,
252
566742
2704
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื ื’ืŸ, ื•ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืคืฆื—ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”,
09:29
and the guests burst into song,
253
569446
1840
09:31
and all of a sudden, Taft was surprised
254
571286
1624
ื•ืื– ื”ืคืชื™ืขื• ืืช ื˜ืืคื˜, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ืœื• ืžืชื ื”
09:32
with the presentation of a gift
255
572910
1722
09:34
from a group of local supporters,
256
574632
1892
ืžืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื:
09:36
and this was a stuffed opossum toy,
257
576524
2436
ื‘ื•ื‘ืช ืื•ืคื•ืกื•ื ืจื›ื”,
09:38
all beady-eyed and bald-eared,
258
578960
2210
ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืื–ื ื™ื™ื ืงื™ืจื—ื•ืช,
09:41
and it was a new product they were putting forward
259
581170
2700
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘
09:43
to be the William Taft presidency's answer
260
583870
2722
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ืืคื˜
09:46
to Teddy Roosevelt's teddy bear.
261
586592
3548
ืœ"ื˜ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ" ืฉืœ ื˜ื“ื™ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜.
09:50
They were calling it the "billy possum."
262
590140
4446
ื”ื•ืฆืžื“ ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืคื•ืกื•ื".
09:54
Within 24 hours, the Georgia Billy Possum Company
263
594586
3850
ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืคื•ืกื•ื" ืžื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื”
09:58
was up and running, brokering deals
264
598436
1550
ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืงืžื”, ืคืขืœื”, ืกื’ืจื” ืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช
09:59
for these things nationwide,
265
599986
1600
ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:01
and the Los Angeles Times announced,
266
601586
1598
ื•ื”"ืœื•ืก-ืื ื’'ืœืก ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก" ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜:
10:03
very confidently, "The teddy bear
267
603184
1952
"ื”ื˜ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™,
10:05
has been relegated to a seat in the rear,
268
605136
2526
10:07
and for four years, possibly eight,
269
607662
2598
"ื•ื‘-4 ืื• 8 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
10:10
the children of the United States
270
610260
1954
"ื™ืœื“ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื™ืฉื—ืงื• ืขื 'ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืคื•ืกื•ื'."
10:12
will play with billy possum."
271
612214
3232
10:15
So from that point, there was a fit of opossum fever.
272
615446
2124
ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ื”ื—ืœื” ืงื“ื—ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื•ืกื•ืžื™ื.
10:17
There were billy possum postcards, billy possum pins,
273
617570
2468
ื”ื™ื• ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช "ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืคื•ืกื•ื", ืกื™ื›ื•ืช "ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืคื•ืกื•ื",
10:20
billy possum pitchers for your cream at coffee time.
274
620038
2162
ื›ื“ื™ "ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืคื•ืกื•ื" ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืงืคื”,
10:22
There were smaller billy possums on a stick
275
622200
1730
ื”ื™ื• "ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืคื•ืกื•ืžื™ื" ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงืœื•ืช,
10:23
that kids could wave around like flags.
276
623930
2942
ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื ื•ืฃ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื’ืœื™ื.
10:26
But even with all this marketing,
277
626872
1918
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”,
10:28
the life of the billy possum
278
628790
2030
ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืคื•ืกื•ื" ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื• ื›ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขืœื•ื‘ื™ื.
10:30
turned out to be just pathetically brief.
279
630820
3184
ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜,
10:34
The toy was an absolute flop,
280
634004
2043
10:36
and it was almost completely forgotten
281
636047
1579
ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื ืฉื›ื— ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื“ ืชื•ื ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”,
10:37
by the end of the year,
282
637626
1368
10:38
and what that means is that the billy possum
283
638994
2092
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”"ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืคื•ืกื•ื" ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“,
10:41
didn't even make it to Christmastime,
284
641086
1500
10:42
which when you think about it is
285
642586
1040
ื•ื–ื•, ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื.
10:43
a special sort of tragedy for a toy.
286
643626
3849
10:47
So we can explain that failure two ways.
287
647475
1923
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
10:49
The first, well, it's pretty obvious.
288
649398
2190
ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืžื“ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื”:
10:51
I'm going to go ahead and say it out loud anyway:
289
651588
1888
10:53
Opossums are hideous. (Laughter)
290
653476
2861
ืื•ืคื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ื•ืขืจื™ื. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
10:56
But maybe more importantly is that
291
656337
2663
ืืš ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš:
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ "ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืคื•ืกื•ื" ื”ื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•,
10:59
the story of the billy possum was all wrong,
292
659000
2690
11:01
especially compared
293
661690
1531
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื”"ื˜ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ".
11:03
to the backstory of the teddy bear.
294
663221
2081
11:05
Think about it: for most of human's evolutionary history,
295
665302
2242
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš: ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
11:07
what's made bears impressive to us
296
667544
2325
ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•
11:09
has been their complete independence from us.
297
669869
2172
ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื ื•.
11:12
It's that they live these parallel lives
298
672041
2585
ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืืœื™ื ื•:
11:14
as menaces and competitors.
299
674626
2505
ื›ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื›ืžืชื—ืจื™ื.
11:17
By the time Roosevelt went hunting in Mississippi,
300
677131
2355
ื›ืฉืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื™ืฆื ืœืฆื™ื“ ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™,
11:19
that stature was being crushed,
301
679486
1978
ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื”ืจืก,
11:21
and the animal that he had roped to a tree
302
681464
2238
ื•ื”ื—ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืœ ืœืขืฅ
11:23
really was a symbol for all bears.
303
683702
2301
ืกื™ืžืœื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื.
11:26
Whether those animals lived or died now
304
686003
2427
ื•ื›ืขืช, ืื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื—ื™ื• ืื• ื™ืžื•ืชื•
11:28
was entirely up to the compassion
305
688430
3010
ื–ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืจื—ืžื™ื”ื
11:31
or the indifference of people.
306
691440
2417
ืื• ืœืื“ื™ืฉื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
11:33
That said something really ominous
307
693857
1824
ื–ื” ื ื™ื‘ื ืจืขื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื,
11:35
about the future of bears,
308
695681
2682
11:38
but it also said something very unsettling about who we'd become,
309
698363
3137
ืืš ื’ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืžืื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
11:41
if the survival of even an animal like that
310
701500
2442
ืื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ-ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื–ื”
11:43
was up to us now.
311
703942
2289
ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื›ืขืช ื‘ื ื•.
11:46
So now, a century later, if you're at all
312
706231
2080
ืื– ื”ื™ื•ื, ื—ืฆื™-ืžืื” ืื—"ื›, ืื ืืชื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื
11:48
paying attention to what's happening in the environment,
313
708311
2200
ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
11:50
you feel that discomfort so much more intensely.
314
710511
3678
ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
11:54
We're living now in an age of what scientists
315
714189
2822
ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
11:57
have started to call "conservation reliance,"
316
717011
2210
ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื›ื ื•ืช "ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ",
11:59
and what that term means is that we've disrupted
317
719221
2190
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื™ื‘ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื–ื•,
12:01
so much that nature can't possibly stand on its own anymore,
318
721411
3164
ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
12:04
and most endangered species
319
724575
1702
ื•ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื›ืœื™ื”
12:06
are only going to survive
320
726277
1772
ื™ืฉืจื“ื•
12:08
if we stay out there in the landscape
321
728049
2118
ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื ืฉื”ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฃ,
12:10
riggging the world around them in their favor.
322
730167
2496
ื•ื ืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื.
12:12
So we've gone hands-on
323
732663
1856
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื“ื—ืคื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื ื•,
12:14
and we can't ever take our hands off,
324
734519
2438
ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืืŸ ืžืžื ื•,
12:16
and that's a hell of a lot of work.
325
736957
1893
ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
12:18
Right now, we're training condors
326
738850
3079
ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืืžื ื™ื ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืจื™ื
12:21
not to perch on power lines.
327
741929
1952
ืœื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
12:23
We teach whooping cranes to migrate south for the winter
328
743881
2713
ืื ื• ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืขื’ื•ืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ
12:26
behind little ultra-light airplanes.
329
746594
2299
ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื”-ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.
12:28
We're out there feeding plague vaccine to ferrets.
330
748893
3309
ืื ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ื—ืžื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืžื’ืคื•ืช.
12:32
We monitor pygmy rabbits with drones.
331
752202
4350
ืื ื• ืžื ื˜ืจื™ื ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืœ"ื˜ื™ื.
12:36
So we've gone from annihilating species
332
756552
3317
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื
12:39
to micromanaging the survival of a lot of species
333
759869
3504
ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืœื ืฆื—.
12:43
indefinitely, and which ones?
334
763373
1942
ื•ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ?
12:45
Well, the ones that we've told
335
765315
1192
ื‘ืืœื” ืฉืกื™ืคืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื›ื ืขื™ื,
12:46
compelling stories about,
336
766507
1624
12:48
the ones we've decided ought to stick around.
337
768131
3215
ืืœื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ.
12:51
The line between conservation and domestication
338
771346
3574
ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื•ืช
12:54
is blurred.
339
774920
2025
ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ.
12:56
So what I've been saying is that the stories
340
776945
1852
ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
12:58
that we tell about wild animals are so subjective
341
778797
2623
ืฉืื•ืชื ืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
13:01
they can be irrational
342
781420
1162
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื, ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ืžืจืขื™ืฉื™ื.
13:02
or romanticized or sensationalized.
343
782582
2184
13:04
Sometimes they just have nothing to do with the facts.
344
784766
2749
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื• ืฉืžืฅ ืืžืช.
13:07
But in a world of conservation reliance,
345
787515
3250
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ "ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ",
13:10
those stories have very real consequences,
346
790765
2206
ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืื“,
13:12
because now, how we feel about an animal
347
792971
2428
ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื™ื” ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช
13:15
affects its survival
348
795399
1630
ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื”
13:17
more than anything that you read about
349
797029
2360
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืงืจืื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
13:19
in ecology textbooks.
350
799389
2049
13:21
Storytelling matters now.
351
801438
2402
ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
13:23
Emotion matters.
352
803840
1533
ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
13:25
Our imagination has become an ecological force.
353
805373
5652
ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื ื• ื”ืคืš ืœื›ื•ื— ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
13:31
And so maybe the teddy bear worked in part
354
811025
1937
ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”"ื˜ื“ื™ ื‘ืจ" ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื—ืœืงื•,
13:32
because the legend of Roosevelt
355
812962
2691
ื›ื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื•ืื•ืชื” ื“ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™
13:35
and that bear in Mississippi
356
815653
2055
13:37
was kind of like an allegory
357
817708
1460
ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœ ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
13:39
of this great responsibility that society
358
819168
2093
13:41
was just beginning to face up to back then.
359
821261
2694
ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื– ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”.
13:43
It would be another 71 years
360
823955
2420
ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขื•ื“ 71 ืฉื ื”
13:46
before the Endangered Species Act was passed,
361
826375
1854
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื›ืœื™ื”,
13:48
but really, here's its whole ethos
362
828229
2330
ืืš ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืืชื•ืก ืฉืœื•
13:50
boiled down into something like a scene
363
830559
1954
ืžืชื•ืžืฆืช ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ืช ื•ื™ื˜ืจืื–'.
13:52
you'd see in a stained glass window.
364
832513
2346
13:54
The bear is a helpless victim tied to a tree,
365
834859
2992
ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื—ืกืจ-ื™ืฉืข ื”ื›ืคื•ืช ืœืขืฅ,
13:57
and the president of the United States
366
837851
2551
ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
14:00
decided to show it some mercy.
367
840402
2392
ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื.
14:02
Thank you.
368
842794
2646
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
14:05
(Applause)
369
845440
1714
14:07
[Illustrations by Wendy MacNaughton]
370
847154
2413
[ืื™ื•ืจื™ื: ื•ื•ื ื“ื™ ืžืง'ื ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7