Gary Slutkin: Let's treat violence like a contagious disease

183,165 views ใƒป 2013-10-10

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Gabriel Song
00:12
I'm a physician trained in infectious diseases,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ „๋ฌธ ์˜์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
and following my training,
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๊ต์œก ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋งˆ์นœ ํ›„,
00:19
I moved to Somalia
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”์—์„œ
00:22
from San Francisco.
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์†Œ๋ง๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
And my goodbye greeting
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์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ” ์ œ๋„ค๋Ÿด (UCSF ๋ณ‘์›)์˜
00:26
from the chief of infectious diseases
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๊ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์žฅ์˜
00:28
at San Francisco General was,
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์ž‘๋ณ„ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋žฌ์ฃ ,
00:30
"Gary, this is the biggest mistake you'll ever make."
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"๊ฐœ๋ฆฌ, ์ด๊ฑด ์ž๋„ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ."๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
00:34
But I landed in a refugee situation
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์ €๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๊ณ .
00:38
that had a million refugees in 40 camps,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” 40๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”ผ๋‚œ์†Œ์— ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
00:42
and there were six of us doctors.
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์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฌ์„ฏ๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
There were many epidemics there.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:47
My responsibilities were largely related to
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์ œ ์ž„๋ฌด๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ณผ
00:49
tuberculosis,
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๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
00:51
and then we got struck by an epidemic of cholera.
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์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฅ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
So it was the spread of tuberculosis
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ณผ
00:57
and the spread of cholera
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์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„
00:59
that I was responsible for inhibiting.
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๋ง‰๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
And in order to do this work, we, of course,
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์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ฌผ๋ก 
01:07
because of the limitation in health workers,
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๋ณด๊ฑด ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
01:09
had to recruit refugees to be a specialized
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์ค‘์—์„œ
01:13
new category of health worker.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์š”์›๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
Following three years of work in Somalia,
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์†Œ๋ง๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ 3๋…„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ํ›„
01:19
I got picked up by the World Health Organization,
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์ €๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ (WHO)์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ๋˜์–ด
01:22
and got assigned to the epidemics of AIDS.
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AIDS ์ „์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
My primary responsibility was Uganda,
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์ €์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ž„์ง€๋Š” ์šฐ๊ฐ„๋‹ค์˜€์ง€๋งŒ
01:28
but also I worked in Rwanda and Burundi
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค, ๋ถ€๋ฃฌ๋””,
01:31
and Zaire, now Congo,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ฝฉ๊ณ ์ธ ์ž์ด๋ ˆ,
01:34
Tanzania, Malawi, and several other countries.
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ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„, ๋ง๋ผ์œ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ช‡ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
And my last assignment there was to run a unit
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ์˜ ์ œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ž„๋ฌด๋Š”
01:40
called intervention development,
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"์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ"๋ถ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€์„œ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:42
which was responsible for designing interventions.
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์ด ๋ถ€์„œ๋Š” ์ „์—ผ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:45
After 10 years of working overseas,
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์™ธ๊ตญ์—์„œ 10๋…„์„ ์ผํ•œ ํ›„,
01:48
I was exhausted.
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€์ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
I really had very little left.
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์ง„์งœ [ํž˜์ด] ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
01:52
I had been traveling to one country after another.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ € ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๋‹ค๋…”๊ณ 
01:57
I was emotionally feeling very isolated.
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
I wanted to come home.
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์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:02
I'd seen a lot of death,
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์ €๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
02:04
in particular epidemic death,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:07
and epidemic death has a different feel to it.
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์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
It's full of panic and fear,
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๊ณตํฌ์™€ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฝ‰ ์ฐจ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
02:14
and I'd heard the women wailing and crying
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์šธ๋ถ€์ง–๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
02:18
in the desert.
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๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
And I wanted to come home and take a break
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์ €๋Š” ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ํœด์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ 
02:22
and maybe start over.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:25
I was not aware of any epidemic problems
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„
02:28
in America.
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์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
In fact, I wasn't aware of any problems in America.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ, ์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:33
In fact -- seriously.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ -- ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ.
02:35
And in fact I would visit friends of mine,
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์ €๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
02:38
and I noticed that they had water
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์ง‘ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
02:41
that came right into their homes.
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๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:43
How many of you have such a situation?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:46
And some of them, many of them actually,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—
02:49
had water that came into more than one room.
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์ง‘์•ˆ ํ•œ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค์ฃ .
02:51
And I noticed that they would move
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋˜ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์€
02:54
this little thermoregulatory device
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์˜จ๋„ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์—ฌ
02:56
to change the temperature in their home
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์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ 1, 2๋„ ์”ฉ
02:59
by one degree or two degrees.
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์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑธ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
And now I do that.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ €๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
And I really didn't know what I would do,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:07
but friends of mine began telling me
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์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
03:10
about children shooting other children with guns.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์ด์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
03:14
And I asked the question,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
what are you doing about it?
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๋‹น์‹ ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด?
03:18
What are you in America doing about it?
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด?
03:20
And there were two essential explanations
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์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ง„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ •์ธ ์„ค๋ช…
03:22
or ideas that were prevalent.
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๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
And one was punishment.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” "๋ฒŒ" ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
And this I had heard about before.
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ €๋„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
We who had worked in behavior
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์ €ํฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ 
03:31
knew that punishment was something that was discussed
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๋ฒŒ์ด๋ž€, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์† ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์–ด ์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
03:35
but also that it was highly overvalued.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ณ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:38
It was not a main driver of behavior,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์›์ธ๋„,
03:40
nor was it a main driver of behavior change.
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ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ ์›์ธ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
And besides that, it reminded me
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๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„, ์ง•๋ฒŒ์€
03:46
of ancient epidemics
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
that were previously completely misunderstood
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๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:51
because the science hadn't been there before,
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์˜ˆ์ „์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž˜๋ชป ์ดํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ๋˜
03:54
epidemics of plague
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์—ญ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜
03:56
or typhus or leprosy,
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๋ฐœ์ง„ํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค ํ˜น์€ ๋‚˜๋ณ‘,
03:59
where the prevalent ideas were that there were
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ํŒฝ๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€
04:02
bad people or bad humors or bad air,
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๋‚˜์œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜, ๋‚˜์œ ์œ ๋จธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚˜์œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค,
04:06
and widows were dragged around the moat,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•ด์ž๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ 
04:08
and dungeons were part of the solution.
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์ง€ํ•˜ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
The other explanation or, in a way,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€, ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
04:14
the solution suggested,
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์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์ด
04:16
is please fix all of these things:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”:
04:19
the schools, the community, the homes, the families,
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ํ•™๊ต, ๋™๋„ค, ์ง‘, ๊ฐ€์กฑ
04:22
everything.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
04:23
And I'd heard this before as well.
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์ €๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:25
I'd called this the "everything" theory,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ "๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ"์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
or EOE: Everything On Earth.
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์ฆ‰, EOE: ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด์š”.
04:31
But we'd also realized
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‚˜
04:32
in treating other processes and problems
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
04:36
that sometimes you don't need to treat everything.
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋‹ค ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
And so the sense that I had
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์€
04:41
was there was a giant gap here.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:44
The problem of violence was stuck,
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ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ง„์ „์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ 
04:46
and this has historically been the case
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์Ÿ์ ์—์„œ๋„
04:49
in many other issues.
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€์–ด์š”.
04:50
Diarrheal diseases had been stuck.
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ํƒˆ์ˆ˜๋ณ‘์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ณ 
04:51
Malaria had been stuck.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์ฃ .
04:53
Frequently, a strategy has to be rethought.
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์ „๋žต์€ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํŽธ๋˜์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
It's not as if I had any idea what it would look like,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์–ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
04:59
but there was a sense that we would have to do
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
05:02
something with new categories of workers
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:04
and something having to do with behavior change
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๊ทธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:06
and something having to do with public education.
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๊ณต๊ณต ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:11
But I began to ask questions
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์ €๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
05:13
and search out the usual things
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ „์— ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ดค๋˜,
05:15
that I had been exploring before,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ง€๋„๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์–‘์ธ๊ฐ€?๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
05:17
like, what do the maps look like?
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ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
What do the graphs look like?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”์ง€?
05:20
What does the data look like?
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”์ง€?
05:22
And the maps of violence
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋„์‹œ์˜
05:25
in most U.S. cities
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ํญ๋ ฅ ์ง€๋„๋Š”
05:26
looked like this.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
There was clustering.
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์–ด๋””๋ก ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ‰์น˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:30
This reminded me of clustering that we'd seen also
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์ด๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
05:33
in infectious epidemics,
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๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ๋ญ‰์นจ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
for example cholera.
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์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:37
And then we looked at the maps,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ
05:40
and the maps showed this typical wave
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์ง€๋„๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํŒŒ๋™์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:42
upon wave upon wave,
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ํŒŒ๋™์— ํŒŒ๋™์ด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:44
because all epidemics
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘๋“ค์€
05:45
are combinations of many epidemics.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘๋“ค์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:48
And it also looked like infectious epidemics.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
And then we asked the question,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์กŒ์–ด์š”.
05:53
well what really predicts a case of violence?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ํญ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
05:56
And it turns out that the greatest predictor
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ํญ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‘œ์‹œ์ž๋Š”
05:59
of a case of violence is a preceding case of violence.
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์„ ํ–‰(ๅ…ˆ่กŒ) ํญ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
Which also sounds like, if there is a case of flu,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋งˆ์น˜, ๋…๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
06:05
someone gave someone a case of flu, or a cold,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋…๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
or the greatest risk factor of tuberculosis
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์€
06:10
is having been exposed to tuberculosis.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์ง€์š”.
06:13
And so we see that violence is, in a way,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํญ๋ ฅ์€, ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ,
06:16
behaving like a contagious disease.
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์ „์—ผ์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
We're aware of this anyway
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:21
even in our common experiences
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋‚˜
06:23
or our newspaper stories
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์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ
06:25
of the spread of violence from fights
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์‹ธ์›€, ๊ฐฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ „์Ÿ,
06:28
or in gang wars or in civil wars
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๋‚ด์ „, ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ•™์‚ด์—์„œ ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„
06:31
or even in genocides.
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๋ฒˆ์ง€๋Š” ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:33
And so there's good news about this, though,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๋‰ด์Šค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
because there's a way to reverse epidemics,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
06:39
and there's really only three things that are done
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋”ฑ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:41
to reverse epidemics,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:43
and the first of it is interrupting transmission.
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๊ทธ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ „์—ผ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
In order to interrupt transmission,
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์ „์—ผ์„ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด
06:47
you need to detect and find first cases.
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์ตœ์ดˆ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
In other words, for T.B. you have to find somebody
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ๊ฒฐํ•ต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
06:54
who has active T.B. who is infecting other people.
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ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ . ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ฌํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
06:57
Make sense?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋ฒ• ํ•˜์ฃ ?
06:59
And there's special workers for doing that.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์š”์›์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
For this particular problem,
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์ด ํŠน์ • ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
07:03
we designed a new category of worker
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ์š”์›์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
who, like a SARS worker
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ SARS๋‚˜
07:06
or someone looking for bird flu,
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์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋…๊ฐ ์š”์›์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:08
might find first cases.
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์ตœ์ดˆ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
In this case, it's someone who's very angry
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—๋Š”, ๋งค์šฐ ํ™”๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:12
because someone looked at his girlfriend
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์—ฌ์ž ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ดค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:14
or owes him money,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์„ ๋นš์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
and you can find workers and train them
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๋‹น์‹ ๋“ค์€ ์š”์›์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„ ์ด๋“ค์„
07:18
into these specialized categories.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ต์œก ์‹œํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
And the second thing to do, of course,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํ•  ์ผ์€, ๋ฌผ๋ก ,
07:23
is to prevent further spread,
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๋” ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
that means to find who else has been exposed,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ ฅ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:28
but may not be spreading so much right now
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์•„์ง ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
07:30
like someone with a smaller case of T.B.,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•ต ๋ณด๊ท ์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
or someone who is just hanging out in the neighborhoods,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋™๋„ค๋ฅผ ์–ด์Šฌ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ
07:36
but in the same group,
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ทฐ๋ฅ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:37
and then they need to be, in a way,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ
07:40
managed as well,
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ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
particular to the specific disease process.
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ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
07:44
And then the third part, the shifting the norms,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”, ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
and that means a whole bunch of community activities,
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์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‚˜
07:51
remodeling, public education,
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๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง, ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ต์œก์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:53
and then you've got what you might call
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์†Œ์œ„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”
07:55
group immunity.
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๋‹จ์ฒด ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:56
And that combination of factors
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ
07:58
is how the AIDS epidemic in Uganda
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์šฐ๊ฐ„๋‹ค์˜ AIDS ํ™•์‚ฐ์€
08:01
was very successfully reversed.
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์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
And so what we decided to do in the year 2000
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 2000๋…„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:06
is kind of put this together in a way
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด
08:08
by hiring in new categories of workers,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ์š”์›์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
08:10
the first being violence interruptors.
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์ด๋“ค์ด ํญ๋ ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ์ตœ์ผ์„ ์˜ ์š”์›๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
And then we would put all of this into place
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„
08:16
in one neighborhood
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ํ•œ ๋™๋„ค์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
in what was the worst police district
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์ด ๋™๋„ค๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ
08:19
in the United States at the time.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์น˜์•ˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜€์–ด์š”.
08:21
So violence interruptors hired from the same group,
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ํญ๋ ฅ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด
08:24
credibility, trust, access,
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์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:27
just like the health workers in Somalia,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์†Œ๋ง๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์š”์›๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
08:30
but designed for a different category,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋””์ž์ธ๋˜๊ณ 
08:32
and trained in persuasion,
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์„ค๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„
08:34
cooling people down, buying time, reframing.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์žฌํŽธ์„ฑํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
And then another category of worker,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์›๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
08:40
the outreach workers, to keep people
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์ง€์› ์š”์›์ธ๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
08:42
in a way on therapy for six to 24 months.
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6๊ฐœ์›” ๋‚ด์ง€ 24๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐ›๋„๋ก ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
Just like T.B., but the object is behavior change.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์€ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
And then a bunch of community activities
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
08:51
for changing norms.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ™œ๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
Now our first experiment of this
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹คํ—˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
08:55
resulted in a 67-percent drop
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์ด๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์‚ด์ธ์ด
08:58
in shootings and killings
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67%๋‚˜ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:59
in the West Garfield neighborhood of Chicago.
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์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์˜ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฐ€ํ•„๋“œ์—์„œ์š”.
09:02
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:04
And this was a beautiful thing
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋™๋„ค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
09:05
for the neighborhood itself,
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์ •๋ง ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:07
first 50 or 60 days, then 90 days,
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์ฒ˜์Œ 50์ผ ๋˜ 60์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” 90์ผ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”์š”.
09:10
and then there was unfortunately another shooting
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๊ฒฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
in another 90 days,
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์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ 90์ผ์ด ๋” ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ๋Š”
09:13
and the moms were hanging out in the afternoon.
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์•„์ด ์•„๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์ด ์˜คํ›„์— ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ๋‚˜๋“ค์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:15
They were using parks they weren't using before.
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์ „์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ๊ณต์›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
The sun was out. Everybody was happy.
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ํ•ด๋„ ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ–‰๋ณตํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:20
But of course, the funders said, "Wait a second,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ž๊ธˆ ์ œ๊ณต์ž๋“ค์€, "์ž ๊น,
09:23
do it again."
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ "๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:25
And so we had to then, fortunately,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šด์ด ์ข‹๊ฒŒ๋„
09:28
get the funds to repeat this experience,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
09:31
and this is one of the next four neighborhoods
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์ด๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์‚ด์ธ์ด 45%๋‚˜ ์ค„์–ด๋“ 
09:33
that had a 45-percent drop in shootings and killings.
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4๊ฐœ ๋™๋„ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
And since that time, this has been replicated
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ
09:38
20 times.
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์Šค๋ฌด๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹คํ–‰ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:40
There have been independent evaluations
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๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
09:42
supported by the Justice Department
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๋ฒ•๋ฌด์„ฑ๊ณผ CDC ์—์„œ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:44
and by the CDC and performed by Johns Hopkins
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์กด์Šคํ™‰ํ‚จ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
that have shown 30-to-50-percent and 40-to-70-percent
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์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์‚ด์ธ์ด
09:51
reductions in shootings and killings
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30 ๋‚ด์ง€ 50ํผ์„ผํŠธ, ํ˜น์€ 40 ๋‚ด์ง€ 70ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:53
using this new method.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ์š”.
09:55
In fact, there have been three independent
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ
09:56
evaluations of this now.
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ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
Now we've gotten a lot of attention as a result of this,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:00
including being featured on
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋‰ด์š•ํƒ€์ž„์ฆˆ์˜
10:03
The New York Times' Sunday magazine cover story.
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์ผ์š”ํŒ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
10:07
The Economist in 2009
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"์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธ์ŠคํŠธ"์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” 2009๋…„์—
10:09
said this is "the approach that will come to prominence."
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ "๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:12
And even a movie was made around our work.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ™”๋„ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:14
[The Interrupters]
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[์ธํ„ฐ๋Ÿฝํ„ฐ์Šค]
10:15
However, not so fast,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
10:18
because a lot of people did not agree
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ
10:19
with this way of going about it.
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1981
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
10:21
We got a lot of criticism,
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621960
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ ,
10:23
a lot of opposition,
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ ,
10:25
and a lot of opponents.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
In other words, what do you mean, health problem?
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด์ฃ ?
10:30
What do you mean, epidemic?
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์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘, ๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์š”?
10:32
What do you mean, no bad guys?
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๋‚˜์œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋‹ˆ, ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
10:35
And there's whole industries designed
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๋‚˜์œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
10:37
for managing bad people.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
What do you mean, hiring people
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๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด (์ „๊ณผ) ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„
10:43
who have backgrounds?
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๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
10:45
My business friends said,
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์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
10:50
"Gary, you're being criticized tremendously.
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"๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ, ์ž๋„ค ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:53
You must be doing something right."
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์˜ณ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜๋ณด๊ตฐ."
10:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:57
My musician friends added the word "dude."
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์Œ์•…๊ฐ€์ธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” "๋…€์„"์ด๋ž€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
So anyway, additionally,
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์–ด์จŒ๋“ ,
11:04
there was still this problem,
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
and we were getting highly criticized as well
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ 
11:09
for not dealing with all of these other problems.
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
11:12
Yet we were able to manage malaria
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ–ˆ๊ณ 
11:15
and reduce HIV and reduce diarrheal diseases
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HIV์™€ ์„ค์‚ฌ๋ณ‘์„ ์ค„์—ฌ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
11:18
in places with awful economies
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๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ณณ๋“ค์—์„œ
11:20
without healing the economy.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์น˜์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
11:22
So what's actually happened is,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ผ์€,
11:24
although there is still some opposition,
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
11:27
the movement is clearly growing.
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์ด ์šด๋™์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
Many of the major cities in the U.S.,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ,
11:31
including New York City and Baltimore
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๋‰ด์š•์‹œํ‹ฐ์™€ ๋ณผํ‹ฐ๋ชจ์–ด,
11:33
and Kansas City,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์บ”์‚ฌ์Šค์‹œํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ
11:34
their health departments are running this now.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ตญ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
Chicago and New Orleans, the health departments
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์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์™€ ๋‰ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์Šค์˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ตญ๋Š”
11:39
are having a very large role in this.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ง€๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
11:41
This is being embraced more by law enforcement
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋ช‡๋…„์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ
11:44
than it had been years ago.
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๋ฒ•์กฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์ง€์›๋„ ๋” ๋Š˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:46
Trauma centers and hospitals
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์™ธ์ƒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋ฌธ ์„ผํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค๋„
11:48
are doing their part in stepping up.
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๋ฐœ์„ ๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
And the U.S. Conference of Mayors
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹œ์žฅ ํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ๋Š”
11:52
has endorsed not only the approach
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:55
but the specific model.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋„ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ์ฃ .
11:57
Where there's really been uptake even faster
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ์ชฝ์€
12:00
is in the international environment,
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๊ตญ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์š”.
12:02
where there's a 55-percent drop
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ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋™๋„ค์—์„œ๋Š”
12:04
in the first neighborhood in Puerto Rico,
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55%์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๊ณ 
12:07
where interruptions are just beginning in Honduras,
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์˜จ๋‘๋ผ์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋ง‰ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
12:09
where the strategy has been applied in Kenya
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์ผ€๋ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์ „๋žต์„ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—
12:12
for the recent elections,
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์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
12:15
and where there have been 500 interruptions in Iraq.
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์ด๋ผํฌ์—์„œ๋„ 500๊ฑด์˜ ํญ๋ ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
So violence is responding as a disease
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ํญ๋ ฅ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
12:21
even as it behaves as a disease.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
So the theory, in a way,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ด๋ก ์€
12:26
is kind of being validated by the treatment.
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์ฒ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž…์ฆ๋ฐ›์€ ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
And recently, the Institute of Medicine
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์ตœ๊ทผ Institute of Medicine ์—์„œ๋Š”
12:33
came out with a workshop report
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์›Œํฌ์ƒต ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
12:35
which went through some of the data,
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
12:37
including the neuroscience,
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š”
12:39
on how this problem is really transmitted.
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๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
So I think this is good news,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์€ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
because it allows us an opportunity
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ "์ค‘์„ธ"์—์„œ
12:48
to come out of the Middle Ages,
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๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
12:49
which is where I feel this field has been.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ์—ฌํƒœ๊ป ์ค‘์„ธ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
It gives us an opportunity to consider the possibility
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
12:55
of replacing some of these prisons
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ต๋„์†Œ๋ฅผ
12:58
with playgrounds or parks,
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๋†€์ดํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์›์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
and to consider the possibility
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๋˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋™๋„ค๋ฅผ ์ด์›ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€
13:04
of converting our neighborhoods into neighborhoods,
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๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
13:08
and to allow there to be a new strategy,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๋žต๊ณผ
13:11
a new set of methods, a new set of workers:
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์š”์›์„ ์–ป์„ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
13:15
science, in a way, replacing morality.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ด ๋„๋•์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋Œ€์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:19
And moving away from emotions
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๊ฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
13:21
is the most important part of the solution
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๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ค‘์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋„
13:24
to science as a more important part of the solution.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
So I didn't mean to come up with this at all.
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์ €๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ์ผ์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
13:33
It was a matter of,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€,
13:36
I wanted actually a break,
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์ €๋Š” ์ข€ ์‰ฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
13:37
and we looked at maps, we looked at graphs,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋„์™€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ 
13:42
we asked some questions
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์˜๋ฌธ์„ ํ’ˆ๊ณ 
13:43
and tried some tools
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
13:46
that actually have been used many times before
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ, ์˜ˆ์ „์— ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋˜
13:49
for other things.
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์ˆ˜๋‹จ๋“ค์„์š”.
13:51
For myself, I tried to get away from
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์ €๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„
13:54
infectious diseases,
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ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
13:56
and I didn't.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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