Gary Slutkin: Let's treat violence like a contagious disease

183,717 views ใƒป 2013-10-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Alex Delizonas ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I'm a physician trained in infectious diseases,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืคื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช
00:17
and following my training,
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ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
00:19
I moved to Somalia
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ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืกื•ืžืœื™ื”
00:22
from San Francisco.
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ืžืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•.
00:24
And my goodbye greeting
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ื•ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื
00:26
from the chief of infectious diseases
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ืฉืงื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื”
00:28
at San Francisco General was,
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ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื”:
00:30
"Gary, this is the biggest mistake you'll ever make."
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"ื’ืืจื™, ื–ื• ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืขืฉื™ืช"
00:34
But I landed in a refugee situation
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื—ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื -
00:38
that had a million refugees in 40 camps,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ 40 ืžื—ื ื•ืช,
00:42
and there were six of us doctors.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉื” ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
00:44
There were many epidemics there.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื’ืคื•ืช.
00:47
My responsibilities were largely related to
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ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ
00:49
tuberculosis,
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ืฉื—ืคืช, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:51
and then we got struck by an epidemic of cholera.
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ื”ื™ื›ืชื” ื‘ื ื• ื”ืžื’ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœืจื”.
00:55
So it was the spread of tuberculosis
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืคืช
00:57
and the spread of cholera
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ื•ื›ื•ืœืจื”
00:59
that I was responsible for inhibiting.
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ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ื›ื ืื•ืชื.
01:04
And in order to do this work, we, of course,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ืฆื˜ืจื›ื ื•,
01:07
because of the limitation in health workers,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™,
01:09
had to recruit refugees to be a specialized
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ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
01:13
new category of health worker.
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ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
01:16
Following three years of work in Somalia,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกื•ืžืœื™ื”
01:19
I got picked up by the World Health Organization,
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ื ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
01:22
and got assigned to the epidemics of AIDS.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
01:25
My primary responsibility was Uganda,
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ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”,
01:28
but also I worked in Rwanda and Burundi
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ื ื“ื™,
01:31
and Zaire, now Congo,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืื™ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืงื•ื ื’ื•,
01:34
Tanzania, Malawi, and several other countries.
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ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”, ืžืœืื•ื•ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
01:37
And my last assignment there was to run a unit
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื”ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
01:40
called intervention development,
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช,
01:42
which was responsible for designing interventions.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช.
01:45
After 10 years of working overseas,
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ืื—ืจื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื
01:48
I was exhausted.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืชืฉื•ืฉ.
01:50
I really had very little left.
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ื ืฉืืจ ืžืžื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื˜.
01:52
I had been traveling to one country after another.
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ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”
01:57
I was emotionally feeling very isolated.
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ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืจื’ืฉื™ืช.
02:00
I wanted to come home.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
02:02
I'd seen a lot of death,
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื•ืช,
02:04
in particular epidemic death,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืžื’ืคื•ืช,
02:07
and epidemic death has a different feel to it.
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:10
It's full of panic and fear,
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ื–ื” ืžืœื ื‘ืคื—ื“ ื•ื‘ื”ืœื”,
02:14
and I'd heard the women wailing and crying
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ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื›ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื
02:18
in the desert.
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ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
02:20
And I wanted to come home and take a break
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืœื ื•ื—
02:22
and maybe start over.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
02:25
I was not aware of any epidemic problems
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
02:28
in America.
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื’ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”''ื‘.
02:30
In fact, I wasn't aware of any problems in America.
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ื”ืืžืช, ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”''ื‘.
02:33
In fact -- seriously.
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ื‘ืืžืช, ืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
02:35
And in fact I would visit friends of mine,
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ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ืืฆืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
02:38
and I noticed that they had water
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช
02:41
that came right into their homes.
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
02:43
How many of you have such a situation?
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ืืฆืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช?
02:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:46
And some of them, many of them actually,
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ื•ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืงื, ื—ืœืงื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:49
had water that came into more than one room.
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ื”ืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื“ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
02:51
And I noticed that they would move
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ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื
02:54
this little thermoregulatory device
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื
02:56
to change the temperature in their home
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ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
02:59
by one degree or two degrees.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืขืœื•ืช.
03:01
And now I do that.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
03:03
And I really didn't know what I would do,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
03:07
but friends of mine began telling me
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ื•ืื– ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื™
03:10
about children shooting other children with guns.
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ืขืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
03:14
And I asked the question,
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ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™,
03:16
what are you doing about it?
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ืžื” ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ื”?
03:18
What are you in America doing about it?
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ืžื” ืืจื”''ื‘ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ื”?
03:20
And there were two essential explanations
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื
03:22
or ideas that were prevalent.
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ืื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.
03:24
And one was punishment.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ืฉื”.
03:26
And this I had heard about before.
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ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ.
03:29
We who had worked in behavior
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ืื ื—ื ื•, ืืœื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
03:31
knew that punishment was something that was discussed
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ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืขื ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ
03:35
but also that it was highly overvalued.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื• ืขืจืš ืžื•ื’ื–ื.
03:38
It was not a main driver of behavior,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื ื™ืข ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
03:40
nor was it a main driver of behavior change.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื ืžื ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
03:44
And besides that, it reminded me
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ื ื–ื›ืจืชื™
03:46
of ancient epidemics
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ื‘ืžื’ืคื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช
03:48
that were previously completely misunderstood
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•
03:51
because the science hadn't been there before,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื“ืขื™.
03:54
epidemics of plague
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”,
03:56
or typhus or leprosy,
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืื• ืฆืจืขืช
03:59
where the prevalent ideas were that there were
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ืžืงื•ื“ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
04:02
bad people or bad humors or bad air,
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ืฉืœ ืจื•ืข ื”ืื“ื, ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืื• ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื–ื•ื”ื,
04:06
and widows were dragged around the moat,
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ื•ืืœืžื ื•ืช ื ื’ืจืจื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืชืขืœืช ืžื’ืŸ,
04:08
and dungeons were part of the solution.
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ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ืœื™ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
04:12
The other explanation or, in a way,
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ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™
04:14
the solution suggested,
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ืื• ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื‘ืขื™ื”
04:16
is please fix all of these things:
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”:
04:19
the schools, the community, the homes, the families,
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ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ื, ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช,
04:22
everything.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื›ื•ืœ.
04:23
And I'd heard this before as well.
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ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืงื•ื“ื.
04:25
I'd called this the "everything" theory,
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” "ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ"
04:28
or EOE: Everything On Earth.
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ืื• ื›ื“ื‘''ืข - ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:31
But we'd also realized
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื•
04:32
in treating other processes and problems
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
04:36
that sometimes you don't need to treat everything.
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:39
And so the sense that I had
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ื•ืื– ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื”
04:41
was there was a giant gap here.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืคืขืจ ืขืฆื•ื.
04:44
The problem of violence was stuck,
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ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืชืงื•ืขื”
04:46
and this has historically been the case
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ืžื” ืฉื’ืจืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
04:49
in many other issues.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
04:50
Diarrheal diseases had been stuck.
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ืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืขื ืžื’ืคืช ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื.
04:51
Malaria had been stuck.
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ื•ื’ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”.
04:53
Frequently, a strategy has to be rethought.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
04:55
It's not as if I had any idea what it would look like,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืจืื”,
04:59
but there was a sense that we would have to do
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช
05:02
something with new categories of workers
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
05:04
and something having to do with behavior change
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช,
05:06
and something having to do with public education.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
05:11
But I began to ask questions
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช,
05:13
and search out the usual things
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ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
05:15
that I had been exploring before,
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ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
05:17
like, what do the maps look like?
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ืžื” ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช?
05:19
What do the graphs look like?
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ืžื” ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืœื ื•?
05:20
What does the data look like?
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ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื?
05:22
And the maps of violence
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ื•ืžืคืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
05:25
in most U.S. cities
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ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื”''ื‘
05:26
looked like this.
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ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื›ื”.
05:28
There was clustering.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืื•ืชื ืœืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช.
05:30
This reminded me of clustering that we'd seen also
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
05:33
in infectious epidemics,
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื’ืคื•ืช,
05:35
for example cholera.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื›ื•ืœืจื”.
05:37
And then we looked at the maps,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื,
05:40
and the maps showed this typical wave
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™
05:42
upon wave upon wave,
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ืฉืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื’ืœ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื’ืœ,
05:44
because all epidemics
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ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ืคื•ืช
05:45
are combinations of many epidemics.
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ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืžื’ืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
05:48
And it also looked like infectious epidemics.
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ื•ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื”.
05:51
And then we asked the question,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช -
05:53
well what really predicts a case of violence?
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ืžื” ืžื ื‘ื ืืช ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช?
05:56
And it turns out that the greatest predictor
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžื ื‘ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
05:59
of a case of violence is a preceding case of violence.
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ื–ื” ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื”ื.
06:02
Which also sounds like, if there is a case of flu,
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช,
06:05
someone gave someone a case of flu, or a cold,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉืคืขืช, ืื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ,
06:08
or the greatest risk factor of tuberculosis
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ืื• ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื—ืคืช,
06:10
is having been exposed to tuberculosis.
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืฉื—ืคืช.
06:13
And so we see that violence is, in a way,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
06:16
behaving like a contagious disease.
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ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืงืช.
06:19
We're aware of this anyway
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื–ื”
06:21
even in our common experiences
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ื’ื ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
06:23
or our newspaper stories
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ื•ื’ื ืžื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ
06:25
of the spread of violence from fights
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ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžืงื˜ื˜ื•ืช
06:28
or in gang wars or in civil wars
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ืื• ืžืื‘ืงื™ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
06:31
or even in genocides.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืฆื— ืขื.
06:33
And so there's good news about this, though,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืขื ื–ืืช,
06:36
because there's a way to reverse epidemics,
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืžื’ืคื•ืช,
06:39
and there's really only three things that are done
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ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื
06:41
to reverse epidemics,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืžื’ืคื•ืช.
06:43
and the first of it is interrupting transmission.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ื - ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
06:45
In order to interrupt transmission,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช
06:47
you need to detect and find first cases.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืชืจ ืืช ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
06:51
In other words, for T.B. you have to find somebody
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืฉื—ืคืช
06:54
who has active T.B. who is infecting other people.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:57
Make sense?
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ื ืฉืžืข ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™?
06:59
And there's special workers for doing that.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
07:01
For this particular problem,
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช
07:03
we designed a new category of worker
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ื”ื›ืฉืจื ื• ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
07:05
who, like a SARS worker
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ืฉื”ื, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืกืืจืก
07:06
or someone looking for bird flu,
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ืื• ืฉืคืขืช ืขื•ืคื•ืช,
07:08
might find first cases.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
07:10
In this case, it's someone who's very angry
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื–ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื–ื•ืขื
07:12
because someone looked at his girlfriend
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื•,
07:14
or owes him money,
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ืื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื• ื›ืกืฃ.
07:16
and you can find workers and train them
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
07:18
into these specialized categories.
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ืฉื™ื˜ืคืœื• ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
07:21
And the second thing to do, of course,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
07:23
is to prevent further spread,
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ื–ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช,
07:24
that means to find who else has been exposed,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืืœื” ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœื–ื”.
07:28
but may not be spreading so much right now
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
07:30
like someone with a smaller case of T.B.,
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืงืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืคืช,
07:33
or someone who is just hanging out in the neighborhoods,
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ืื• ืืœื” ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”,
07:36
but in the same group,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
07:37
and then they need to be, in a way,
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ื•ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืชืจ ืื•ืชื
07:40
managed as well,
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ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื
07:41
particular to the specific disease process.
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื.
07:44
And then the third part, the shifting the norms,
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช,
07:47
and that means a whole bunch of community activities,
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ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
07:51
remodeling, public education,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
07:53
and then you've got what you might call
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื
07:55
group immunity.
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ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
07:56
And that combination of factors
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:58
is how the AIDS epidemic in Uganda
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš
08:01
was very successfully reversed.
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ืืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”.
08:03
And so what we decided to do in the year 2000
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000
08:06
is kind of put this together in a way
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ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
08:08
by hiring in new categories of workers,
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ื•ืก ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
08:10
the first being violence interruptors.
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ืฉืžื”ื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื–ื” ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
08:13
And then we would put all of this into place
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”
08:16
in one neighborhood
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ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช
08:17
in what was the worst police district
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื” ืจืžืช ื”ืคืฉื™ืขื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
08:19
in the United States at the time.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื”''ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
08:21
So violence interruptors hired from the same group,
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ืžืชืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ืฉื›ืจื• ืžืื•ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
08:24
credibility, trust, access,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื™ื ื•ืช, ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืฉื”.
08:27
just like the health workers in Somalia,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืžืœื™ื”,
08:30
but designed for a different category,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
08:32
and trained in persuasion,
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ื•ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื ืฉื™ื,
08:34
cooling people down, buying time, reframing.
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ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืื•ืชื, ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื ืกื— ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
08:38
And then another category of worker,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
08:40
the outreach workers, to keep people
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ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื
08:42
in a way on therapy for six to 24 months.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืž 6 ืขื“ 24 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
08:46
Just like T.B., but the object is behavior change.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืคืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
08:49
And then a bunch of community activities
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืคืขืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื•ืช
08:51
for changing norms.
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ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช.
08:53
Now our first experiment of this
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
08:55
resulted in a 67-percent drop
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ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 67%
08:58
in shootings and killings
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืจืฆื— ื•ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื™
08:59
in the West Garfield neighborhood of Chicago.
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ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื•ื•ืกื˜ ื’ืจืคื™ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
09:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:04
And this was a beautiful thing
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
09:05
for the neighborhood itself,
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื”.
09:07
first 50 or 60 days, then 90 days,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” 50 ืื• 60 ื™ืžื™ื, ืื—ืจ ื›ืš 90 ื™ืžื™ื,
09:10
and then there was unfortunately another shooting
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ื•ืื–, ืœืฆืขืจื™, ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืงืจื” ื™ืจื™
09:11
in another 90 days,
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ืื—ืจื™ 90 ื™ืžื™ื.
09:13
and the moms were hanging out in the afternoon.
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ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื”''ืฆ.
09:15
They were using parks they weren't using before.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ืช, ืฉืžืงื•ื“ื ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื”ืŸ.
09:18
The sun was out. Everybody was happy.
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
09:20
But of course, the funders said, "Wait a second,
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืžืžื ื™ื ืืžืจื”: "ืจื’ืข,
09:23
do it again."
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ื‘ื•ืื• ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคืขื"
09:25
And so we had to then, fortunately,
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ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ืœืžื–ืœื ื•,
09:28
get the funds to repeat this experience,
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ืงื‘ืœื ื• ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
09:31
and this is one of the next four neighborhoods
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ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
09:33
that had a 45-percent drop in shootings and killings.
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ืฉื ืจืฉืžื” ื‘ื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 45% ื‘ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ ื•ื”ืจืฆื—.
09:36
And since that time, this has been replicated
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ืžืื–, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ
09:38
20 times.
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ืขื•ื“ 20 ืคืขืžื™ื.
09:40
There have been independent evaluations
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
09:42
supported by the Justice Department
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ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื
09:44
and by the CDC and performed by Johns Hopkins
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ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืœื‘ืงืจืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื ื™ืขืชืŸ, ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก,
09:47
that have shown 30-to-50-percent and 40-to-70-percent
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ืฉื ืชื ื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 30-50% ื•40-70%
09:51
reductions in shootings and killings
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ ื•ื”ืจืฆื—,
09:53
using this new method.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืคืขืœื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
09:55
In fact, there have been three independent
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื
09:56
evaluations of this now.
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ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
09:58
Now we've gotten a lot of attention as a result of this,
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ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืฉื›ื” ืืœื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘,
10:00
including being featured on
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืจืืฉื™ืช
10:03
The New York Times' Sunday magazine cover story.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ืกื ื“ื™ื™.
10:07
The Economist in 2009
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ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ ื‘ 2009
10:09
said this is "the approach that will come to prominence."
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ื›ืชื‘: "ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื•ื“ ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืชื”ื™ืœืชื”"
10:12
And even a movie was made around our work.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืคื™ืงื• ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
10:14
[The Interrupters]
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[ื”ืžืชืขืจื‘ื™ื]
10:15
However, not so fast,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœื ื ืจื•ืฅ ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™,
10:18
because a lot of people did not agree
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ื›ื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื”
10:19
with this way of going about it.
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ืฉืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื ื•.
10:21
We got a lot of criticism,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช,
10:23
a lot of opposition,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช
10:25
and a lot of opponents.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื.
10:27
In other words, what do you mean, health problem?
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืชื—ืœื•ืื”?
10:30
What do you mean, epidemic?
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ืžื” ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืžื’ืคื”?
10:32
What do you mean, no bad guys?
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ืžื” ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืขื™ื?
10:35
And there's whole industries designed
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ืžื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช
10:37
for managing bad people.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื.
10:40
What do you mean, hiring people
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ื•ืžื” ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
10:43
who have backgrounds?
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืงืข ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™?
10:45
My business friends said,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™:
10:50
"Gary, you're being criticized tremendously.
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"ื’ืจื™, ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืงืฉื”,
10:53
You must be doing something right."
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ"
10:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:57
My musician friends added the word "dude."
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื–ื” "ืื—ื™".
11:00
So anyway, additionally,
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ืื– ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืœ
11:04
there was still this problem,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
11:06
and we were getting highly criticized as well
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืงืฉื”
11:09
for not dealing with all of these other problems.
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ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
11:12
Yet we were able to manage malaria
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”,
11:15
and reduce HIV and reduce diarrheal diseases
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ื•ืœื“ื›ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื•ืืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื
11:18
in places with awful economies
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช,
11:20
without healing the economy.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืขืฆืžื”.
11:22
So what's actually happened is,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
11:24
although there is still some opposition,
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ื–ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
11:27
the movement is clearly growing.
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
11:29
Many of the major cities in the U.S.,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”''ื‘,
11:31
including New York City and Baltimore
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ
11:33
and Kansas City,
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ื•ืงื ื–ืก
11:34
their health departments are running this now.
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ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
11:36
Chicago and New Orleans, the health departments
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ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื•ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก
11:39
are having a very large role in this.
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜.
11:41
This is being embraced more by law enforcement
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:44
than it had been years ago.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
11:46
Trauma centers and hospitals
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ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื
11:48
are doing their part in stepping up.
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ื’ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ืขื–ืจืชื.
11:50
And the U.S. Conference of Mayors
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ื•ื›ื ืก ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืืจ''ื‘
11:52
has endorsed not only the approach
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ืœื ืจืง ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื”
11:55
but the specific model.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.
11:57
Where there's really been uptake even faster
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ
12:00
is in the international environment,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
12:02
where there's a 55-percent drop
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ื ืจืฉืžื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 55%
12:04
in the first neighborhood in Puerto Rico,
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ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืจื™ืงื•
12:07
where interruptions are just beginning in Honduras,
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ื›ื ''ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืก,
12:09
where the strategy has been applied in Kenya
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ื’ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜
12:12
for the recent elections,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
12:15
and where there have been 500 interruptions in Iraq.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืฉืคืขืœื• ืฉื 500 ืžืชืขืจื‘ื™ื.
12:18
So violence is responding as a disease
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ืื– ืื›ืŸ, ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœื”
12:21
even as it behaves as a disease.
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ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœื”.
12:24
So the theory, in a way,
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ืื– ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืื•ืฉืฉื”
12:26
is kind of being validated by the treatment.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
12:30
And recently, the Institute of Medicine
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
12:33
came out with a workshop report
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ืคืจืกื ื“ื•ื— ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช
12:35
which went through some of the data,
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ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
12:37
including the neuroscience,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
12:39
on how this problem is really transmitted.
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ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช.
12:43
So I think this is good news,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืœื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
12:46
because it allows us an opportunity
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื•
12:48
to come out of the Middle Ages,
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ืœืฆืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
12:49
which is where I feel this field has been.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื“ื.
12:52
It gives us an opportunity to consider the possibility
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
12:55
of replacing some of these prisons
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ืขืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ
12:58
with playgrounds or parks,
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ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื,
13:01
and to consider the possibility
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
13:04
of converting our neighborhoods into neighborhoods,
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:08
and to allow there to be a new strategy,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชืคืขืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
13:11
a new set of methods, a new set of workers:
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ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
13:15
science, in a way, replacing morality.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช.
13:19
And moving away from emotions
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ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช
13:21
is the most important part of the solution
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ื›ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ,
13:24
to science as a more important part of the solution.
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ืœืžื“ืข ื›ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
13:28
So I didn't mean to come up with this at all.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื”.
13:33
It was a matter of,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ,
13:36
I wanted actually a break,
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ืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ,
13:37
and we looked at maps, we looked at graphs,
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ื•ืื– ืจืื™ื ื• ืžืคื•ืช, ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ื’ืจืคื™ื,
13:42
we asked some questions
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช,
13:43
and tried some tools
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื™ื
13:46
that actually have been used many times before
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ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช
13:49
for other things.
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ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
13:51
For myself, I tried to get away from
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ื™, ืื ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง
13:54
infectious diseases,
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ืžื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
13:56
and I didn't.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™.
13:58
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
13:59
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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