When do kids start to care about other people's opinions? | Sara Valencia Botto

151,495 views

2019-09-13 ・ TED


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When do kids start to care about other people's opinions? | Sara Valencia Botto

151,495 views ・ 2019-09-13

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Martina Peraic Recezent: Sanda L
00:12
I'd like you to take a moment
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Željela bih da uzmete trenutak
00:13
and consider what you are wearing right now.
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i razmislite o onome što trenutno nosite na sebi.
00:17
I have a deep, philosophical question for you.
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Imam duboko filozofsko pitanje za vas.
00:21
Why are we not all wearing comfortable pajamas right now?
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Zašto sada svi ne nosimo udobnu pidžamu?
00:23
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:24
Well, I'm a psychologist and not a mind reader,
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Pa, ja sam psihologinja a ne čitačica misli,
00:27
although many people think that's the same thing.
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iako puno ljudi misli ta je to dvoje ista stvar.
00:30
I can bet you that your response is somewhere along the lines of,
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Mogu se kladiti da vaš odgovor glasi nešto kao,
00:33
"I'm expected to not wear pj's in public"
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"Ne očekuje se da nosim pidžamu u javnosti"
00:36
or "I don't want people to think I am a slob."
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ili "Ne želim da ljudi misle da sam klošar".
00:39
Either way, the fact that we all chose to wear business casual clothing,
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U svakom slučaju, činjenica da smo svi odlučili nositi poslovno neformalnu odjeću
00:43
as opposed to our favorite pair of sweatpants,
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umjesto svoje omiljene trenirke,
00:45
is not a silly coincidence.
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nije puka slučajnost.
00:48
Instead, it reveals two defining human characteristics.
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Zapravo nam odaje dvije definirajuće ljudske osobine.
00:52
The first is that we are cognizant of what other people value,
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Prva je da spoznajemo što drugi ljudi smatraju važnim,
00:56
like what they will approve or disapprove of,
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primjerice što će ili što neće odobravati,
00:58
such as not wearing pj's to these sorts of settings.
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poput nenošenja pidžame u ovakvim okruženjima.
01:02
And two, we've readily used this information to guide our behavior.
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Drugo, spremno koristimo te informacije za upravljanje svojim ponašanjem.
01:07
Unlike many other species,
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Za razliku od mnogih drugih vrsta,
01:08
humans are prone to tailor their behavior in the presence of others
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ljudi su podložni mijenjanju svog ponašanja u prisutnosti drugih
01:12
to garner approval.
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kako bi postigli odobravanje.
01:14
We spend valuable time putting on make up,
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Trošimo značajno vrijeme na nanošenje šminke,
01:17
choosing the right picture and Instagram filter,
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biranje prave slike i Instagram filtera,
01:20
and composing ideas that will undoubtedly change the world
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sastavljanje ideja koje će nesumnjivo promijeniti svijet
01:22
in 140 characters or less.
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u manje od 140 znakova.
01:25
Clearly, our concern with how other people will evaluate us
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Očito, naša briga oko toga kako nas drugi ljudi vrednuju
01:28
is a big part of being human.
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je velik dio bivanja čovjekom.
01:31
Despite this being a big human trait, however,
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Međutim, unatoč tome što je ovo bitna ljudska osobina,
01:34
we know relatively little about when and how
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znamo vrlo malo o tome kada i kako
01:37
we come to care about the opinion of others.
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počnemo brinuti o tuđem mišljenju.
01:39
Now, this is a big question that requires many studies.
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To je veliko pitanje koje traži puno proučavanja.
01:43
But the first step to uncovering this question
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Ali prvi korak ka rasvjetljavanju ovog pitanja
01:45
is to investigate when in development
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jest istražiti kada u našem razvoju
01:47
we become sensitive to others' evaluations.
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postanemo osjetljivi na tuđa vrednovanja.
01:51
I have spent the past four years at Emory University
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Protekle četiri godine provela sam na Sveučilištu Emory
01:54
investigating how an infant,
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ispitujući kako se malo dijete,
01:56
who has no problem walking around the grocery store in her onesie,
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kojemu nije problem šetati po dućanu o svom kombinezonu,
02:00
develops into an adult that fears public speaking
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razvije u odraslu osobu koja se boji javnog govorenja
02:03
for fear of being negatively judged.
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zbog straha od negativnih prosudbi.
02:06
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:08
Now, this is usually a point when people ask me,
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Na ovoj točki me ljudi obično pitaju,
02:10
"How do you investigate this question, exactly?
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"Kako točno istražujete ovo pitanje?
02:13
Infants can't talk, right?"
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Mala djeca ne znaju govoriti, zar ne?"
02:15
Well, if my husband were up here right now,
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Ako bi moj suprug sada bio ovdje,
02:17
he would tell you that I interview babies,
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rekao bi vam da intervjuiram bebe,
02:20
because he would rather not say that his wife experiments on children.
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jer nekako radije ne bi rekao da njegova žena radi pokuse na djeci.
02:24
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:27
In reality, I design experiments for children,
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U stvarnosti, kreiram pokuse za djecu,
02:30
usually in the form of games.
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obično u vidu igara.
02:33
Developmental psychologist Dr. Philippe Rochat and I
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Razvojni psiholog dr. Philippe Rochat i ja
02:36
designed a "game" called "The Robot Task"
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kreirali smo "igru" zvanu "Robot Task"
02:39
to explore when children would begin to be sensitive
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da istražimo kada će djeca postati osjetljiva
02:41
to the evaluation of others.
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na vrednovanje drugih.
02:44
Specifically, the robot task captures when children, like adults,
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Specifično, Robot Task bilježi kada djeca, poput odraslih,
02:48
strategically modify their behavior when others are watching.
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strateški prilagođavaju svoje ponašanje kada ih drugi promatraju.
02:53
To do this, we showed 14 to 24-month-old infants
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Zato smo pokazali djeci od 14 do 24 mjeseca starosti
02:56
how to activate a toy robot,
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kako da uključe igračku robota,
02:58
and importantly, we either assigned a positive value,
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i što je važno, dodijelili smo ili pozitivnu vrijednost,
03:00
saying "Wow, isn't that great!"
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govoreći "Nije li to sjajno!"
03:03
or a negative value, saying, "Oh, oh. Oops, oh no,"
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ili negativnu vrijednost, govoreći "Jao, joj, ne!"
03:05
after pressing the remote.
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nakon pritiska na daljinski upravljač.
03:08
Following this toy demonstration,
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Nakon ovog prikaza rada igračke,
03:09
we invited the infants to play with the remote,
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pozvali smo djecu da se igraju daljinskim,
03:12
and then either watched them
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i onda smo ih ili promatrali
03:13
or turned around and pretended to read a magazine.
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ili smo se okrenuli i pravili da čitamo časopis.
03:17
The idea was that if by 24 months,
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Naša ideja bila je da, ako do 24. mjeseca
03:19
children are indeed sensitive to the evaluation of others,
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djeca doista postanu osjetljiva na vrednovanje drugih,
03:22
then their button-pressing behavior should be influenced
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onda bi na njihovo ponašanje u pritiskanju daljinskog trebalo utjecati
03:25
not only by whether or not they're being watched
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ne samo to jesu li promatrani,
03:28
but also by the values that the experimenter expressed
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nego i vrijednosti koje je promatrač izrazio
03:30
towards pressing the remote.
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prema pritiskanju daljinskog.
03:33
So for example,
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Pa primjerice,
03:34
we would expect children to play with the positive remote significantly more
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očekivali bismo da se djeca značajno više igraju pozitivnim daljinskim
03:38
if they were being observed
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ako ih se promatra,
03:39
but then choose to explore the negative remote
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ali da više istražuju negativni daljinski
03:41
once no one was watching.
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dok nitko ne gleda.
03:43
To really capture this phenomenon, we did three variations of the study.
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Da bismo doista zabilježili ovaj fenomen, napravili smo tri verzije istraživanja.
03:47
Study one explored how infants would engage with a novel toy
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Prva verzija istraživala je kako se djeca igraju novom igračkom
03:51
if there were no values or instructions provided.
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ako im nisu unaprijed dane vrijednosti ni upute.
03:53
So we simply showed infants how to activate the toy robot,
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Pokazali smo djeci kako uključiti igračku robota,
03:56
but didn't assign any values,
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ali nismo joj dodijelili nikakve vrijednosti,
03:58
and we also didn't tell them that they could play with the remote,
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niti smo im rekli da se mogu igrati daljinskim,
04:01
providing them with a really ambiguous situation.
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davajući im stvarno dvosmislenu situaciju.
04:03
In study two,
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U drugoj verziji,
04:05
we incorporated the two values, a positive and a negative.
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unijeli smo dvije vrijednosti, pozitivnu i negativnu.
04:10
And in the last study, we had two experimenters and one remote.
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A u posljednjoj verziji, imali smo dva promatrača i jedan daljinski.
04:14
One experimenter expressed a negative value towards pressing the remote,
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Jedan promatrač bi izrazio negativan sud prema pritiskanju daljinskog,
04:17
saying, "Yuck, the toy moved,"
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govoreći "Fuj, igračka se pomakla",
04:19
while the other experimenter expressed a positive value, saying,
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dok bi drugi promatrač izrazio pozitivan sud, govoreći
"Jupi, igračka se pomakla".
04:22
"Yay, the toy moved."
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04:23
And this is how the children reacted to these three different scenarios.
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Ovako su djeca reagirala na ova tri različita scenarija.
04:27
So in study one, the ambiguous situation,
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U prvoj verziji, dvosmislenoj situaciji,
04:30
I'm currently watching the child.
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trenutno promatram dijete.
04:32
She doesn't seem to be too interested in pressing the remote.
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Ne izgleda pretjerano zainteresirana da pritisne daljinski.
04:36
Once I turned around --
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Kada sam se okrenula --
04:39
now she's ready to play.
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sada je spremna za igru.
04:40
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:43
Currently, I'm not watching the child.
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Trenutno ne promatram dijete.
04:45
She's really focused.
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Vrlo je usredotočena.
04:47
I turn around.
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Okrećem se.
04:49
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:50
She wasn't doing anything, right?
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Nije ništa radila, zar ne?
04:55
In study two, it's the two remotes,
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U drugoj verziji su dva daljinska,
04:57
one with the positive and one with the negative value.
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jedan s pozitivnom i jedan s negativnom vrijednošću.
04:59
I'm currently observing the child.
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Trenutno promatram dijete.
05:01
And the orange remote is a negative remote.
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Narančasti daljinski je negativan.
05:05
She's just looking around, looking at me, hanging out.
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Samo gleda uokolo, gleda u mene, druži se.
05:08
Then I turn around ...
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Kada se okrenem,
05:12
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:15
That's what she's going for.
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To je odabrala.
05:19
I'm not watching the child.
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Ne promatram dijete.
05:21
He wants the mom to play with it, right?
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Želi se igrati s mamom, zar ne?
05:23
Take a safer route.
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Odabrati sigurniji put.
05:25
I turn around ...
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Okrenem se...
05:28
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:29
He wasn't doing anything, either.
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Ni on ništa nije radio.
05:36
Yeah, he feels awkward.
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Da, osjeća se nelagodno.
05:37
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:38
Everyone knows that side-eyed glance, right?
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Svatko prepoznaje taj kriomični pogled sa strane, zar ne?
05:41
Study three, the two experimenters, one remote.
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Treća verzija, dvoje promatrača, jedan daljinski.
05:44
The experimenter that reacted negatively towards pressing the remote
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Promatrač koji je negativno reagirao na pritisak daljinskog
sada promatra dijete.
05:47
is watching the child right now.
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05:49
She feels a little awkward, doesn't know what to do, relying on Mom.
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Ona se osjeća pomalo nelagodno, ne zna što da radi, naslanja se na mamu.
05:56
And then, she's going to turn around
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A onda će se ona okrenuti
05:58
so that the experimenter that expressed a positive response is watching.
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tako da promatrač koji je izrazio pozitivan sud sada promatra.
06:04
Coast is clear -- now she's ready to play.
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Put je čist -- sada je spremna za igru.
06:06
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:07
So, as the data suggests,
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Kako nam podaci ukazuju,
06:09
we found that children's button-pressing behavior
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otkrili smo da ponašanje djece pri stiskanju daljinskog
06:11
was indeed influenced by the values and the instructions of the experimenter.
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doista ovisi o utjecaju vrijednosti i uputa promatrača.
06:16
Because in study one, children did not know
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Jer u prvoj verziji, djeca nisu znala
06:19
what would be positively or negatively evaluated,
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što će biti pozitivno ili negativno vrednovano,
06:22
they tended to take the safest route
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pa su odlučila odabrati najsigurniji put
06:24
and wait until I turned my back to press the remote.
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i čekati dok se ne okrenem kako bi pritisnula daljinski.
06:27
Children in study two
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Djeca u drugoj verziji
06:28
chose to press the positive remote significantly more when I was watching,
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birala su pritisnuti pozitivni daljinski značajno češće dok sam ih promatrala,
06:32
but then once I turned my back,
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ali kada bih okrenula leđa,
06:33
they immediately took the negative remote and started playing with it.
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istog trena bi uzela negativni daljinski i počela se igrati njime.
06:37
Importantly, in a control study,
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Najvažnije, u kontrolnom istraživanju,
06:38
where we removed the different values of the remotes --
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gdje smo odstranili različite vrijednosti daljinskog,
06:41
so we simply said, "Oh, wow" after pressing either of the remotes --
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pa smo samo rekli "Oh, jao" nakon pritiskanja bilo kojeg daljinskog --
06:45
children's button-pressing behavior no longer differed across conditions,
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ponašanje djece u pritiskanju više se nisu razlikovala u uvjetima,
06:48
suggesting that it was really the values that we gave the two remotes
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što nam je govorilo da su vrijednosti koje smo pripisali daljinskima
06:52
that drove the behavior in the previous study.
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bile pokretač ponašanja u prethodnom istraživanju.
06:55
Last but not least,
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Zadnje, ne manje važno,
06:56
children in study three chose to press a remote significantly more
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djeca u trećoj verziji pritiskala su daljinski značajno češće
07:00
when the experimenter that expressed a positive value was watching,
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kada bi ih gledao promatrač koji je izrazio pozitivan sud,
07:03
as opposed to the experimenter that had expressed a negative value.
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nasuprot promatraču koji je izrazio negativan sud.
07:07
Not coincidentally,
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Nije slučajno
07:08
it is also around this age that children begin to show embarrassment
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da otprilike u istoj ovoj dobi djeca počinju iskazivati sram
07:12
in situations that might elicit a negative evaluation,
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u situacijama koje bi mogle izazvati negativno vrednovanje,
07:15
such as looking at themselves in the mirror
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naprimjer gledanje u ogledalo
07:17
and noticing a mark on their nose.
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i primjećivanje mrlje na nosu.
07:19
The equivalent of finding spinach in your teeth, for adults.
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Isto kao kada odrasli pronađu špinat među zubima.
07:22
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:23
So what can we say, based on these findings?
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Što možemo zaključiti iz ovih rezultata?
07:26
Besides the fact that babies are actually really, really sneaky.
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Pored činjenice da djeca reagiraju vrlo, vrlo kriomice.
07:29
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:30
From very early on, children, like adults,
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Od vrlo rane dobi, djeca su, kao i odrasli,
07:34
are sensitive to the values that we place on objects and behaviors.
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osjetljiva na sudove koje donosimo o predmetima i ponašanjima.
07:38
And importantly, they use these values to guide their behavior.
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Važno je da oni koriste ove sudove kako bi navodili svoje ponašanje.
07:42
Whether we're aware of it or not,
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Bilo da smo toga svjesni ili nismo,
07:44
we're constantly communicating values to those around us.
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neprestano komuniciramo vrijednosne sudove na sve oko nas.
07:47
Now, I don't mean values like "be kind" or "don't steal,"
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Ne mislim na sudove poput "budi ljubazan" ili "nemoj krasti",
07:51
although those are certainly values.
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iako su i to svakako vrijednosni sudovi.
07:53
I mean that we are constantly showing others, specifically our children,
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Mislim na to kako neprestano pokazujemo drugima, a posebice našoj djeci,
07:57
what is likeable, valuable and praiseworthy, and what is not.
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što je vrijedno sviđanja, vrednovanja i hvaljenja, a što nije.
08:01
And a lot of the times,
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Često
08:02
we actually do this without even noticing it.
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to radimo a da i ne primijetimo.
08:05
Psychologists study behavior to explore the contents of the mind,
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Psiholozi istražuju ponašanje da prouče sadržaj našeg uma,
08:09
because our behavior often reflects our beliefs,
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jer naše ponašanje često odražava naša vjerovanja,
08:12
our values and our desires.
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vrijednosti i težnje.
08:15
Here in Atlanta, we all believe the same thing.
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Ovdje u Atlanti svi vjerujemo u istu stvar.
08:18
That Coke is better than Pepsi.
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Da je Coca Cola bolja od Pepsija.
08:20
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
08:22
Now, this might have to do with the fact that Coke was invented in Atlanta.
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To može imati veze s činjenicom da je Cola izumljena u Atlanti.
08:27
But regardless,
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Ali neovisno o tome,
08:28
this belief is expressed in the fact that most people will chose to drink Coke.
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to vjerovanje izraženo je u činjenici da će više ljudi odabrati popiti Colu.
08:33
In the same way,
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Na isti način,
08:34
we are communicating a value
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komuniciramo vrijednost
08:36
when we mostly complement girls
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kada djevojke uglavnom hvalimo
08:38
for their pretty hair or their pretty dress,
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zbog njihove lijepe kose ili lijepe odjeće,
08:40
but boys, for their intelligence.
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a dječake zbog njihove pameti.
08:43
Or when we chose to offer candy, as opposed to nutritious food,
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Ili kada im odaberemo dati slatkiše umjesto hranjivih namirnica,
08:46
as a reward for good behavior.
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kao nagradu za dobro ponašanje.
08:49
Adults and children are incredibly effective
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Odrasli i djeca su nevjerojatno učinkoviti
08:52
at picking up values from these subtle behaviors.
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u izvlačenju vrijednosti iz ovih prikrivenih ponašanja.
08:55
And in turn, this ends up shaping their own behavior.
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Na kraju, sve to završi oblikujući njihovo vlastito ponašanje.
08:59
The research I have shared with you today
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Istraživanje koje sam vam danas pokazala
09:01
suggests that this ability emerges very early in development,
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navodi nas na zaključak da ova sposobnost nastaje vrlo rano u razvoju,
prije nego što možemo izgovoriti cijelu rečenicu
09:05
before we can even utter a complete sentence
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09:07
or are even potty-trained.
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ili prije nego što izađemo iz pelena.
09:09
And it becomes an integral part of who we grow up to be.
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To postaje sastavnim dijelom osobe u koju ćemo izrasti.
09:12
So before I go,
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Prije nego završim,
09:14
I'd like to invite you to contemplate on the values
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želim vas pozvati da promislite o vrijednostima
09:17
that we broadcast in day-to-day interactions,
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koje odašiljamo u svakodnevnim interakcijama,
09:20
and how these values might be shaping the behavior of those around you.
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i kako bi te vrijednosti mogle oblikovati ponašanje ljudi koji vas okružuju.
09:24
For example, what value is being broadcasted
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Primjerice, koju vrijednost odašiljamo
09:27
when we spend more time smiling at our phone
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kada trošimo više vremena smješkajući se u telefon
09:30
than smiling with other people?
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nego smješkajući se s drugim ljudima?
09:32
Likewise, consider how your own behavior has been shaped by those around you,
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Isto tako, razmislite kako su vaše ponašanje oblikovali ljudi oko vas,
09:36
in ways you might not have considered before.
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na načine koji vam ranije nisu padali na pamet.
09:39
To go back to our simple illustration,
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Vratimo se na jednostavnu ilustraciju,
09:41
do you really prefer Coke over Pepsi?
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volite li stvarno više Colu od Pepsija?
09:44
Or was this preference simply driven by what others around you valued?
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Ili je taj izbor bio potaknut vrijednostima ljudi oko vas?
09:48
Parents and teachers certainly have the privilege
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Roditelji i učitelji zasigurno imaju privilegiju
09:51
to shape children's behavior.
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oblikovati ponašanje djece.
09:53
But it is important to remember
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Ali važno je upamtiti
09:56
that through the values we convey in simple day-to-day interactions,
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da kroz vrijednosti koje prenosimo u svakodnevnim interakcijama,
10:00
we all have the power to shape the behavior of those around us.
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svi imamo moć oblikovati ponašanje ljudi koji nas okružuju.
10:04
Thank you.
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Hvala.
10:05
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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