When do kids start to care about other people's opinions? | Sara Valencia Botto

151,673 views ใƒป 2019-09-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Neta Lavee ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:12
I'd like you to take a moment
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขืฆืจื• ืœืจื’ืข
00:13
and consider what you are wearing right now.
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ื•ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
00:17
I have a deep, philosophical question for you.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ืืœื™ื›ื.
00:21
Why are we not all wearing comfortable pajamas right now?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืคื™ื’'ืžื” ื ื•ื—ื”?
00:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:24
Well, I'm a psychologist and not a mind reader,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืงื•ืจืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช,
00:27
although many people think that's the same thing.
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ืืฃ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
00:30
I can bet you that your response is somewhere along the lines of,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:33
"I'm expected to not wear pj's in public"
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"ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžืžื ื™ ืœื ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืคื™ื’'ืžื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ"
00:36
or "I don't want people to think I am a slob."
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ืื• "ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ืœืŸ."
00:39
Either way, the fact that we all chose to wear business casual clothing,
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ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
00:43
as opposed to our favorite pair of sweatpants,
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ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื ื™ื ื’ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื ื•,
00:45
is not a silly coincidence.
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ืื™ื ื ื” ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉ.
00:48
Instead, it reveals two defining human characteristics.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืฉื ื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื.
00:52
The first is that we are cognizant of what other people value,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
00:56
like what they will approve or disapprove of,
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื” ืœื,
00:58
such as not wearing pj's to these sorts of settings.
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืคื™ื’'ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
01:02
And two, we've readily used this information to guide our behavior.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืžื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:07
Unlike many other species,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:08
humans are prone to tailor their behavior in the presence of others
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
01:12
to garner approval.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ.
01:14
We spend valuable time putting on make up,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืืคืจ,
01:17
choosing the right picture and Instagram filter,
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืžืกื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื,
01:20
and composing ideas that will undoubtedly change the world
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:22
in 140 characters or less.
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ื‘-140 ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
01:25
Clearly, our concern with how other people will evaluate us
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•
01:28
is a big part of being human.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
01:31
Despite this being a big human trait, however,
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ืื•ืœื ืืฃ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:34
we know relatively little about when and how
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืชื™ ื•ืื™ืš
01:37
we come to care about the opinion of others.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:39
Now, this is a big question that requires many studies.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
01:43
But the first step to uncovering this question
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
01:45
is to investigate when in development
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ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžืชื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:47
we become sensitive to others' evaluations.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:51
I have spent the past four years at Emory University
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ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืžื•ืจื™
01:54
investigating how an infant,
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ื—ืงืจืชื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช
01:56
who has no problem walking around the grocery store in her onesie,
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืกืจื‘ืœ,
02:00
develops into an adult that fears public speaking
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ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืื“ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืขื ืคื—ื“ ืžื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืœ ืงื”ืœ
02:03
for fear of being negatively judged.
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ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืฉืคื˜ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
02:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:08
Now, this is usually a point when people ask me,
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ื–ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™,
02:10
"How do you investigate this question, exactly?
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"ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช?
02:13
Infants can't talk, right?"
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ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?"
02:15
Well, if my husband were up here right now,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืคื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
02:17
he would tell you that I interview babies,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืื™ื™ื ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช,
02:20
because he would rather not say that his wife experiments on children.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฉืชื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
02:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:27
In reality, I design experiments for children,
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื ื ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื,
02:30
usually in the form of games.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
02:33
Developmental psychologist Dr. Philippe Rochat and I
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ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื“"ืจ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืจื•ืฉื˜ ื•ืื ื™
02:36
designed a "game" called "The Robot Task"
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ืชื›ื ื ื• "ืžืฉื—ืง" ืฉื ืงืจื "ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜"
02:39
to explore when children would begin to be sensitive
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
02:41
to the evaluation of others.
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ืœื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:44
Specifically, the robot task captures when children, like adults,
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ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืžืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
02:48
strategically modify their behavior when others are watching.
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ืžืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
02:53
To do this, we showed 14 to 24-month-old infants
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ 14 ืขื“ 24 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
02:56
how to activate a toy robot,
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข,
02:58
and importantly, we either assigned a positive value,
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ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ, ื”ืขื ืงื ื• ืขืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™,
03:00
saying "Wow, isn't that great!"
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ื›ืฉืืžืจื ื•, "ื•ื•ืื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ืคืœื!"
03:03
or a negative value, saying, "Oh, oh. Oops, oh no,"
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ืื• ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ื›ืฉืืžืจื ื•, "ืื•-ืื•. ืื•ืคืก, ืื•ื™ ืœื,"
03:05
after pressing the remote.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜.
03:08
Following this toy demonstration,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข,
03:09
we invited the infants to play with the remote,
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ื”ื–ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ืฉืœื˜,
03:12
and then either watched them
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ื•ืื– ืื• ืฉืฆืคื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื
03:13
or turned around and pretended to read a magazine.
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ืื• ืฉื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื ื• ื•ื”ืขืžื“ื ื• ืคื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช.
03:17
The idea was that if by 24 months,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 24 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
03:19
children are indeed sensitive to the evaluation of others,
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:22
then their button-pressing behavior should be influenced
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ืื– ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืื ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช
03:25
not only by whether or not they're being watched
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ืœื ืจืง ืžื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื
03:28
but also by the values that the experimenter expressed
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื
03:30
towards pressing the remote.
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜.
03:33
So for example,
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ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
03:34
we would expect children to play with the positive remote significantly more
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืฉื—ืงื• ืขื ื”ืฉืœื˜ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:38
if they were being observed
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื,
03:39
but then choose to explore the negative remote
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™
03:41
once no one was watching.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืœ.
03:43
To really capture this phenomenon, we did three variations of the study.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”, ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
03:47
Study one explored how infants would engage with a novel toy
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื—ื“ืฉ
03:51
if there were no values or instructions provided.
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ืื ืœื ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืื• ืขืจื›ื™ื.
03:53
So we simply showed infants how to activate the toy robot,
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜,
03:56
but didn't assign any values,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืกื ื• ืฉื•ื ืขืจื›ื™ื,
03:58
and we also didn't tell them that they could play with the remote,
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ืืžืจื ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ืฉืœื˜,
04:01
providing them with a really ambiguous situation.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขืžื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ.
04:03
In study two,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™,
04:05
we incorporated the two values, a positive and a negative.
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ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
04:10
And in the last study, we had two experimenters and one remote.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื˜ ืื—ื“.
04:14
One experimenter expressed a negative value towards pressing the remote,
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ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜,
04:17
saying, "Yuck, the toy moved,"
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ื•ืืžืจื”, "ืื™ื›ืก, ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื–ื–,"
04:19
while the other experimenter expressed a positive value, saying,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ืืžืจื”,
"ื™ืฉ, ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื–ื–."
04:22
"Yay, the toy moved."
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04:23
And this is how the children reacted to these three different scenarios.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
04:27
So in study one, the ambiguous situation,
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืขื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ,
04:30
I'm currently watching the child.
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ืื ื™ ื›ืจื’ืข ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื”.
04:32
She doesn't seem to be too interested in pressing the remote.
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜.
04:36
Once I turned around --
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช --
04:39
now she's ready to play.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืฉื—ืง.
04:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:43
Currently, I'm not watching the child.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื”.
04:45
She's really focused.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช.
04:47
I turn around.
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ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช.
04:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:50
She wasn't doing anything, right?
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:55
In study two, it's the two remotes,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื˜ื™ื,
04:57
one with the positive and one with the negative value.
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ืื—ื“ ืขื ืขืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ืื—ื“ ืขื ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
04:59
I'm currently observing the child.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื”.
05:01
And the orange remote is a negative remote.
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื˜ ื”ื›ืชื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
05:05
She's just looking around, looking at me, hanging out.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœื™ื™.
05:08
Then I turn around ...
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช...
05:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:15
That's what she's going for.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื”.
05:19
I'm not watching the child.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“.
05:21
He wants the mom to play with it, right?
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืื™ืžื ืชืฉื—ืง ืขื ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:23
Take a safer route.
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ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:25
I turn around ...
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ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช...
05:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:29
He wasn't doing anything, either.
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
05:36
Yeah, he feels awkward.
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
05:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:38
Everyone knows that side-eyed glance, right?
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื”ืฆื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:41
Study three, the two experimenters, one remote.
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืฉืœื˜ ืื—ื“.
05:44
The experimenter that reacted negatively towards pressing the remote
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืœืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜
05:47
is watching the child right now.
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ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื”.
05:49
She feels a little awkward, doesn't know what to do, relying on Mom.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื–ืจ, ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืžื.
05:56
And then, she's going to turn around
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ื•ืื–, ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘
05:58
so that the experimenter that expressed a positive response is watching.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืชืกืชื›ืœ.
06:04
Coast is clear -- now she's ready to play.
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ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื ืงื™ -- ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืฉื—ืง.
06:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:07
So, as the data suggests,
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ืื– ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื,
06:09
we found that children's button-pressing behavior
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜
06:11
was indeed influenced by the values and the instructions of the experimenter.
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ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืžื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช.
06:16
Because in study one, children did not know
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื•
06:19
what would be positively or negatively evaluated,
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ืžื” ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™,
06:22
they tended to take the safest route
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ื”ื ื ื˜ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:24
and wait until I turned my back to press the remote.
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ื•ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜.
06:27
Children in study two
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
06:28
chose to press the positive remote significantly more when I was watching,
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ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™,
06:32
but then once I turned my back,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™,
06:33
they immediately took the negative remote and started playing with it.
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ื”ื ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชื•.
06:37
Importantly, in a control study,
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช,
06:38
where we removed the different values of the remotes --
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ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื --
06:41
so we simply said, "Oh, wow" after pressing either of the remotes --
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืžืจื ื•, "ื•ื•ืื•" ืื—ืจื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื --
06:45
children's button-pressing behavior no longer differed across conditions,
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื,
06:48
suggesting that it was really the values that we gave the two remotes
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ืžื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืฉื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื ืงื ื• ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื
06:52
that drove the behavior in the previous study.
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ืื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื.
06:55
Last but not least,
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ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘,
06:56
children in study three chose to press a remote significantly more
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:00
when the experimenter that expressed a positive value was watching,
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื”,
07:03
as opposed to the experimenter that had expressed a negative value.
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืงืจืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
07:07
Not coincidentally,
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ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื”,
07:08
it is also around this age that children begin to show embarrassment
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื›ื”
07:12
in situations that might elicit a negative evaluation,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช,
07:15
such as looking at themselves in the mirror
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ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืžืจืื”
07:17
and noticing a mark on their nose.
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ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืืฃ.
07:19
The equivalent of finding spinach in your teeth, for adults.
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ื–ื• ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืชืจื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
07:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:23
So what can we say, based on these findings?
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ืื– ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•?
07:26
Besides the fact that babies are actually really, really sneaky.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื™ื.
07:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:30
From very early on, children, like adults,
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ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
07:34
are sensitive to the values that we place on objects and behaviors.
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ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื—ืคืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.
07:38
And importantly, they use these values to guide their behavior.
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื.
07:42
Whether we're aware of it or not,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš ืื• ืœื,
07:44
we're constantly communicating values to those around us.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
07:47
Now, I don't mean values like "be kind" or "don't steal,"
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื™ื‘" ืื• "ืืœ ืชื’ื ื•ื‘,"
07:51
although those are certainly values.
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ืืฃ ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขืจื›ื™ื.
07:53
I mean that we are constantly showing others, specifically our children,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืจืื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
07:57
what is likeable, valuable and praiseworthy, and what is not.
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ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื”ื•ื‘, ืžื•ืขืจืš ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื‘ื—, ื•ืžื” ืœื.
08:01
And a lot of the times,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื,
08:02
we actually do this without even noticing it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘.
08:05
Psychologists study behavior to explore the contents of the mind,
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
08:09
because our behavior often reflects our beliefs,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืงืคืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช,
08:12
our values and our desires.
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ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:15
Here in Atlanta, we all believe the same thing.
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
08:18
That Coke is better than Pepsi.
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ืฉืงื•ืงื” ืงื•ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืคืกื™.
08:20
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:22
Now, this might have to do with the fact that Coke was invented in Atlanta.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืงื•ืงื” ืงื•ืœื” ื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื”.
08:27
But regardless,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ,
08:28
this belief is expressed in the fact that most people will chose to drink Coke.
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ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืงื•ืงื” ืงื•ืœื”.
08:33
In the same way,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ,
08:34
we are communicating a value
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ืขืจืš
08:36
when we mostly complement girls
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืžื™ืื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
08:38
for their pretty hair or their pretty dress,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ืคื” ืื• ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
08:40
but boys, for their intelligence.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืžื™ืื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื.
08:43
Or when we chose to offer candy, as opposed to nutritious food,
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ืื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžืžืชืง ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืื›ืœ ืžื–ื™ืŸ,
08:46
as a reward for good behavior.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
08:49
Adults and children are incredibly effective
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ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
08:52
at picking up values from these subtle behaviors.
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ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ืžื–ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
08:55
And in turn, this ends up shaping their own behavior.
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ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื–ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
08:59
The research I have shared with you today
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
09:01
suggests that this ability emerges very early in development,
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“,
09:05
before we can even utter a complete sentence
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื
09:07
or are even potty-trained.
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ืื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื’ืžืœื ื• ืžื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื.
09:09
And it becomes an integral part of who we grow up to be.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืžื”ืื“ื ืฉื ื’ื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
09:12
So before I go,
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืœืš,
09:14
I'd like to invite you to contemplate on the values
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื
09:17
that we broadcast in day-to-day interactions,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
09:20
and how these values might be shaping the behavior of those around you.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื.
09:24
For example, what value is being broadcasted
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ื–ื” ืขืจืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื
09:27
when we spend more time smiling at our phone
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:30
than smiling with other people?
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ืžืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
09:32
Likewise, consider how your own behavior has been shaped by those around you,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”, ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื,
09:36
in ways you might not have considered before.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
09:39
To go back to our simple illustration,
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ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
09:41
do you really prefer Coke over Pepsi?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืงื•ืงื” ืงื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืคืคืกื™?
09:44
Or was this preference simply driven by what others around you valued?
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ืื• ืฉื”ื”ืขื“ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื‘ืขื” ืžื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื?
09:48
Parents and teachers certainly have the privilege
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ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช
09:51
to shape children's behavior.
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ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
09:53
But it is important to remember
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
09:56
that through the values we convey in simple day-to-day interactions,
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ืฉื“ืจืš ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช,
10:00
we all have the power to shape the behavior of those around us.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
10:04
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
10:05
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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