Design at the Intersection of Technology and Biology | Neri Oxman | TED Talks

866,871 views ใƒป 2015-10-29

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: hila scherba ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Two twin domes,
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ืฉืชื™ ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ืชืื•ืžื•ืช,
00:15
two radically opposed design cultures.
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ืฉืชื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
00:19
One is made of thousands of steel parts,
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ืื—ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืืœืคื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืœื“ื”,
00:22
the other of a single silk thread.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ื“ ืžืฉื™ ืื—ื“.
00:26
One is synthetic, the other organic.
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ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช.
00:28
One is imposed on the environment,
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ืื—ืช ื ื›ืคื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
00:31
the other creates it.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื•ืชื”.
00:33
One is designed for nature, the other is designed by her.
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ืื—ืช ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื”.
00:38
Michelangelo said that when he looked at raw marble,
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ืžื™ื›ืืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืœืžื™,
00:40
he saw a figure struggling to be free.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืื‘ืงืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื”.
00:43
The chisel was Michelangelo's only tool.
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ื”ืื™ื–ืžืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœืื ื’'ืœื•.
00:49
But living things are not chiseled.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืกื•ืชืชื™ื.
00:51
They grow.
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ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
00:53
And in our smallest units of life, our cells, we carry all the information
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ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
00:59
that's required for every other cell to function and to replicate.
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ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ืชื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืคืงื“ ื•ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
01:06
Tools also have consequences.
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ืœื›ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
01:08
At least since the Industrial Revolution, the world of design has been dominated
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื– ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™.
01:13
by the rigors of manufacturing and mass production.
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01:16
Assembly lines have dictated a world made of parts,
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ืงื•ื•ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื,
01:19
framing the imagination of designers and architects
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ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื
01:22
who have been trained to think about their objects as assemblies
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ืฉืื•ืžื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
01:25
of discrete parts with distinct functions.
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ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ืขื ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
01:30
But you don't find homogenous material assemblies in nature.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
01:35
Take human skin, for example.
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ืงื—ื• ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ืœืžืฉืœ.
01:38
Our facial skins are thin with large pores.
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ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ืง ืขื ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
01:41
Our back skins are thicker, with small pores.
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ืขื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
01:45
One acts mainly as filter,
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ืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืžืกื ืŸ,
01:48
the other mainly as barrier,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืžื—ืกื•ื,
01:49
and yet it's the same skin: no parts, no assemblies.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืจ: ื‘ืœื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื,ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
01:54
It's a system that gradually varies its functionality
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ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื”
01:57
by varying elasticity.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช.
01:59
So here this is a split screen to represent my split world view,
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ืื– ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืš ืžืคื•ืฆืœ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืฆืœืช ืฉืœื™,
02:03
the split personality of every designer and architect operating today
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ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืฆืœืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ ื•ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
02:08
between the chisel and the gene,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื–ืžืœ ืœื’ืŸ,
02:10
between machine and organism, between assembly and growth,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื”,
02:15
between Henry Ford and Charles Darwin.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืจื™ ืคื•ืจื“ ืœืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
02:18
These two worldviews, my left brain and right brain,
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืœื•, ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœื™,
02:21
analysis and synthesis, will play out on the two screens behind me.
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ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืžื™ื–ื•ื’, ื™ื•ืฆื’ื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื™.
02:29
My work, at its simplest level,
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”,
02:32
is about uniting these two worldviews,
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ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืœื•,
02:34
moving away from assembly
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ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ื”
02:37
and closer into growth.
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ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื”.
02:41
You're probably asking yourselves:
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื:
02:43
Why now?
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ืœืžื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
02:44
Why was this not possible 10 or even five years ago?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• 5 ืฉื ื™ื?
02:50
We live in a very special time in history,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
02:52
a rare time,
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ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ื“ื™ืจื”,
02:54
a time when the confluence of four fields is giving designers access to tools
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ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœื™ื
02:59
we've never had access to before.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
03:02
These fields are computational design,
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘,
03:05
allowing us to design complex forms with simple code;
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืงื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜;
03:10
additive manufacturing, letting us produce parts
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื
03:14
by adding material rather than carving it out;
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”;
03:17
materials engineering, which lets us design the behavior of materials
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ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”;
03:21
in high resolution;
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03:23
and synthetic biology,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ืช,
03:24
enabling us to design new biological functionality by editing DNA.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ DNA.
03:29
And at the intersection of these four fields,
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
03:31
my team and I create.
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
03:33
Please meet the minds and hands
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ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชืคื’ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
03:35
of my students.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
03:39
We design objects and products and structures and tools across scales,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:45
from the large-scale,
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ืžืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
03:47
like this robotic arm with an 80-foot diameter reach
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขื ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื’ืขื” ืฉืœ 24 ืžื˜ืจ
03:50
with a vehicular base that will one day soon print entire buildings,
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ืขื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื“ืคื™ืก ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื,
03:54
to nanoscale graphics made entirely of genetically engineered microorganisms
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ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• ืžืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
03:59
that glow in the dark.
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ืฉื–ื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš.
04:01
Here we've reimagined the mashrabiya,
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ื›ืืŸ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”"ืžืฉืจื‘ื™ื”",
04:03
an archetype of ancient Arabic architecture,
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ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”,
04:06
and created a screen where every aperture is uniquely sized
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืกืš ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•
04:10
to shape the form of light and heat moving through it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืจ ื•ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื ืข ื“ืจื›ื•.
04:14
In our next project,
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ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:16
we explore the possibility of creating a cape and skirt --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืœื™ืžื” ื•ื—ืฆืื™ืช --
04:19
this was for a Paris fashion show with Iris van Herpen --
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืขื ืื™ืจื™ืก ื•ืืŸ ื”ืจืคืŸ --
04:23
like a second skin that are made of a single part,
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ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“,
04:25
stiff at the contours, flexible around the waist.
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ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ, ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ื™ื.
04:29
Together with my long-term 3D printing collaborator Stratasys,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ืขื "ืกื˜ืจืื˜ืกื™ืก",
04:33
we 3D-printed this cape and skirt with no seams between the cells,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ืคื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืœืœื ืชืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื,
04:38
and I'll show more objects like it.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื•.
04:41
This helmet combines stiff and soft materials
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ื”ืงืกื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืœืจื›ื™ื
04:44
in 20-micron resolution.
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ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ 20 ืžื™ืงืจื•ืžื˜ืจ.
04:48
This is the resolution of a human hair.
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ื–ื• ื”ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื.
04:50
It's also the resolution of a CT scanner.
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ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจืง ืกื™.ื˜ื™.
04:53
That designers have access
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ื–ื” ืฉืœืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื”
04:55
to such high-resolution analytic and synthetic tools,
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ืœื›ืœื™ื ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื ืขื ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื›ื–ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
04:59
enables to design products that fit not only the shape of our bodies,
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ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
05:04
but also the physiological makeup of our tissues.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
05:08
Next, we designed an acoustic chair,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืขื™ืฆื‘ื ื• ื›ื™ืกื ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™,
05:10
a chair that would be at once structural, comfortable
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ื›ื™ืกื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™, ื ื•ื—
05:13
and would also absorb sound.
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ื•ื’ื ื™ืกืคื•ื’ ืฆืœื™ืœ.
05:16
Professor Carter, my collaborator, and I turned to nature for inspiration,
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืงืจื˜ืจ, ื”ืžืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื™ืชื™, ื•ืื ื™ ืคื ื™ื ื• ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืœื”ืฉืจืื”,
05:20
and by designing this irregular surface pattern,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:23
it becomes sound-absorbent.
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืคื’ ืฆืœื™ืœ.
05:26
We printed its surface out of 44 different properties,
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ื”ื“ืคืกื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžืชื•ืš 44 ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
05:30
varying in rigidity, opacity and color,
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ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืข,
05:34
corresponding to pressure points on the human body.
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ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื.
05:38
Its surface, as in nature, varies its functionality
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื•, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื•
05:42
not by adding another material or another assembly,
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ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ,
05:45
but by continuously and delicately varying material property.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ.
05:52
But is nature ideal?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™?
05:56
Are there no parts in nature?
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ื”ืื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข?
06:01
I wasn't raised in a religious Jewish home,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื“ืชื™,
06:04
but when I was young,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืขื™ืจื”,
06:05
my grandmother used to tell me stories from the Hebrew Bible,
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ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืชื "ืš,
06:09
and one of them stuck with me and came to define much of what I care about.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ืฉืืจ ืื™ืชื™ ื•ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžื” ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื™ ืžืžื ื•.
06:13
As she recounts:
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช:
06:15
"On the third day of Creation, God commands the Earth
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"ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”
06:18
to grow a fruit-bearing fruit tree."
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ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื— ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ื ื•ืฉื ืคืจื™."
06:20
For this first fruit tree, there was to be no differentiation
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฅ ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื”
06:23
between trunk, branches, leaves and fruit.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ืข, ืขื ืคื™ื, ืขืœื™ื ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช.
06:28
The whole tree was a fruit.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื™.
06:32
Instead, the land grew trees that have bark and stems and flowers.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืงืœื™ืคืช ืขืฅ ื•ื’ื–ืข ื•ืคืจื—ื™ื.
06:38
The land created a world made of parts.
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ื”ืื“ืžื” ื™ืฆืจื” ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื.
06:42
I often ask myself,
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
06:44
"What would design be like if objects were made of a single part?
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"ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืœืง ืื—ื“?
06:49
Would we return to a better state of creation?"
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ื”ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”?"
06:54
So we looked for that biblical material,
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ืื– ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืชื ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
06:56
that fruit-bearing fruit tree kind of material, and we found it.
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ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืคืจื™, ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
07:03
The second-most abundant biopolymer on the planet is called chitin,
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ,
07:07
and some 100 million tons of it are produced every year
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ื•-100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
07:10
by organisms such as shrimps, crabs, scorpions and butterflies.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื›ืžื•: ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก, ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื, ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืจืคืจื™ื.
07:15
We thought if we could tune its properties,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
07:17
we could generate structures that are multifunctional
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจื‘-ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื™ื
07:20
out of a single part.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“.
07:22
So that's what we did.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•.
07:24
We called Legal Seafood --
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ื”ืชืงืฉืจื ื• ืœ"ืœื™ื’ืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ ื™ื" --
07:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:28
we ordered a bunch of shrimp shells,
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ื”ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก,
07:30
we grinded them and we produced chitosan paste.
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ื˜ื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืžืจื— ื›ื™ื˜ื•ื–ืŸ.
07:34
By varying chemical concentrations,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื
07:36
we were able to achieve a wide array of properties --
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืขืจืš ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื -
07:39
from dark, stiff and opaque,
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ืžื›ื”ื”, ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื•ืื˜ื•ื,
07:41
to light, soft and transparent.
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ืœื‘ื”ื™ืจ, ืจืš ื•ืฉืงื•ืฃ.
07:44
In order to print the structures in large scale,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
07:47
we built a robotically controlled extrusion system with multiple nozzles.
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ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ื–ืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
07:52
The robot would vary material properties on the fly
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”
07:55
and create these 12-foot-long structures made of a single material,
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ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-3.5 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ื“,
08:00
100 percent recyclable.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘-100 ืื—ื•ื–.
08:03
When the parts are ready, they're left to dry
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื, ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ
08:06
and find a form naturally upon contact with air.
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ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
08:10
So why are we still designing with plastics?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง?
08:15
The air bubbles that were a byproduct of the printing process
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ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื”
08:19
were used to contain photosynthetic microorganisms
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ืฉื•ืžืฉื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื
08:22
that first appeared on our planet 3.5 billion year ago,
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืคื ื™ 3.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”,
08:25
as we learned yesterday.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืืชืžื•ืœ.
08:27
Together with our collaborators at Harvard and MIT,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“ ื•-MIT,
08:30
we embedded bacteria that were genetically engineered
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื˜ืžืขื ื• ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
08:33
to rapidly capture carbon from the atmosphere
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ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
08:36
and convert it into sugar.
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ื•ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืกื•ื›ืจ.
08:39
For the first time,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
08:41
we were able to generate structures that would seamlessly transition
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืชื ื• ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช
08:45
from beam to mesh,
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ืžืงื•ืจื” ืœืจืฉืช,
08:48
and if scaled even larger, to windows.
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ื•ืื ื ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช.
08:52
A fruit-bearing fruit tree.
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ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ื ื•ืฉื ืคืจื™.
08:54
Working with an ancient material,
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขืชื™ืง,
08:57
one of the first lifeforms on the planet,
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ืื—ืช ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
08:59
plenty of water and a little bit of synthetic biology,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื•ืงืฆืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ืช,
09:03
we were able to transform a structure made of shrimp shells
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก
09:07
into an architecture that behaves like a tree.
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ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ื›ืžื• ืขืฅ.
09:11
And here's the best part:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ:
09:14
for objects designed to biodegrade,
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ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
09:16
put them in the sea, and they will nourish marine life;
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ื–ื™ื ื• ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื;
09:19
place them in soil, and they will help grow a tree.
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ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ื ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื— ืขืฅ.
09:24
The setting for our next exploration using the same design principles
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
09:28
was the solar system.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
09:30
We looked for the possibility of creating life-sustaining clothing
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ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ื
09:34
for interplanetary voyages.
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ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
09:38
To do that, we needed to contain bacteria and be able to control their flow.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื.
09:43
So like the periodic table, we came up with our own table of the elements:
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ืื– ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช, ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื ื•:
09:48
new lifeforms that were computationally grown,
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™,
09:51
additively manufactured
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ื™ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
09:53
and biologically augmented.
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
09:58
I like to think of synthetic biology as liquid alchemy,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ืช ื›ืืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช,
10:01
only instead of transmuting precious metals,
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ืจืง ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช,
10:04
you're synthesizing new biological functionality inside very small channels.
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ืืชื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
10:08
It's called microfluidics.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื.
10:11
We 3D-printed our own channels in order to control the flow
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ื”ื“ืคืกื ื• ื‘ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ
10:15
of these liquid bacterial cultures.
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ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
10:19
In our first piece of clothing, we combined two microorganisms.
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ื‘ืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื™ืœื‘ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื.
10:23
The first is cyanobacteria.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืฆื™ืื ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”.
10:25
It lives in our oceans and in freshwater ponds.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืื’ืจื™ื ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื.
10:28
And the second, E. coli, the bacterium that inhabits the human gut.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™, ืื™ ืงื•ืœื™, ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ื ืฉืžืื›ืœืก ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
10:32
One converts light into sugar, the other consumes that sugar
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ืื—ื“ ืžืžื™ืจ ืื•ืจ ืœืกื•ื›ืจ, ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื–ื”
10:36
and produces biofuels useful for the built environment.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
10:39
Now, these two microorganisms never interact in nature.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
10:44
In fact, they never met each other.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคื’ืฉื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
10:46
They've been here, engineered for the first time,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื”, ื”ื•ื ื“ืกื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
10:49
to have a relationship inside a piece of clothing.
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ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“.
10:53
Think of it as evolution not by natural selection,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช,
10:56
but evolution by design.
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ืืœื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.
10:59
In order to contain these relationships,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
11:01
we've created a single channel that resembles the digestive tract,
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืชืขืœื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืฉืžื“ืžื” ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ,
11:05
that will help flow these bacteria and alter their function along the way.
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ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
11:10
We then started growing these channels on the human body,
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
11:14
varying material properties according to the desired functionality.
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ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื ื—ืฉืง.
11:17
Where we wanted more photosynthesis, we would design more transparent channels.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืจืฆื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”, ืขื™ืฆื‘ื ื• ืชืขืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื•ืคื•ืช.
11:23
This wearable digestive system, when it's stretched end to end,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืžืชื—ืช ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื”,
11:28
spans 60 meters.
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ืื•ืจื›ื” 60 ืžื˜ืจ.
11:30
This is half the length of a football field,
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ื–ื” ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืื•ืจืš ืžื’ืจืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ,
11:32
and 10 times as long as our small intestines.
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ื•ืคื™ 10 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ืš ืžื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง ืฉืœื ื•.
11:37
And here it is for the first time unveiled at TED --
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื ื—ืฉืคืช ื‘-TED --
11:40
our first photosynthetic wearable,
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ืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
11:42
liquid channels glowing with life inside a wearable clothing.
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ืชืขืœื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคืจื™ื˜ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ.
11:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:47
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:51
Mary Shelley said, "We are unfashioned creatures, but only half made up."
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ืžืืจื™ ืฉืœื™ ืืžืจื” - "ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ื ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื."
11:55
What if design could provide that other half?
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ืžื” ืื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™?
11:59
What if we could create structures that would augment living matter?
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ืžื” ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื™?
12:06
What if we could create personal microbiomes
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ืžื” ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื™ืฉื™
12:09
that would scan our skins, repair damaged tissue
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ืฉื™ืกืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ืชืงืŸ ืจืงืžื” ืคื’ื•ืขื”
12:13
and sustain our bodies?
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ื•ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•?
12:16
Think of this as a form of edited biology.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืจื•ื›ื”.
12:18
This entire collection, Wanderers, that was named after planets,
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ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื›ื•ืœื• - "ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื", ืฉื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช,
12:22
was not to me really about fashion per se,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”,
12:25
but it provided an opportunity to speculate about the future
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ืืœื ืกื™ืคืง ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื ื•
12:29
of our race on our planet and beyond,
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ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ,
12:31
to combine scientific insight with lots of mystery
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ืœืฆืจืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ
12:35
and to move away from the age of the machine
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ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”
12:38
to a new age of symbiosis between our bodies,
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ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
12:42
the microorganisms that we inhabit,
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ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ื’ื ื™ื–ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื,
12:44
our products and even our buildings.
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ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:46
I call this material ecology.
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื–ื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช.
12:49
To do this, we always need to return back to nature.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข.
12:54
By now, you know that a 3D printer prints material in layers.
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ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ืžื“ืคื™ืกื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช.
12:59
You also know that nature doesn't.
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ืืชื ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
13:02
It grows. It adds with sophistication.
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ื–ื” ืฆื•ืžื—. ื–ื” ืžืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืขื ืชื—ื›ื•ื.
13:06
This silkworm cocoon, for example,
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ื”ื’ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื™, ืœืžืฉืœ,
13:08
creates a highly sophisticated architecture,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ืžืื•ื“,
13:12
a home inside which to metamorphisize.
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ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื˜ืืžื•ืจืคื–ื”.
13:14
No additive manufacturing today gets even close to this level of sophistication.
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ืืฃ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืจืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืชื—ื›ื•ื.
13:20
It does so by combining not two materials,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืœื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
13:23
but two proteins in different concentrations.
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ืืœื ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
13:27
One acts as the structure, the other is the glue, or the matrix,
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ืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžื‘ื ื”, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืง, ืื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืชืื™,
13:31
holding those fibers together.
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ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
13:33
And this happens across scales.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.
13:36
The silkworm first attaches itself to the environment --
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ื–ื—ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
13:39
it creates a tensile structure --
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื ืžืชื—,
13:41
and it then starts spinning a compressive cocoon.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืืจื•ื’ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื•ืœื ื“ื—ื•ืก.
13:44
Tension and compression, the two forces of life,
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ืžืชื— ื•ื“ื—ื™ืกื”, ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
13:48
manifested in a single material.
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ืžื’ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ื“.
13:53
In order to better understand how this complex process works,
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
13:56
we glued a tiny earth magnet
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ื”ื“ื‘ืงื ื• ืžื’ื ื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
13:58
to the head of a silkworm, to the spinneret.
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ืœืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื™, ืœืื™ื‘ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™.
14:01
We placed it inside a box with magnetic sensors,
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ื”ื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื” ืขื ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
14:04
and that allowed us to create this 3-dimensional point cloud
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ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื ืŸ ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™
14:07
and visualize the complex architecture of the silkworm cocoon.
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ื•ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื™.
14:13
However, when we placed the silkworm on a flat patch,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื ื• ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื—ืœืง,
14:17
not inside a box,
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ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื•ืคืกื,
14:19
we realized it would spin a flat cocoon
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื’ื•ืœื ืฉื˜ื•ื—
14:22
and it would still healthily metamorphisize.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ืืžื•ืจืคื–ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
14:25
So we started designing different environments, different scaffolds,
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืœื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
14:29
and we discovered that the shape, the composition,
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื”, ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘,
14:32
the structure of the cocoon, was directly informed by the environment.
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื, ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
14:36
Silkworms are often boiled to death inside their cocoons,
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ื˜ื•ื•ืื™ ืžืฉื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจืชื—ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
14:41
their silk unraveled and used in the textile industry.
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ื”ืžืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื ืคืจื ื•ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ.
14:44
We realized that designing these templates allowed us to give shape to raw silk
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ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืชืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืœืžืฉื™ ื’ืœืžื™
14:51
without boiling a single cocoon.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืชื™ื— ื’ื•ืœื ืื—ื“.
14:54
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:58
They would healthily metamorphisize,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื˜ืืžื•ืจืคื–ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”,
15:00
and we would be able to create these things.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
15:03
So we scaled this process up to architectural scale.
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ืื– ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™.
15:07
We had a robot spin the template out of silk,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื”ืžืฉื™,
15:10
and we placed it on our site.
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ื•ืžื™ืงืžื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
15:12
We knew silkworms migrated toward darker and colder areas,
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื˜ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:17
so we used a sun path diagram to reveal the distribution
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ืื– ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•
15:20
of light and heat on our structure.
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15:23
We then created holes, or apertures,
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ืื– ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื,
15:26
that would lock in the rays of light and heat,
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ืฉื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ื,
15:29
distributing those silkworms on the structure.
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ื•ื™ืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”.
15:34
We were ready to receive the caterpillars.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื.
15:37
We ordered 6,500 silkworms from an online silk farm.
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ื”ื–ืžื ื• 6,500 ื˜ื•ื•ืื™ ืžืฉื™ ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉืช.
15:42
And after four weeks of feeding, they were ready to spin with us.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื›ืœื”, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื•.
15:45
We placed them carefully at the bottom rim of the scaffold,
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ืžื™ืงืžื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื“,
15:49
and as they spin they pupate, they mate, they lay eggs,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืœื, ื”ืŸ ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื,
15:53
and life begins all over again -- just like us but much, much shorter.
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ -- ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฆืจ.
16:00
Bucky Fuller said that tension is the great integrity,
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ื‘ืืงื™ ืคื•ืœืจ ืืžืจ ืฉืžืชื— ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
16:05
and he was right.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง.
16:06
As they spin biological silk over robotically spun silk,
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืขืœ ืžืฉื™ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื•ื” ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช,
16:10
they give this entire pavilion its integrity.
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ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจื” ืฉืœื•.
16:13
And over two to three weeks,
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ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
16:15
6,500 silkworms spin 6,500 kilometers.
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6,500 ื˜ื•ื•ืื™ ืžืฉื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื 6,500 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
16:19
In a curious symmetry, this is also the length of the Silk Road.
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ื‘ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืกืงืจื ืช, ื–ื” ื’ื ืื•ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื™.
16:24
The moths, after they hatch, produce 1.5 million eggs.
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ื”ืขืฉื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื 1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
16:28
This could be used for 250 additional pavilions for the future.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ 250 ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
16:33
So here they are, the two worldviews.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืŸ - ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
16:36
One spins silk out of a robotic arm,
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ืื—ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื” ืžืฉื™ ืžื–ืจื•ืข ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช,
16:40
the other fills in the gaps.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืžืœืืช ืืช ื”ืคืขืจื™ื.
16:44
If the final frontier of design is to breathe life into the products
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ืื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื
16:47
and the buildings around us,
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ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
16:49
to form a two-material ecology,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
16:51
then designers must unite these two worldviews.
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ืื– ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืœื•.
16:55
Which brings us back, of course, to the beginning.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”.
17:00
Here's to a new age of design, a new age of creation,
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ืœื—ื™ื™ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”,
17:03
that takes us from a nature-inspired design
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ืฉื™ื™ืงื— ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
17:07
to a design-inspired nature,
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ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
17:09
and that demands of us for the first time
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
17:13
that we mother nature.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข (ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืืžื ื˜ื‘ืข).
17:18
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:19
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:26
Thank you very much. Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:28
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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