Can a divided America heal? | Jonathan Haidt

367,030 views ใƒป 2016-11-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Roni Weisman ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Chris Anderson: So, Jon, this feels scary.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืื– ื’'ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
00:15
Jonathan Haidt: Yeah.
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ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื˜: ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:16
CA: It feels like the world is in a place
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื
00:18
that we haven't seen for a long time.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
00:20
People don't just disagree in the way that we're familiar with,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
00:24
on the left-right political divide.
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ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ.
00:26
There are much deeper differences afoot.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื”.
00:29
What on earth is going on, and how did we get here?
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ืžื” ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ืงื•ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”?
00:33
JH: This is different.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
00:36
There's a much more apocalyptic sort of feeling.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื™ืช.
00:39
Survey research by Pew Research shows
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ืžืฉืืœ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืข"ื™ ืคื™ื• ืจื™ืกืจืฅ' ืžืจืื”
00:41
that the degree to which we feel that the other side is not just --
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ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืง --
00:45
we don't just dislike them; we strongly dislike them,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืกืชื ืœื ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื“ ืœื ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื,
00:48
and we think that they are a threat to the nation.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื•ื ืœืื•ืžื”.
00:51
Those numbers have been going up and up,
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ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“,
00:53
and those are over 50 percent now on both sides.
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ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
00:56
People are scared,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
00:57
because it feels like this is different than before; it's much more intense.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง.
01:01
Whenever I look at any sort of social puzzle,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉื”ื•ื,
01:04
I always apply the three basic principles of moral psychology,
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ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ,
01:07
and I think they'll help us here.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืคื”.
01:09
So the first thing that you have to always keep in mind
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ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
01:11
when you're thinking about politics
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”
01:13
is that we're tribal.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:15
We evolved for tribalism.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:16
One of the simplest and greatest insights into human social nature
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ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
01:19
is the Bedouin proverb:
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ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืคืชื’ื ื‘ื“ื•ืื™:
01:20
"Me against my brother;
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"ืื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ืื—ื™,
01:22
me and my brother against our cousin;
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ืื ื™ ื•ืื—ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ื•ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:24
me and my brother and cousins against the stranger."
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ืื ื™ ื•ืื—ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื•ื“ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืจ."
01:26
And that tribalism allowed us to create large societies
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ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ
01:31
and to come together in order to compete with others.
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ื•ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:34
That brought us out of the jungle and out of small groups,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ื•ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
01:38
but it means that we have eternal conflict.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื ืฆื—ื™.
01:40
The question you have to look at is:
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื:
01:42
What aspects of our society are making that more bitter,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:44
and what are calming them down?
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืจื’ื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื•?
01:46
CA: That's a very dark proverb.
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ื–ื” ืคืชื’ื ืžืื“ ืงื•ื“ืจ.
01:47
You're saying that that's actually baked into most people's mental wiring
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ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
01:52
at some level?
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช?
01:53
JH: Oh, absolutely. This is just a basic aspect of human social cognition.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ื”ื•, ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
01:57
But we can also live together really peacefully,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื,
01:59
and we've invented all kinds of fun ways of, like, playing war.
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ื•ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื”ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืง ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื›ืื™ืœื•.
02:02
I mean, sports, politics --
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” --
02:04
these are all ways that we get to exercise this tribal nature
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ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืชืจื’ืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื–ื”
02:08
without actually hurting anyone.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
02:09
We're also really good at trade and exploration and meeting new people.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:14
So you have to see our tribalism as something that goes up or down --
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ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืื• ื™ื•ืจื“ --
02:17
it's not like we're doomed to always be fighting each other,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืœื ืฆื—,
02:20
but we'll never have world peace.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืฉืœื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื™.
02:22
CA: The size of that tribe can shrink or expand.
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘.
02:26
JH: Right.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:27
CA: The size of what we consider "us"
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืื ื—ื ื•"
02:29
and what we consider "other" or "them"
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื "ื”ืื—ืจื™ื" ืื• "ื”ื"
02:31
can change.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
02:34
And some people believed that process could continue indefinitely.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ.
02:40
JH: That's right.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ืื›ืŸ ื›ืš.
02:41
CA: And we were indeed expanding the sense of tribe for a while.
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
02:44
JH: So this is, I think,
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ืื– ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
02:45
where we're getting at what's possibly the new left-right distinction.
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ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ.
02:49
I mean, the left-right as we've all inherited it,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ืฉืžืืœ ื•ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืจืฉื ื• ืื•ืชื,
02:51
comes out of the labor versus capital distinction,
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ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืŸ,
02:54
and the working class, and Marx.
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ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื•ืžืืจืงืก.
02:56
But I think what we're seeing now, increasingly,
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ืืš ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ,
02:59
is a divide in all the Western democracies
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ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช
03:01
between the people who want to stop at nation,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
03:05
the people who are more parochial --
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื --
03:07
and I don't mean that in a bad way --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ --
03:09
people who have much more of a sense of being rooted,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื•ืช,
03:12
they care about their town, their community and their nation.
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ื”ื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื”ื, ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
03:15
And then those who are anti-parochial and who --
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ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื ืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฉืจ --
03:19
whenever I get confused, I just think of the John Lennon song "Imagine."
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ, ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘"ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•" ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ,
03:23
"Imagine there's no countries, nothing to kill or die for."
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"ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื• ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื•."
03:26
And so these are the people who want more global governance,
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
03:29
they don't like nation states, they don't like borders.
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ื”ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
03:32
You see this all over Europe as well.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
03:33
There's a great metaphor guy -- actually, his name is Shakespeare --
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช -- ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉืžื• ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ --
03:37
writing ten years ago in Britain.
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ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
03:38
He had a metaphor:
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•:
03:39
"Are we drawbridge-uppers or drawbridge-downers?"
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"ื”ืื ืื ื• ืกื•ื’ืจื™ ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืื• ืคื•ืชื—ื™ ื“ืœืชื•ืช?"
03:43
And Britain is divided 52-48 on that point.
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ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืžืคื•ืœื’ืช 52-48 ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช.
03:46
And America is divided on that point, too.
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ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืžืคื•ืœื’ืช ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ืืช.
03:49
CA: And so, those of us who grew up with The Beatles
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ื•ื›ืš, ืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก
03:52
and that sort of hippie philosophy of dreaming of a more connected world --
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ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื™ืช ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ื ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ --
03:56
it felt so idealistic and "how could anyone think badly about that?"
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ - "ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืข ืขืœ ื–ื”?"
04:00
And what you're saying is that, actually,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”,
04:02
millions of people today feel that that isn't just silly;
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืฉื–ื” ื˜ืคืฉื™,
04:07
it's actually dangerous and wrong, and they're scared of it.
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ืฉื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžื–ื”.
04:09
JH: I think the big issue, especially in Europe but also here,
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
04:13
is the issue of immigration.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”.
04:14
And I think this is where we have to look very carefully
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืจื‘ื”
04:17
at the social science about diversity and immigration.
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ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”.
04:21
Once something becomes politicized,
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ืžืจื’ืข ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™,
04:22
once it becomes something that the left loves and the right --
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ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืฉืžืืœ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœื --
04:25
then even the social scientists can't think straight about it.
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
04:29
Now, diversity is good in a lot of ways.
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช.
04:31
It clearly creates more innovation.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืœื-ืกืคืง ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ืชืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
04:33
The American economy has grown enormously from it.
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื•.
04:35
Diversity and immigration do a lot of good things.
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
04:38
But what the globalists, I think, don't see,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื,
04:40
what they don't want to see,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
04:42
is that ethnic diversity cuts social capital and trust.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืชื ื™ ืžืงืฆืฅ ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
04:48
There's a very important study by Robert Putnam,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืข"ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคื•ื˜ืžืŸ,
04:51
the author of "Bowling Alone,"
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ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช "ืœืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจืช ืœื‘ื“",
04:52
looking at social capital databases.
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ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืžืื’ืจื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
04:54
And basically, the more people feel that they are the same,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
04:57
the more they trust each other,
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ื›ืš ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™,
04:59
the more they can have a redistributionist welfare state.
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ื›ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืžื—ืœืงืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ.
05:02
Scandinavian countries are so wonderful
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืงื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคืœืื•ืช
05:04
because they have this legacy of being small, homogenous countries.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช.
05:07
And that leads to a progressive welfare state,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช,
05:11
a set of progressive left-leaning values, which says,
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ืœืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื-ืœืฉืžืืœ, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ,
05:14
"Drawbridge down! The world is a great place.
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"ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืคืชื—ื ื”! ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื ื”ื“ืจ.
05:17
People in Syria are suffering -- we must welcome them in."
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื -- ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื“ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”."
05:20
And it's a beautiful thing.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืคื”ืคื”.
05:21
But if, and I was in Sweden this summer,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื, ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื–ื”,
05:24
if the discourse in Sweden is fairly politically correct
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ืื ื”ืฉื™ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• "ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืงื•ืจืงื˜"
05:27
and they can't talk about the downsides,
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช,
05:30
you end up bringing a lot of people in.
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ื–ื” ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื”.
05:32
That's going to cut social capital,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืฆืฅ ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
05:33
it makes it hard to have a welfare state
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ืžืงืฉื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื”
05:35
and they might end up, as we have in America,
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ื•ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
05:38
with a racially divided, visibly racially divided, society.
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ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืคื•ืฆืœืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื’ื–ืขื™ืช, ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
05:41
So this is all very uncomfortable to talk about.
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ืžืื“ ืœื ื ื•ื— ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
05:44
But I think this is the thing, especially in Europe and for us, too,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ื ื•ืฉื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
05:47
we need to be looking at.
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ื‘ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื›ื–.
05:48
CA: You're saying that people of reason,
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
05:50
people who would consider themselves not racists,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื›ืœื-ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื,
05:53
but moral, upstanding people,
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ืืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื ื™ื,
05:55
have a rationale that says humans are just too different;
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ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ื“ืขื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื”ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™,
05:58
that we're in danger of overloading our sense of what humans are capable of,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžืกืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
06:03
by mixing in people who are too different.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืžื–ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื”ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
06:06
JH: Yes, but I can make it much more palatable
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ
06:09
by saying it's not necessarily about race.
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ื‘ืื•ืžืจื™ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื’ื–ืข.
06:12
It's about culture.
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
06:14
There's wonderful work by a political scientist named Karen Stenner,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืงืืจืŸ ืกื˜ื ืจ,
06:18
who shows that when people have a sense
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ืืฉืจ ืžืจืื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
06:21
that we are all united, we're all the same,
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ืฉืื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
06:23
there are many people who have a predisposition to authoritarianism.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืื– ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื™.
06:27
Those people aren't particularly racist
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
06:29
when they feel as through there's not a threat
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ื•ื
06:31
to our social and moral order.
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
06:33
But if you prime them experimentally
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™,
06:35
by thinking we're coming apart, people are getting more different,
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืคืจืงืช, ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
06:38
then they get more racist, homophobic, they want to kick out the deviants.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืžื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืขื•ื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
06:41
So it's in part that you get an authoritarian reaction.
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ื•ืื– ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื™.
06:44
The left, following through the Lennonist line --
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ื”ืฉืžืืœ, ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืงื• ื”ืœื ื•ื ื™ --
06:47
the John Lennon line --
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ื”ืงื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ --
06:48
does things that create an authoritarian reaction.
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ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื•ืช.
06:50
We're certainly seeing that in America with the alt-right.
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ืื ื• ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขื ื”ืืœื˜-ืจื™ื™ื˜.
06:53
We saw it in Britain, we've seen it all over Europe.
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืจืื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
06:56
But the more positive part of that
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื”
06:58
is that I think the localists, or the nationalists, are actually right --
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ื”ื•ื, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื, ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” --
07:03
that, if you emphasize our cultural similarity,
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ื‘ื›ืš, ืฉืื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
07:07
then race doesn't actually matter very much.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”.
07:09
So an assimilationist approach to immigration
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ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื”
07:12
removes a lot of these problems.
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ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื”.
07:13
And if you value having a generous welfare state,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื ื“ื™ื‘ื”,
07:16
you've got to emphasize that we're all the same.
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
07:18
CA: OK, so rising immigration and fears about that
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ืื• ืงื™ื™, ืื– ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ื”
07:21
are one of the causes of the current divide.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
07:25
What are other causes?
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ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช?
07:26
JH: The next principle of moral psychology
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ
07:28
is that intuitions come first, strategic reasoning second.
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ื’ื•ืจืก ืฉืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืื” ืงื•ื“ื, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืจืง ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš.
07:32
You've probably heard the term "motivated reasoning"
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื”ืกืงื” ืžื•ึผื ืขืช"
07:35
or "confirmation bias."
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ืื• "ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ".
07:36
There's some really interesting work
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ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืžืื“
07:38
on how our high intelligence and our verbal abilities
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืขืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
07:41
might have evolved not to help us find out the truth,
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช
07:45
but to help us manipulate each other, defend our reputation ...
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ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืขืจืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืžื ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘...
07:48
We're really, really good at justifying ourselves.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
07:51
And when you bring group interests into account,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื,
07:53
so it's not just me, it's my team versus your team,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืื ื™, ื–ื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืš,
07:56
whereas if you're evaluating evidence that your side is wrong,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ืืชื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืฉื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœื›ื ื˜ื•ืขื”,
07:59
we just can't accept that.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื–ืืช.
08:01
So this is why you can't win a political argument.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
08:03
If you're debating something,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
08:05
you can't persuade the person with reasons and evidence,
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช,
08:08
because that's not the way reasoning works.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื• ืœื ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:10
So now, give us the internet, give us Google:
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืืช ื’ื•ื’ืœ:
08:14
"I heard that Barack Obama was born in Kenya.
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"ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืงื ื™ื”.
08:17
Let me Google that -- oh my God! 10 million hits! Look, he was!"
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ื‘ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื” -- ืื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื! 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื! ืชืจืื”, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ!"
08:21
CA: So this has come as an unpleasant surprise to a lot of people.
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ื”ืคืชืขื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืขื™ืžื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื.
08:24
Social media has often been framed by techno-optimists
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
08:27
as this great connecting force that would bring people together.
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ื›ื›ื•ื— ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ ืฉื™ืงืจื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•.
08:32
And there have been some unexpected counter-effects to that.
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ื•ืื– ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ืžื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื”.
08:36
JH: That's right.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:38
That's why I'm very enamored of yin-yang views
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืื“ ืžื—ื‘ื‘ ืืช ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื™ื™ืŸ-ื™ืื ื’
08:40
of human nature and left-right --
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ --
08:42
that each side is right about certain things,
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ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืฆื•ื“ืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
08:44
but then it goes blind to other things.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:46
And so the left generally believes that human nature is good:
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•:
08:49
bring people together, knock down the walls and all will be well.
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ืชื‘ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ืชืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
08:52
The right -- social conservatives, not libertarians --
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ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ -- ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืœื ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืื ื™ื --
08:55
social conservatives generally believe people can be greedy
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ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื“ืคื™ ื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื
08:59
and sexual and selfish,
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ื•ืจื•ื“ืคื™ ืกืงืก ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื,
09:01
and we need regulation, and we need restrictions.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
09:04
So, yeah, if you knock down all the walls,
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ืื– ื›ืŸ, ืื ืชืคื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช,
09:06
allow people to communicate all over the world,
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ื•ืชืจืฉื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”,
09:08
you get a lot of porn and a lot of racism.
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ืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื•ืจื ื• ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช.
09:10
CA: So help us understand.
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ืื– ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
09:12
These principles of human nature have been with us forever.
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ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื• ืื™ืชื ื• ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“.
09:18
What's changed that's deepened this feeling of division?
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ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืฉื”ืขืžื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื•ื’?
09:24
JH: You have to see six to ten different threads all coming together.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉืฉื” ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
09:29
I'll just list a couple of them.
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ืื ื™ ืืžื ื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื.
09:31
So in America, one of the big -- actually, America and Europe --
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ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื -- ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” --
09:35
one of the biggest ones is World War II.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ื”"ืž ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
09:37
There's interesting research from Joe Henrich and others
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ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืจืš ื’'ื• ื”ื ืจื™ืš ื•ืื—ืจื™ื
09:40
that says if your country was at war,
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืืจืฆืš ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”,
09:42
especially when you were young,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืขื™ืจ,
09:44
then we test you 30 years later in a commons dilemma
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื“ืขืชืš 30 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช
09:47
or a prisoner's dilemma,
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ืื• ื‘ื“ื™ืœืžืช ื”ืืกื™ืจ,
09:49
you're more cooperative.
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ืืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
09:50
Because of our tribal nature, if you're --
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ืืชื” --
09:53
my parents were teenagers during World War II,
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ื”"ืž ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
09:56
and they would go out looking for scraps of aluminum
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื
09:59
to help the war effort.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™.
10:00
I mean, everybody pulled together.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืืžืฆื•.
10:02
And so then these people go on,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื”ืœืื”,
10:04
they rise up through business and government,
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ื”ื ืฆืžื—ื• ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”,
10:06
they take leadership positions.
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ื”ื ืชืคืกื• ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ.
10:08
They're really good at compromise and cooperation.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
10:11
They all retire by the '90s.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืคืจืฉื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90.
10:13
So we're left with baby boomers by the end of the '90s.
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ื•ืื– ื ืฉืืจื ื• ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™-ื‘ื•ื ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90.
10:17
And their youth was spent fighting each other within each country,
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ืืช ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
10:21
in 1968 and afterwards.
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ื‘-1968 ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
10:22
The loss of the World War II generation, "The Greatest Generation,"
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ื—ืกืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ื”"ืž ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, "ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ",
10:26
is huge.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื ืง.
10:28
So that's one.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื—ื“.
10:30
Another, in America, is the purification of the two parties.
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ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช.
10:33
There used to be liberal Republicans and conservative Democrats.
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ืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื.
10:37
So America had a mid-20th century that was really bipartisan.
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ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืื›ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื.
10:40
But because of a variety of factors that started things moving,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
10:44
by the 90's, we had a purified liberal party and conservative party.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ื•ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช.
10:48
So now, the people in either party really are different,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืขืช, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
10:50
and we really don't want our children to marry them,
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ื•ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื™ืชื—ืชื ื• ืื™ืชื,
10:53
which, in the '60s, didn't matter very much.
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ืžื”, ืฉื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื™ื ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
10:55
So, the purification of the parties.
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ืื–, ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช.
10:57
Third is the internet and, as I said,
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ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™,
10:59
it's just the most amazing stimulant for post-hoc reasoning and demonization.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ืžืคืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ-ืžืขืฉื” ื•ืœื“ืžื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
11:04
CA: The tone of what's happening on the internet now is quite troubling.
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืœืžื“ื™.
11:09
I just did a quick search on Twitter about the election
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ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฆืขืชื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
11:12
and saw two tweets next to each other.
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
11:15
One, against a picture of racist graffiti:
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ืื—ื“, ืœืžื•ืœ ืชืžื•ื ืช ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™ ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช:
11:20
"This is disgusting!
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"ื–ื” ืžื’ืขื™ืœ!
11:21
Ugliness in this country, brought to us by #Trump."
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ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœื ื• ืข"ื™ #ื˜ืจืืžืค."
11:25
And then the next one is:
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉื ื™:
11:27
"Crooked Hillary dedication page. Disgusting!"
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"ื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืœืืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช. ืžื’ืขื™ืœ!"
11:31
So this idea of "disgust" is troubling to me.
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ืื– ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ "ืžื’ืขื™ืœ" ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื™.
11:35
Because you can have an argument or a disagreement about something,
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ื›ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืš ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื”ื•,
11:38
you can get angry at someone.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื’ื– ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
11:41
Disgust, I've heard you say, takes things to a much deeper level.
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ื’ื•ืขืœ, ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืžืžืš, ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืจืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื”.
11:44
JH: That's right. Disgust is different.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื“. ื’ื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื”.
11:46
Anger -- you know, I have kids.
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ื›ืขืก -- ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
11:48
They fight 10 times a day,
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ื”ื ืจื‘ื™ื 10 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื,
11:50
and they love each other 30 times a day.
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ 30 ืคืขื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
11:52
You just go back and forth: you get angry, you're not angry;
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ืืชื” ืจืง ื ืข ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘: ืืชื” ืžืชื›ืขืก, ืืชื” ืœื ื›ื•ืขืก,
11:55
you're angry, you're not angry.
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ืืชื” ื›ื•ืขืก, ืืชื” ืœื ื›ื•ืขืก.
11:56
But disgust is different.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื”.
11:58
Disgust paints the person as subhuman, monstrous,
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ื’ื•ืขืœ ืฆื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืช-ืื“ื, ืžืคืœืฆืชื™,
12:02
deformed, morally deformed.
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ืžืขื•ื•ืช, ืžืขื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
12:04
Disgust is like indelible ink.
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ื’ื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื—ื™ืง.
12:07
There's research from John Gottman on marital therapy.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื•ื’ื™.
12:11
If you look at the faces -- if one of the couple shows disgust or contempt,
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ืืชื” ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื -- ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืžืจืื” ื’ื•ืขืœ ืื• ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ,
12:16
that's a predictor that they're going to get divorced soon,
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื‘ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘,
12:19
whereas if they show anger, that doesn't predict anything,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ื›ืขืก, ื–ื” ืœื ืžื ื‘ื ื“ื‘ืจ,
12:22
because if you deal with anger well, it actually is good.
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ื›ื™ ืื ืืชื” ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืขืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
12:25
So this election is different.
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ืื– ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉื•ื ื”.
12:26
Donald Trump personally uses the word "disgust" a lot.
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ื“ื•ื ืืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ื’ื•ืขืœ" ืจื‘ื•ืช.
12:30
He's very germ-sensitive, so disgust does matter a lot --
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ื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืจื’ื™ืฉ-ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื•ืขืœ ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ --
12:33
more for him, that's something unique to him --
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื• --
12:37
but as we demonize each other more,
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ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืžื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
12:40
and again, through the Manichaean worldview,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ื›ืื™ื–ื,
12:43
the idea that the world is a battle between good and evil
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ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืข,
12:46
as this has been ramping up,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ,
12:47
we're more likely not just to say they're wrong or I don't like them,
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ืื–ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื ืืžืจ ืจืง ืฉื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื—ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื,
12:51
but we say they're evil, they're satanic,
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ืืœื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืจืขื™ื, ื”ื ืฉื˜ื ื™ื™ื,
12:53
they're disgusting, they're revolting.
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ื”ื ืžื’ืขื™ืœื™ื, ื”ื ื“ื•ื—ื™ื.
12:55
And then we want nothing to do with them.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื.
12:58
And that's why I think we're seeing it, for example, on campus now.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ืขืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืกื™ื.
13:02
We're seeing more the urge to keep people off campus,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืงืžืคื•ืก,
13:04
silence them, keep them away.
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ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืื•ืชื, ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื.
13:06
I'm afraid that this whole generation of young people,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
13:09
if their introduction to politics involves a lot of disgust,
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ืื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืขืœ,
13:13
they're not going to want to be involved in politics as they get older.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื.
13:17
CA: So how do we deal with that?
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ืื™ืš ื ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”?
13:19
Disgust. How do you defuse disgust?
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ื’ื•ืขืœ. ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžื ื˜ืจืœ ื’ื•ืขืœ?
13:24
JH: You can't do it with reasons.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
13:27
I think ...
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘...
13:30
I studied disgust for many years, and I think about emotions a lot.
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ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
13:33
And I think that the opposite of disgust is actually love.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื’ื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืื”ื‘ื”.
13:37
Love is all about, like ...
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ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื”, ื›ืžื•...
13:41
Disgust is closing off, borders.
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ื’ื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืกื’ืจ, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
13:43
Love is about dissolving walls.
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ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืœืช ื—ื•ืžื•ืช.
13:47
So personal relationships, I think,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
13:49
are probably the most powerful means we have.
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ื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
13:53
You can be disgusted by a group of people,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื’ืขืœ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
13:56
but then you meet a particular person
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืืชื” ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
13:57
and you genuinely discover that they're lovely.
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ื•ืืชื” ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื.
14:00
And then gradually that chips away or changes your category as well.
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืื• ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืงื™ื˜ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœืš ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
14:06
The tragedy is, Americans used to be much more mixed up in the their towns
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ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉืคืขื, ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:12
by left-right or politics.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ-ืฉืžืืœ.
14:14
And now that it's become this great moral divide,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
14:16
there's a lot of evidence that we're moving to be near people
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจ ืœื™ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื
14:19
who are like us politically.
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ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
14:21
It's harder to find somebody who's on the other side.
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ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™.
14:23
So they're over there, they're far away.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืฉื, ื”ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื.
14:26
It's harder to get to know them.
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ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื.
14:27
CA: What would you say to someone or say to Americans,
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ืžื” ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื• ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
14:31
people generally,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
14:33
about what we should understand about each other
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™
14:35
that might help us rethink for a minute
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืจื’ืข
14:39
this "disgust" instinct?
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ืขืœ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ื”"ืžื’ืขื™ืœ" ื”ื–ื”?
14:42
JH: Yes.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ื›ืŸ.
14:43
A really important thing to keep in mind --
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ --
14:45
there's research by political scientist Alan Abramowitz,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืืœืŸ ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ',
14:50
showing that American democracy is increasingly governed
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ
14:54
by what's called "negative partisanship."
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ืข"ื™ ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช".
14:56
That means you think, OK there's a candidate,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืื• ืงื™ื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื•ืขืžื“,
15:00
you like the candidate, you vote for the candidate.
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ืืชื” ืžื—ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“, ืืชื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“.
15:02
But with the rise of negative advertising
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืกื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™
15:04
and social media and all sorts of other trends,
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ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
15:06
increasingly, the way elections are done
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
15:08
is that each side tries to make the other side so horrible, so awful,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืžื ืกื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื•ืจื, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื™ื•ื,
15:12
that you'll vote for my guy by default.
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ืฉืืชื” ืชืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ.
15:15
And so as we more and more vote against the other side
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™
15:18
and not for our side,
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ื•ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœื ื•,
15:19
you have to keep in mind that if people are on the left,
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืฉืžืืœ,
15:25
they think, "Well, I used to think that Republicans were bad,
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื: "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ื ืจืขื™ื,
15:28
but now Donald Trump proves it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื•ื ืืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ื–ืืช.
15:29
And now every Republican, I can paint with all the things
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื›ืœ ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
15:32
that I think about Trump."
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ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค."
15:33
And that's not necessarily true.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
15:35
They're generally not very happy with their candidate.
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
15:38
This is the most negative partisanship election in American history.
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ืืœื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
15:43
So you have to first separate your feelings about the candidate
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ืื– ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืงื•ื“ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ืš ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“
15:47
from your feelings about the people who are given a choice.
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ืžื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื”ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
15:50
And then you have to realize that,
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ื•ืื– ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ,
15:53
because we all live in a separate moral world --
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ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื --
15:55
the metaphor I use in the book is that we're all trapped in "The Matrix,"
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ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘"ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก",
15:59
or each moral community is a matrix, a consensual hallucination.
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ืื• ืฉื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช-ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก, ื”ื–ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช.
16:02
And so if you're within the blue matrix,
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ื•ืื–, ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
16:04
everything's completely compelling that the other side --
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ --
16:08
they're troglodytes, they're racists, they're the worst people in the world,
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ื”ื ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื, ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
16:11
and you have all the facts to back that up.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
16:13
But somebody in the next house from yours
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื’ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืœืš
16:16
is living in a different moral matrix.
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ื—ื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก ืขืจื›ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”.
16:18
They live in a different video game,
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉื•ื ื”,
16:20
and they see a completely different set of facts.
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ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื•ื ื”.
16:22
And each one sees different threats to the country.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืื” ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
16:25
And what I've found from being in the middle
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืข
16:27
and trying to understand both sides is: both sides are right.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื.
16:30
There are a lot of threats to this country,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช,
16:32
and each side is constitutionally incapable of seeing them all.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ืœื.
16:36
CA: So, are you saying that we almost need a new type of empathy?
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื”?
16:43
Empathy is traditionally framed as:
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ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ืš:
16:45
"Oh, I feel your pain. I can put myself in your shoes."
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"ื”ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœืš, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื™ืš."
16:48
And we apply it to the poor, the needy, the suffering.
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ื•ืื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื ื™, ื”ื ืฆืจืš, ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ.
16:52
We don't usually apply it to people who we feel as other,
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ืื ื• ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
16:55
or we're disgusted by.
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ืื• ืฉืื ื• ื ื’ืขืœื™ื ืžื”ื.
16:57
JH: No. That's right.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ืœื, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
16:58
CA: What would it look like to build that type of empathy?
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืจืื” ืื ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื”?
17:04
JH: Actually, I think ...
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘...
17:06
Empathy is a very, very hot topic in psychology,
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ืฉืืžืคืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
17:08
and it's a very popular word on the left in particular.
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ื•ื–ื• ืžื™ืœื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžืื“ ื‘ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
17:11
Empathy is a good thing, and empathy for the preferred classes of victims.
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ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช.
17:15
So it's important to empathize
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืคืชื™
17:16
with the groups that we on the left think are so important.
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ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืฉืžืืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
17:19
That's easy to do, because you get points for that.
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ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื”.
17:22
But empathy really should get you points if you do it when it's hard to do.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืชืช ืœืš ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื ืืชื” ื—ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื”.
17:26
And, I think ...
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘...
17:28
You know, we had a long 50-year period of dealing with our race problems
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• 50 ืฉื ื” ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
17:33
and legal discrimination,
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ื•ืขื ื”ืคืœื™ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง,
17:35
and that was our top priority for a long time
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘
17:37
and it still is important.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
17:39
But I think this year,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืฉื ื”,
17:40
I'm hoping it will make people see
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
17:43
that we have an existential threat on our hands.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืื™ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืžื™.
17:45
Our left-right divide, I believe,
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ,
17:48
is by far the most important divide we face.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ืื—ืจ.
17:50
We still have issues about race and gender and LGBT,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื’ื–ืข ื•ืžื’ื“ืจ ื•ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™ื,
17:53
but this is the urgent need of the next 50 years,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ 50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
17:57
and things aren't going to get better on their own.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ ืžืขืฆืžื.
18:01
So we're going to need to do a lot of institutional reforms,
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ืื– ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื•ืช,
18:03
and we could talk about that,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
18:05
but that's like a whole long, wonky conversation.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžืœื•ืžื“ืช ื•ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”.
18:07
But I think it starts with people realizing that this is a turning point.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื”.
18:11
And yes, we need a new kind of empathy.
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื”.
18:14
We need to realize:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ:
18:15
this is what our country needs,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืจืฆื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื•,
18:17
and this is what you need if you don't want to --
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” --
18:19
Raise your hand if you want to spend the next four years
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ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื™ื“ื›ื ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
18:22
as angry and worried as you've been for the last year -- raise your hand.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื ื•ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” -- ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“ื›ื.
18:26
So if you want to escape from this,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”,
18:27
read Buddha, read Jesus, read Marcus Aurelius.
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ืงืจืื• ืืช ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื”, ืงืจืื• ืืช ื™ืฉื•, ืงืจืื• ืืช ืžืจืงื•ืก ืื•ืจืœื™ื•ืก.
18:29
They have all kinds of great advice for how to drop the fear,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืคื—ื“,
18:35
reframe things,
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ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
18:36
stop seeing other people as your enemy.
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ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืš.
18:38
There's a lot of guidance in ancient wisdom for this kind of empathy.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื”.
18:41
CA: Here's my last question:
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœืชื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”:
18:43
Personally, what can people do to help heal?
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžืจืคื?
18:47
JH: Yeah, it's very hard to just decide to overcome your deepest prejudices.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœืš.
18:51
And there's research showing
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืžืจืื”
18:53
that political prejudices are deeper and stronger than race prejudices
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ืฉื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช
18:57
in the country now.
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื.
18:59
So I think you have to make an effort -- that's the main thing.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ -- ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™.
19:02
Make an effort to actually meet somebody.
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ืขืฉื” ืžืืžืฅ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืฉื™.
19:04
Everybody has a cousin, a brother-in-law,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืช-ื“ื•ื“, ื’ื™ืก,
19:07
somebody who's on the other side.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
19:09
So, after this election --
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ืื–, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช --
19:11
wait a week or two,
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ื—ื›ื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
19:12
because it's probably going to feel awful for one of you --
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ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืจื --
19:15
but wait a couple weeks, and then reach out and say you want to talk.
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ืื– ื—ื›ื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื, ื•ืื– ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื• ืื• ืืœื™ื” ื•ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืฉื•ื—ื—.
19:19
And before you do it,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
19:21
read Dale Carnegie, "How to Win Friends and Influence People" --
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ืงืจืื• ืืช ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ืœ ืงืจื ื’ื™, "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื”" --
19:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
19:25
I'm totally serious.
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ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
19:26
You'll learn techniques if you start by acknowledging,
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ืชืœืžื“ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืื ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช,
19:29
if you start by saying,
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ืื ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
19:30
"You know, we don't agree on a lot,
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"ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื ื• ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”,
ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืฆืœืš, ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ื‘",
19:32
but one thing I really respect about you, Uncle Bob,"
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19:34
or "... about you conservatives, is ... "
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ืื• "...ืื• ืืฆืœื›ื ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื..."
19:36
And you can find something.
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉื”ื•.
ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืงืฆืช ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืงืกื.
19:38
If you start with some appreciation, it's like magic.
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19:40
This is one of the main things I've learned
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™
19:42
that I take into my human relationships.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
19:44
I still make lots of stupid mistakes,
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉื•ืช,
19:46
but I'm incredibly good at apologizing now,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื,
19:48
and at acknowledging what somebody was right about.
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ื•ื‘ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฆื“ืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•.
19:51
And if you do that,
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”,
19:52
then the conversation goes really well, and it's actually really fun.
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ืื– ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ื™ื™ืฃ.
19:56
CA: Jon, it's absolutely fascinating speaking with you.
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ื’'ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืจืชืง ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืื™ืชืš.
19:59
It really does feel like the ground that we're on
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ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”
20:03
is a ground populated by deep questions of morality and human nature.
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ืขืžื•ืกื” ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
20:08
Your wisdom couldn't be more relevant.
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ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืœืš ืžืื“ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
20:10
Thank you so much for sharing this time with us.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืœ ืฉื—ืœืงืช ืืช ื–ืžื ืš ืื™ืชื ื•.
20:13
JH: Thanks, Chris.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื”, ื›ืจื™ืก.
20:14
JH: Thanks, everyone.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื.
20:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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