100 solutions to reverse global warming | Chad Frischmann

353,011 views ใƒป 2018-12-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Weisman
00:13
Hello.
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ืฉืœื•ื.
00:14
I'd like to introduce you to a word you may never have heard before,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื˜ืจื ืฉืžืขืชื,
00:18
but you ought to know:
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื›ื™ืจื•:
00:20
drawdown.
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ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ.
00:22
Drawdown is a new way of thinking about and acting on global warming.
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ื”ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
00:27
It's a goal for a future that we want,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื ื•,
ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
00:31
a future where reversing global warming is possible.
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00:36
Drawdown is that point in time
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ื”ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
00:38
when atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases begin to decline
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ืฉื‘ื” ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจื“ืช
ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื”.
00:43
on a year-to-year basis.
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00:45
More simply, it's that point
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ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื”
00:47
when we take out more greenhouse gases than we put into Earth's atmosphere.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืขืœื™ื ืืœื™ื”.
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
00:54
Now, I know we're all concerned about climate change,
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00:58
but climate change is not the problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
01:01
Climate change is the expression of the problem.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื‘ืขื™ื”,
01:05
It's the feedback of the system of the planet telling us what's going on.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
01:12
The problem is global warming,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ืขืงื‘ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”
01:15
provoked by the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases
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01:19
caused by human activity.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื“ื.
01:21
So how do we solve the problem?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื ืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•?
01:23
How do we begin the process of reversing global warming?
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ืื™ืš ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช?
ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื˜ื”ืจ,
01:29
The only way we know how is to draw down,
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01:32
to avoid putting greenhouse gases up
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ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืขืœืืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
01:35
and to pull down what's already there.
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื.
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข.
01:39
I know.
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01:40
Given the current situation, it sounds impossible,
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ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื ืฉืžืข ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™,
01:44
but humanity already knows what to do.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช
01:49
We have real, workable technologies and practices
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01:52
that can achieve drawdown.
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ.
01:55
And it's already happening.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”.
01:57
What we need is to accelerate implementation
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
02:01
and to change the discourse
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ื•ื ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—
02:03
from one of fear and confusion, which only leads to apathy,
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ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ, ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืจืง ืœืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ-ื ืคืฉ,
02:09
to one of understanding and possibility,
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ืœืฉื™ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช,
02:13
and, therefore, opportunity.
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš - ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:16
I work for an organization called Project Drawdown.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ" (Project Drawdown).
02:19
And for the last four years,
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ื•ืžื–ื” ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื,
02:21
together with a team of researchers and writers from all over the world,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
ืžื™ืคื™ื ื•, ืžื“ื“ื ื• ื•ืคื™ืจื˜ื ื•
02:25
we have mapped, measured and detailed
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02:28
100 solutions to reversing global warming.
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100 ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
02:32
Eighty already exist today,
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80 ืžื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:35
and when taken together, those 80 can achieve drawdown.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื›ืœ ื”-80 ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ.
20 ืžื”ื ื”ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
02:40
And 20 are coming attractions, solutions on the pipeline,
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02:43
and when they come online,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื,
02:45
will speed up our progress.
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ื”ื ื™ืื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื ื•.
02:48
These are solutions
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจื™-ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช.
02:50
that are viable, scalable and financially feasible.
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02:55
And they do one or more of three things:
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
02:58
replace existing fossil fuel-based energy generation with clean, renewable sources;
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ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™-ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื;
ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
03:05
reduce consumption through technological efficiency
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03:08
and behavior change;
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ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช;
03:10
and to biosequester carbon in our plants' biomass and soil
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื“ืžื”
03:15
through a process we all learn in grade school,
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™,
03:17
the magic of photosynthesis.
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ืงืกื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”.
03:19
It's through a combination of these three mechanisms
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ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ.
03:23
that drawdown becomes possible.
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03:26
So how do we get there?
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ืื™ืš ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš?
03:28
Well, here's the short answer.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื”.
03:31
This is a list of the top 20 solutions to reversing global warming.
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ื–ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ 20 ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
03:35
Now, I'll go into some detail,
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ืžื™ื“ ืื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื,
03:37
but take a few seconds to look over the list.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื—ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”.
ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข,
03:45
It's eclectic, I know,
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ืžื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ืฉื›ืœืช ื‘ื ื•ืช,
03:47
from onshore wind turbines to educating girls,
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03:50
from plant-rich diets to rooftop solar technology.
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ืžืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
03:54
So let's break it down a little bit.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืœืง ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ืœืงื™ื.
03:56
To the right of the slide, you'll see figures in gigatons,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื, ื‘ื’'ื™ื’ื” ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช,
03:59
or billions of tons.
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ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช,
ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ืกืš ืฉื•ื•ื”-ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™
04:02
That represents the total equivalent carbon dioxide
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04:05
reduced from the atmosphere
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ืฉืžืชืจื•ืงืŸ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ืฉื ื”.
04:07
when the solution is implemented globally over a 30-year period.
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04:11
Now, when we think about climate solutions,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื,
ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ.
04:15
we often think about electricity generation.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:18
We think of renewable energy as the most important set of solutions,
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ื•ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“.
04:22
and they are incredibly important.
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04:24
But the first thing to notice about this list
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื•,
04:27
is that only five of the top 20 solutions relate to electricity.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ืฉืžืœ.
04:32
What surprised us, honestly,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื•, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช,
ื”ื™ื” ืฉืฉืžื•ื ื” ืž-20 ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
04:35
was that eight of the top 20 relate to the food system.
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04:40
The climate impact of food may come as a surprise to many people,
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ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืจื‘ื™ื,
04:44
but what these results show is that the decisions we make every day
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
04:48
about the food we produce, purchase and consume
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื, ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื
ื”ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:52
are perhaps the most important contributions
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04:54
every individual can make to reversing global warming.
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ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืงืจืงืข.
04:59
And how we manage land is also very important.
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช
05:03
Protecting forests and wetlands
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ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื”, ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื’ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืข ืคื—ืžืŸ
05:06
safeguards, expands and creates new carbon sinks
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05:10
that directly draw down carbon.
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ืฉืžื—ืœืฆื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
05:13
This is how drawdown can happen.
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ื›ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ืžื’ืžื”.
05:16
And when we take food and land management together,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืงืจืงืข,
05:20
12 of the top 20 solutions relate to how and why we use land.
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12 ืž-20 ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
05:26
This fundamentally shifts traditional thinking on climate solutions.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื• ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื.
05:33
But let's go to the top of the list,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื” ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”,
ื›ื™ ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื’ื ื–ื” ื™ืคืชื™ืข ืืชื›ื.
05:35
because I think what's there may also surprise you.
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
05:38
The single most impactful solution,
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05:41
according to this analysis, would be refrigeration management,
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ืœืคื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ,
05:44
or properly managing and disposing of hydrofluorocarbons, also known as HFCs,
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ืื• ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•-ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™, ืื™ื™ืฅ'-ืืฃ-ืกื™, ื•ื”ื™ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืžืžื ื•,
05:49
which are used by refrigerators and air conditioners to cool the air.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื–ื’ื ื™ื.
05:55
We did a great job with the Montreal Protocol
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžืœืื›ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืขื ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ
ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืคื—ืžื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื•ืจื•-ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื”ืกื™-ืืฃ-ืกื™,
05:58
to limit the production of chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs,
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06:01
because of their effect on the ozone layer.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ.
06:03
But they were replaced by HFCs,
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื‘ืื™ื™ืฅ'-ืืฃ-ืกื™, ืคื—ืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื•-ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื™ื,
06:05
which are hundreds to thousands of times more potent a greenhouse gas
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ืฉื”ื ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืื•ืช ื•ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื
ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
06:10
than carbon dioxide.
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ื•ื”-90 ื’'ื™ื’ื” ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื—ืชื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžืจื ื™.
06:12
And that 90 gigatons reduced is a conservative figure.
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06:17
If we were to account for the impact of the Kigali agreement of 2016,
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ืื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื’ืืœื™ ืž-2016,
06:21
which calls for the phaseout of hydrofluorocarbons
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ืฉืงืจื ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื‘ืคื—ืžื ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•-ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื™ื
06:24
and replace them with natural refrigerants, which exist today,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืคืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื,
06:29
this number could increase to 120, to nearly 200 gigatons
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ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœ-120 ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-200 ื’'ื™ื’ื” ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช
06:34
of avoided greenhouse gases.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ืฉื ืžื ืขื•.
ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื•.
06:37
Maybe you're surprised, as we were.
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ื‘ื˜ืจื ื ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
06:40
Now, before going into some details of specific solutions,
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06:43
you may be wondering how we came to these calculations.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื”.
ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ืืกืคื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
06:47
Well, first of all, we collected a lot of data,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื
06:50
and we used statistical analysis to create ranges
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06:53
that allow us to choose reasonable choices
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช
06:56
for every input used throughout the models.
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ืœื›ืœ ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืงื˜ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช.
07:00
And we chose a conservative approach, which underlies the entire project.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžื•ื“ืœ,
07:05
All that data is entered in the model,
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ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช ืืš ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืœืขืชื™ื“,
07:07
ambitiously but plausibly projected into the future,
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07:10
and compared against what we would have to do anyway.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืžื™ืœื.
07:13
The 84 gigatons reduced from onshore wind turbines, for example,
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84 ื”ื’'ื™ื’ื” ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืžืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ,
07:18
results from the electricity generated from wind farms
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ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืžื•ืคืง ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ืจื•ื—
07:21
that would otherwise be produced from coal or gas-fired plants.
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ืฉืื—ืจืช, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืง ืžืคื—ื ืื• ืžืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืขืจืช ื’ื–.
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื•ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื
07:26
We calculate all the costs to build and to operate the plants
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07:32
and all the emissions generated.
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช.
07:34
The same process is used to compare recycling versus landfilling,
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื˜ืžื ืช ืืฉืคื”,
07:39
regenerative versus industrial agriculture,
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ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
07:42
protecting versus cutting down our forests.
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07:46
The results are then integrated within and across systems
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ
07:50
to avoid double-counting
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”
07:52
and add it up to see if we actually get to drawdown.
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ื•ืกื•ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืื›ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžื’ืžื”.
07:57
OK, let's go into some specific solutions.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-10.
08:02
Rooftop solar comes in ranked number 10.
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08:06
When we picture rooftop solar in our minds
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ืกื•ืœืจื™,
ืื ื• ื‘ื“"ื› ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื—ืกืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืืžื™ ืฉื’ื’ื• ืžื—ื•ืคื” ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
08:09
we often envision a warehouse in Miami covered in solar panels.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื,
08:16
But these are solutions that are relevant in urban and rural settings,
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08:20
high and low-income countries,
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ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืขื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื”,
08:22
and they have cascading benefits.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง.
08:25
This is a family on a straw island in Lake Titicaca
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ื–ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืงืฉ ื‘ืื’ื ื˜ื™ื˜ื™ืงืงื”,
ืฉืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”.
08:30
receiving their first solar panel.
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08:32
Before, kerosene was used for cooking and lighting,
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ืขื“ ืื– ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื ืคื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ืœืชืื•ืจื”,
08:35
kerosene on a straw island.
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ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืงืฉ.
ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื”ืชืงื ืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ืขื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช,
08:38
So by installing solar, this family is not only helping to reduce emissions,
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ืืœื ื’ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
08:43
but providing safety and security for their household.
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08:46
And tropical forests tell their own story.
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ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื”ื.
08:49
Protecting currently degraded land in the tropics
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉื”ื•ืฉื—ืชื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื
08:53
and allowing natural regeneration to occur
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ื•ืื™ืคืฉื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
08:56
is the number five solution to reversing global warming.
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ื”ื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืก' 5 ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
09:00
We can think of trees as giant sticks of carbon.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ืžืงืœื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ืขื ืงื™ื™ื.
09:04
This is drawdown in action every year,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžื’ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื•, ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื”,
09:08
as carbon is removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis,
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ื›ืฉื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื•ืฆื ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”,
09:12
which converts carbon dioxide to plants' biomass and soil organic carbon.
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ืฉืžืžื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ืฆืžื—ื™ืช ื•ืœืคื—ืžืŸ ืงืจืงืขื™ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™.
ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
09:19
And we need to rethink how we produce our food
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:22
to make it more regenerative.
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09:24
There are many ways to do this, and we researched over 13 of them,
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื•ืื ื• ื—ืงืจื ื• ืžืขืœ 13 ืžื”ืŸ,
09:28
but these aren't new ways of producing food.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
09:30
They have been practiced for centuries, for generations.
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ืืœื ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื–ื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื–ื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
09:35
But they are increasingly displaced by modern agriculture,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื“ื•ื—ืงืช ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”ืŸ
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื—ืงืช ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื“-ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช
09:39
which promotes tillage, monocropping
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09:42
and the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides which degrade the land
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ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืฉื ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”
09:47
and turn it into a net emitter of greenhouse gases.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื•ืœื˜ืช-ื ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”.
09:51
Regenerative agriculture, on the other hand,
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ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
ืžืฉืงืžืช ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”,
09:54
restores soil health and productivity,
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09:56
increases yield,
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ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื,
09:58
improves water retention,
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ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ืืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื,
10:00
benefits smallholder farmers and large farming operations alike
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ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืœืžืคืขืœื™ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
10:04
and brings carbon back to the land.
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ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืื“ืžื”.
10:07
It's a win-win-win-win-win.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื ืฉื›ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
10:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื•ืœื ืจืง ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
10:15
And it's not just how we produce food,
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10:17
but what we consume
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ืืœื ื’ื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื•
10:19
that has a massive impact on global warming.
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืžืื“ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
10:22
A plant-rich diet is not a vegan or a vegetarian diet,
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ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืชื™ืจืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ืช,
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจื™ืข ืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš.
10:25
though I applaud any who make those choices.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”,
10:28
It's a healthy diet in terms of how much we consume,
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10:31
and particularly how much meat is consumed.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื ืฆืจืš.
ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
10:35
In the richer parts of the world,
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10:36
we overconsume.
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10:38
However, low-income countries
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ืื‘ืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืขื•ื˜ื•ืช-ื”ื›ื ืกื”
10:41
show an insufficient caloric and protein intake.
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ืžืคื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœื-ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
10:44
That needs rebalancing,
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืื–ืŸ ื–ืืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
10:46
and it's in the rebalancing
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ื•ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”
10:48
that a plant-rich diet becomes the number four solution
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืชื™ืจืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืก' 4
10:51
to reversing global warming.
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ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
10:54
Moreover, approximately a third of all food produced is not eaten,
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ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ื ืื›ืœ,
10:59
and wasted food emits an astounding eight percent of global greenhouse gases.
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ื•ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื– ืคื•ืœื˜ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”.
11:06
We need to look where across the supply chain
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืืชืจ ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
11:08
these losses and wastage occurs.
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ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืขื•ื˜ื•ืช-ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื”,
11:11
In low-income countries, after food leaves the farm,
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื• ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื”
11:14
most food is wasted early in the supply chain
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11:16
due to infrastructure and storage challenges.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื•ืื—ืกื•ืŸ.
11:19
Food is not wasted by consumers in low-income countries
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ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืขื•ื˜ื•ืช-ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ
11:22
which struggle to feed their population.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืงืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื”,
11:26
In the developed world, instead, after food leaves the farm,
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11:28
most food is wasted at the end of the supply chain
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื• ืžืชื‘ื–ื‘ื–ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื”
ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื,
11:31
by markets and consumers,
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11:32
and wasted food ends up in the landfill
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ื•ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื– ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ืžื ื•ืช
ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืžืชืืŸ
11:35
where it emits methane
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11:37
as it decomposes.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
11:40
This is a consumer choice problem.
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ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฆืจื›ื ื™ืช.
11:43
It's not a technology issue.
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ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
11:46
Preventing food waste from the beginning
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ืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”
11:48
is the number three solution.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืก' 3.
11:51
But here's the interesting thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
ื›ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
11:54
When we look at the food system as a whole
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11:56
and we implement all the production solutions
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
11:58
like regenerative agriculture,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช,
ืžืกื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืชื™ืจืช-ืฆืžื—ื™ื
12:01
and we adopt a plant-rich diet,
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12:03
and we reduce food waste,
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ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
12:05
our research shows that we would produce enough food on current farmland
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืจืื” ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืžื–ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื”
12:11
to feed the world's growing population a healthy, nutrient-rich diet
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ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2050 ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”.
12:15
now until 2050 and beyond.
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12:18
That means we don't need to cut down forests for food production.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
12:23
The solutions to reversing global warming are the same solutions to food insecurity.
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
12:29
Now, a solution that often does not get talked enough about,
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ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
12:34
family planning.
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ื”ื•ื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
12:36
By providing men and women the right to choose
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ื›ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
12:39
when, how and if to raise a family
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ืžืชื™, ืื™ืš ื•ืื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ื”
12:43
through reproductive health clinics and education,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืจืคืื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืชืื™ื,
12:46
access to contraception
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื”
12:49
and freedom devoid of persecution
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ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืœื ืกื›ื ืช ืจื“ื™ืคื”,
12:52
can reduce the estimated global population by 2050.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืคื™ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืขื“ 2050.
12:57
That reduced population means reduced demand
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ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ
13:00
for electricity, food, travel, buildings and all other resources.
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ืœื—ืฉืžืœ, ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
13:06
All the energy and emissions
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช
13:07
that are used to produce that higher demand
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืžืขื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
13:10
is reduced by providing the basic human right
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ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช
13:13
to choose when, how and if to raise a family.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืชื™, ืื™ืš ื•ืื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
13:18
But family planning cannot happen without equal quality of education
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
13:24
to girls currently being denied access.
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13:27
Now, we've taken a small liberty here,
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ื”ื ื—ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืงืฆืช ืœื”ืชืคืจืข ื›ืืŸ,
13:29
because the impact of universal education
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ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”
13:34
and family planning resources
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ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”,
13:36
are so inextricably intertwined
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ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื”.
13:39
that we chose to cut it right down the middle.
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13:42
But taken together, educating girls and family planning
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืฉื›ืœืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
ื”ื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืก' 1 ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
13:47
is the number one solution to reversing global warming,
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13:50
reducing approximately 120 billion tons of greenhouse gases.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืฉืœ 120 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”.
ืื– ื”ืื ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ืžื’ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื™?
13:58
So is drawdown possible?
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจื™,
14:00
The answer is yes, it is possible,
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14:03
but we need all 80 solutions.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ื• ื›ืœ 80 ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
14:06
There are no silver bullets or a subset of solutions
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืงืกื ืื• ืžืขืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ืขื“ ื–ื”.
14:09
that are going to get us there.
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14:11
The top solutions would take us far along the pathway,
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื™ื™ืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื›ื‘ืจืช-ื“ืจืš,
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, "ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ".
14:14
but there's no such thing as a small solution.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”-80.
14:17
We need all 80.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื”ื“ืจ.
14:19
But here's the great thing.
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”
14:21
We would want to implement these solutions
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14:24
whether or not global warming was even a problem,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื”,
ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
14:28
because they have cascading benefits to human and planetary well-being.
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14:34
Renewable electricity results in clean, abundant access to energy for all.
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ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืคืข ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื•ื ืงื™ื” ืœื›ืœ.
14:41
A plant-rich diet, reduced food waste
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ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืชื™ืจืช-ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคื—ืช,
14:44
results in a healthy global population with enough food and sustenance.
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ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืงื™ื•ื.
ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœืช ื‘ื ื•ืช?
14:50
Family planning and educating girls?
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ื›ืืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื,
14:53
This is about human rights,
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14:55
about gender equality.
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ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืจื™,
14:58
This is about economic improvement and the freedom of choice.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
15:02
It's about justice.
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ื‘ืฆื“ืง.
15:05
Regenerative agriculture, managed grazing, agroforestry, silvopasture
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ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืจืขื”, ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื™ืขืจ, ืžืจืขื” ื™ืขืจ
ืžืฉืงืžื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื
15:10
restores soil health, benefits farmers
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15:13
and brings carbon back to the land.
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ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืื“ืžื”.
15:17
Protecting our ecosystems also protects biodiversity
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ื ื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช
15:21
and safeguards planetary health
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15:23
and the oxygen that we breathe.
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ื•ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื.
15:26
Its tangible benefits to all species are incalculable.
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ืืœื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™-ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื.
ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš:
15:31
But one last point, because I know it's probably on everybody's mind;
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15:35
how much is this going to cost?
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ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืœื”?
15:38
Well, we estimate that to implement all 80 solutions
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ืื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื›ืœ 80 ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
15:43
would cost about 29 trillion dollars over 30 years.
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ื™ืขืœื” ื›-29 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืื•ืจืš 30 ืฉื ื”.
15:47
That's just about a trillion a year.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืฉื ื”.
15:49
Now, I know that sounds like a lot,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื”ืจื‘ื”,
15:52
but we have to remember that global GDP is over 80 trillion every year,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชืœ"ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-80 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
15:57
and the estimated savings from implementing these solutions
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ื•ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขืจืš ืžื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”
ื”ื•ื 74 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขืœื•ืช.
16:01
is 74 trillion dollars, over double the costs.
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16:04
That's a net savings of 44 trillion dollars.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื• ืฉืœ 44 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
ืื– ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื“ ืืคืฉืจื™.
16:11
So drawdown is possible.
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16:13
We can do it if we want to.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื ืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ืš.
ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
16:16
It's not going to cost that much, and the return on that investment is huge.
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16:23
Here's the welcome surprise.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ืฉืชืงื“ื ืืช ืคื ื™ื›ื.
16:26
When we implement these solutions,
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ื›ืฉื ื™ื™ืฉื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”,
ื ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื
16:29
we shift the way we do business
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16:31
from a system that is inherently exploitative and extractive
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ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื ืฆืœื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื”
16:36
to a new normal that is by nature restorative and regenerative.
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ืœื ื•ืจืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืžืฉืงืžืช ื•ืžื—ื“ืฉืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื”.
16:43
We need to rethink our global goals,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื• ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื,
ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช
16:47
to move beyond sustainability
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16:49
towards regeneration,
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ืืœ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
16:51
and along the way reverse global warming.
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ื•ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš, ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
16:55
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
16:56
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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