When do kids start to care about other people's opinions? | Sara Valencia Botto

149,710 views ใƒป 2019-09-13

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Minji Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Yunjung Nam
00:12
I'd like you to take a moment
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ž ์‹œ ๋™์•ˆ
00:13
and consider what you are wearing right now.
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๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
I have a deep, philosophical question for you.
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹ฌ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ• ๊ฒŒ์š”.
00:21
Why are we not all wearing comfortable pajamas right now?
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ์ž ์˜ท์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:23
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:24
Well, I'm a psychologist and not a mind reader,
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์ด์ง€ ๋…์‹ฌ์ˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
although many people think that's the same thing.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
00:30
I can bet you that your response is somewhere along the lines of,
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ์ด์ฏค ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
"I'm expected to not wear pj's in public"
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ž ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•ด." ๋˜๋Š”
00:36
or "I don't want people to think I am a slob."
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"์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฆ„๋ฑ…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์–ด."
00:39
Either way, the fact that we all chose to wear business casual clothing,
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์ด ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด์œ ๋“ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๋น„์ง€๋‹ˆ์Šค ์บ์ฃผ์–ผ๋กœ ์ž…๊ณ  ์™”์ฃ .
00:43
as opposed to our favorite pair of sweatpants,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ ๋ฐ”์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ ์š”.
00:45
is not a silly coincidence.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ์ € ์šฐ์—ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
Instead, it reveals two defining human characteristics.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
The first is that we are cognizant of what other people value,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:56
like what they will approve or disapprove of,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋“ค์ผ์ง€ ์•„๋‹์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
00:58
such as not wearing pj's to these sorts of settings.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ž ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
01:02
And two, we've readily used this information to guide our behavior.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ ๋œป ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
Unlike many other species,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ,
01:08
humans are prone to tailor their behavior in the presence of others
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ํƒ€์ธ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
to garner approval.
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๋™์˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
01:14
We spend valuable time putting on make up,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ™”์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ 
01:17
choosing the right picture and Instagram filter,
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๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ณ ,
01:20
and composing ideas that will undoubtedly change the world
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์งœ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
in 140 characters or less.
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140์ž ๋‚ด์™ธ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:25
Clearly, our concern with how other people will evaluate us
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ, ํƒ€์ธ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฑ์ •์€
01:28
is a big part of being human.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ ํฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
Despite this being a big human trait, however,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
01:34
we know relatively little about when and how
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์–ธ์ œ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”์š”.
01:37
we come to care about the opinion of others.
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01:39
Now, this is a big question that requires many studies.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
But the first step to uncovering this question
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํŒŒํ—ค์น˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š”
01:45
is to investigate when in development
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์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ
01:47
we become sensitive to others' evaluations.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•ด์งˆ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ์š”.
01:51
I have spent the past four years at Emory University
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 4๋…„์„ ์—๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ
01:54
investigating how an infant,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
who has no problem walking around the grocery store in her onesie,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ณต์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ œ์—†์ด ๋งˆํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ—ค์ง‘๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
02:00
develops into an adult that fears public speaking
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๋Œ€์ค‘ ์•ž ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ์š”.
02:03
for fear of being negatively judged.
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๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œ์„œ์š”.
02:06
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:08
Now, this is usually a point when people ask me,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
"How do you investigate this question, exactly?
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"์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
02:13
Infants can't talk, right?"
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์œ ์•„๋“ค์€ ๋ง์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ž–์•„์š”?"
02:15
Well, if my husband were up here right now,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์„œ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:17
he would tell you that I interview babies,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
because he would rather not say that his wife experiments on children.
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์ž๊ธฐ ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹ซ์„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:27
In reality, I design experiments for children,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์ €๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
usually in the form of games.
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๋ณดํ†ต ๋†€์ด์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์š”.
02:33
Developmental psychologist Dr. Philippe Rochat and I
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๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์ธ ํ•„๋ฆฝ ๋กœ์…ฐ์™€ ์ €๋Š”
02:36
designed a "game" called "The Robot Task"
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"๊ณผ์ œ ๋กœ๋ด‡"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ "๋†€์ด"๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
to explore when children would begin to be sensitive
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
02:41
to the evaluation of others.
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ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
Specifically, the robot task captures when children, like adults,
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๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, "๊ณผ์ œ ๋กœ๋ด‡"์€ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค๋„
02:48
strategically modify their behavior when others are watching.
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ํƒ€์ธ์ด ๋ณผ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜์ฃ .
02:53
To do this, we showed 14 to 24-month-old infants
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์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” 14-24๊ฐœ์›”์˜ ์œ ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
how to activate a toy robot,
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์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ์ž‘๋™๋ฒ•์„์š”.
02:58
and importantly, we either assigned a positive value,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ๊ธ์ •์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ
03:00
saying "Wow, isn't that great!"
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"์šฐ์™€, ์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ˆ!" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:03
or a negative value, saying, "Oh, oh. Oops, oh no,"
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"์–ด์–ด? ์•„๋‹ˆ์•ผ."๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:05
after pressing the remote.
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๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์š”.
03:08
Following this toy demonstration,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ,
03:09
we invited the infants to play with the remote,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋†€๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
and then either watched them
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:13
or turned around and pretended to read a magazine.
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๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ์žก์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Š‰์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
The idea was that if by 24 months,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฑด ๋งŒ์•ฝ 24๊ฐœ์›”๊นŒ์ง€
03:19
children are indeed sensitive to the evaluation of others,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์ง„์ • ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:22
then their button-pressing behavior should be influenced
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ธฐ ํ–‰๋™์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
not only by whether or not they're being watched
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:28
but also by the values that the experimenter expressed
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์‹คํ—˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:30
towards pressing the remote.
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03:33
So for example,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
03:34
we would expect children to play with the positive remote significantly more
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ธ์ •์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์„ ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋†€ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:38
if they were being observed
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๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋•Œ์š”.
03:39
but then choose to explore the negative remote
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ€์ •์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:41
once no one was watching.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
03:43
To really capture this phenomenon, we did three variations of the study.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ž˜ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:47
Study one explored how infants would engage with a novel toy
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์ฒซ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์œ ์•„๋“ค์ด ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
if there were no values or instructions provided.
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์–ด๋–ค ํ‰๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ์—์š”.
03:53
So we simply showed infants how to activate the toy robot,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ 
03:56
but didn't assign any values,
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์•„๋ฌด ํ‰๊ฐ€๋„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
and we also didn't tell them that they could play with the remote,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋†€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
providing them with a really ambiguous situation.
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์ •๋ง ์• ๋งคํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:03
In study two,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์€,
04:05
we incorporated the two values, a positive and a negative.
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๊ธ์ •๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ •, ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
And in the last study, we had two experimenters and one remote.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š”, ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์™€ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
One experimenter expressed a negative value towards pressing the remote,
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ํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
saying, "Yuck, the toy moved,"
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"์—์ด, ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์ด ์›€์ง์˜€์ž–์•„,"
04:19
while the other experimenter expressed a positive value, saying,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
"Yay, the toy moved."
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"์ข‹์•„, ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์ด ์›€์ง์˜€์–ด."
04:23
And this is how the children reacted to these three different scenarios.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋“ค ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์ฃ .
04:27
So in study one, the ambiguous situation,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ฒซ ์‹คํ—˜, ์• ๋งคํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š”,
04:30
I'm currently watching the child.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:32
She doesn't seem to be too interested in pressing the remote.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
04:36
Once I turned around --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋‹ˆ
04:39
now she's ready to play.
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์ด์ œ์•ผ ๋†€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋„ค์š”.
04:40
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:43
Currently, I'm not watching the child.
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์ €๋Š” ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
She's really focused.
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์•„์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:47
I turn around.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:50
She wasn't doing anything, right?
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์•„๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ ๋งž์ฃ ?
04:55
In study two, it's the two remotes,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜, ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
04:57
one with the positive and one with the negative value.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์ด์ฃ .
04:59
I'm currently observing the child.
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์ €๋Š” ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:01
And the orange remote is a negative remote.
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์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์ด ๋ถ€์ •์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
She's just looking around, looking at me, hanging out.
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์•„์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋„ค์š”. ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ , ๋†€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:08
Then I turn around ...
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:15
That's what she's going for.
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์ € ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์„ ์žก๋„ค์š”.
05:19
I'm not watching the child.
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์ €๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์•ˆ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:21
He wants the mom to play with it, right?
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์•„์ด๋Š” ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋†€๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ฃ ?
05:23
Take a safer route.
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์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:25
I turn around ...
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:29
He wasn't doing anything, either.
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์ด ์•„์ด๋„ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋„ค์š”.
05:36
Yeah, he feels awkward.
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๋„ค, ๋‚ฏ์„ ๊ฐ€ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:38
Everyone knows that side-eyed glance, right?
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ ๋ˆˆ์ง“์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
05:41
Study three, the two experimenters, one remote.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜, ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์™€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
The experimenter that reacted negatively towards pressing the remote
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๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๊ฐ€
05:47
is watching the child right now.
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์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
She feels a little awkward, doesn't know what to do, relying on Mom.
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์ด ์•„์ด๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋„ค์š”. ์—„๋งˆํ•œํ…Œ ์˜์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์–ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
05:56
And then, she's going to turn around
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
so that the experimenter that expressed a positive response is watching.
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๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:04
Coast is clear -- now she's ready to play.
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๋‚ด ์„ธ์ƒ์ด๋‹ค ์ด์ œ์•ผ ๋†€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋„ค์š”.
06:06
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:07
So, as the data suggests,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
06:09
we found that children's button-pressing behavior
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์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ธฐ ํ–‰๋™์ด
06:11
was indeed influenced by the values and the instructions of the experimenter.
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ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ์‹ค๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
Because in study one, children did not know
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฒซ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ, ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
what would be positively or negatively evaluated,
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ ์ง€๋ฅผ์š”.
์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ธธ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:22
they tended to take the safest route
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06:24
and wait until I turned my back to press the remote.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋Œ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ์ฃ .
06:27
Children in study two
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€
06:28
chose to press the positive remote significantly more when I was watching,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ธ์ •์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
but then once I turned my back,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ฉด,
06:33
they immediately took the negative remote and started playing with it.
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๊ณง ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์„ ์ง‘์–ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋†€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
Importantly, in a control study,
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋Œ€์กฐ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ,
06:38
where we removed the different values of the remotes --
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๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋นผ๊ณ 
06:41
so we simply said, "Oh, wow" after pressing either of the remotes --
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋“  "์˜ค, ์šฐ์™€" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
children's button-pressing behavior no longer differed across conditions,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ธฐ ํ–‰๋™์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
06:48
suggesting that it was really the values that we gave the two remotes
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์ „ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ์— ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
06:52
that drove the behavior in the previous study.
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ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
Last but not least,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ,
06:56
children in study three chose to press a remote significantly more
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๋•Œ๋Š”,
07:00
when the experimenter that expressed a positive value was watching,
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๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—์š”.
07:03
as opposed to the experimenter that had expressed a negative value.
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๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์š”.
07:07
Not coincidentally,
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์šฐ์—ฐ์˜ ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ๋„,
07:08
it is also around this age that children begin to show embarrassment
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์ด ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์›€์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
in situations that might elicit a negative evaluation,
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๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์š”.
07:15
such as looking at themselves in the mirror
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๊ฑฐ์šธ ์† ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
07:17
and noticing a mark on their nose.
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์ฝ”์— ์ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
07:19
The equivalent of finding spinach in your teeth, for adults.
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์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”, ์ด์— ๋‚€ ์‹œ๊ธˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:22
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:23
So what can we say, based on these findings?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:26
Besides the fact that babies are actually really, really sneaky.
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์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ •๋ง ๊พ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด์„œ์š”.
07:29
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:30
From very early on, children, like adults,
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:34
are sensitive to the values that we place on objects and behaviors.
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๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
And importantly, they use these values to guide their behavior.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
Whether we're aware of it or not,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋“  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋“  ๊ฐ„์—,
07:44
we're constantly communicating values to those around us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
Now, I don't mean values like "be kind" or "don't steal,"
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์ €๋Š” "์ฐฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋‚˜ "ํ›”์น˜์ง€ ๋งˆ"์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
07:51
although those are certainly values.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
07:53
I mean that we are constantly showing others, specifically our children,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ, ํŠนํžˆ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
what is likeable, valuable and praiseworthy, and what is not.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๊ณ , ์นญ์ฐฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์„๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€๋ฅผ์š”.
08:01
And a lot of the times,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๋•Œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„
08:02
we actually do this without even noticing it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
Psychologists study behavior to explore the contents of the mind,
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ–‰๋™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
because our behavior often reflects our beliefs,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋…์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
our values and our desires.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„์š”.
08:15
Here in Atlanta, we all believe the same thing.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์• ํ‹€๋žœํƒ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ๋…์ด ์žˆ์ฃ  .
08:18
That Coke is better than Pepsi.
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์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํŽฉ์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๋‹ค.
08:20
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
08:22
Now, this might have to do with the fact that Coke was invented in Atlanta.
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์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์• ํ‹€๋žœํƒ€์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:27
But regardless,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด
08:28
this belief is expressed in the fact that most people will chose to drink Coke.
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์ด ์‹ ๋…์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
In the same way,
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ,
08:34
we are communicating a value
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
when we mostly complement girls
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋…€๋“ค์„ ์นญ์ฐฌํ•  ๋•Œ
08:38
for their pretty hair or their pretty dress,
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์˜ˆ์œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์œ ์˜ท์„ ์นญ์ฐฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
08:40
but boys, for their intelligence.
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์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์„ ์นญ์ฐฌํ•  ๋• ์˜ํŠนํ•จ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:43
Or when we chose to offer candy, as opposed to nutritious food,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์–‘๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Œ์‹์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌํƒ•์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ์—์š”.
08:46
as a reward for good behavior.
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์ข‹์€ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
Adults and children are incredibly effective
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์„ฑ์ธ๊ณผ ์•„๋™์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
at picking up values from these subtle behaviors.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์• ๋งคํ•œ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์š”.
08:55
And in turn, this ends up shaping their own behavior.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
The research I have shared with you today
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ์ €์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
09:01
suggests that this ability emerges very early in development,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์„ฑ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
before we can even utter a complete sentence
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
09:07
or are even potty-trained.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฐฐ๋ณ€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋„ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—์š”.
09:09
And it becomes an integral part of who we grow up to be.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
So before I go,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—,
09:14
I'd like to invite you to contemplate on the values
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๊ธธ ๊ถŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋„ค์š”.
09:17
that we broadcast in day-to-day interactions,
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๋งค์ผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜์š”.
09:20
and how these values might be shaping the behavior of those around you.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ์š”.
09:24
For example, what value is being broadcasted
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์š”?
09:27
when we spend more time smiling at our phone
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์›ƒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๋•Œ์š”?
09:30
than smiling with other people?
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ํƒ€์ธ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์›ƒ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณด๋‹ค๋„์š”.
09:32
Likewise, consider how your own behavior has been shaped by those around you,
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ๋‚ด ํ–‰๋™์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:36
in ways you might not have considered before.
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์ „์—๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์š”.
09:39
To go back to our simple illustration,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ,
09:41
do you really prefer Coke over Pepsi?
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํŽฉ์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข‹์€๊ฐ€์š”?
09:44
Or was this preference simply driven by what others around you valued?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
09:48
Parents and teachers certainly have the privilege
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๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ์ฅ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
to shape children's behavior.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:53
But it is important to remember
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
that through the values we convey in simple day-to-day interactions,
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๋งค์ผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์†์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
10:00
we all have the power to shape the behavior of those around us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
10:04
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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