Autofocusing reading glasses of the future | Nitish Padmanaban

300,755 views ใƒป 2020-06-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Leslie Gauthier Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Dana Eitan ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Every single one of us will lose
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืื‘ื“
00:14
or has already lost something we rely on every single day.
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ืื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื‘ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
00:18
I am of course talking about our keys.
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ืื ื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:23
Just kidding.
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ืื ื™ ืฆื•ื—ืง.
00:24
What I actually want to talk about is one of our most important senses: vision.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ,ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•: ื”ืจืื™ื”.
00:28
Every single day we each lose a little bit of our ability
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ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:31
to refocus our eyes
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ืœืžืงื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
00:32
until we can't refocus at all.
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืงื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
00:34
We call this condition presbyopia,
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืคืจืกื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื”,
00:36
and it affects two billion people worldwide.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:39
That's right, I said billion.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืืžืจืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
00:41
If you haven't heard of presbyopia,
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ืื ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ืคืจืกื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื”
00:43
and you're wondering, "Where are these two billion people?"
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ื•ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, "ืื™ืคื” ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”?"
ื”ื ื” ืจืžื– ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื.
00:46
here's a hint before I get into the details.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ืื• ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื“ื•-ืžื•ืงื“ื™ื•ืช.
00:48
It's the reason why people wear reading glasses or bifocal lenses.
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00:51
I'll get started by describing the loss in refocusing ability
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ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื™ืงื•ื“
00:54
leading up to presbyopia.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืจืกื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื”.
00:55
As a newborn, you would have been able to focus
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ื›ื™ื™ืœื•ื“, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“
00:58
as close as six and a half centimeters,
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ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
ืื ืจืฆื™ืชื.
01:00
if you wished to.
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01:01
By your mid-20s, you have about half of that focusing power left.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -20, ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“.
01:04
10 centimeters or so,
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10 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš,
01:06
but close enough that you never notice the difference.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื ืœื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
01:08
By your late 40s though,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -40,
ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 25 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
01:10
the closest you can focus is about 25 centimeters,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:12
maybe even farther.
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ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•
01:13
Losses in focusing ability beyond this point
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ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืงืจื™ืื”,
01:15
start affecting near-vision tasks like reading,
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ื•ื›ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ 60,
01:18
and by the time you reach age 60,
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01:19
nothing within a meter radius of you is clear.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืžืžื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
01:22
Right now some of you are probably thinking,
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ื›ืจื’ืข ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
01:24
that sounds bad but he means you in a figurative sense,
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืจืข ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ "ืืชื" ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
01:27
only for the people that actually end up with presbyopia.
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ืจืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืคืจืกื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื”.
01:31
But no, when I say you, I literally mean that every single one of you
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ "ืืชื", ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื
01:35
will someday be presbyopic if you aren't already.
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืชื”ื™ื• ืคืจืกื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื ืื ืืชื ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ.
01:38
That sounds a bit troubling.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืงืฆืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื“.
01:40
I want to remind you that presbyopia has been with us for all of human history
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืคืจืกื‘ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
01:43
and we've done a lot of different things to try and fix it.
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ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
01:46
So to start, let's imagine that you're sitting at a desk, reading.
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื.
01:50
If you were presbyopic,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืคืจืกื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื,
01:52
it might look a little something like this.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
01:54
Anything close by, like the magazine, will be blurry.
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ.
01:57
Moving on to solutions.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:58
First, reading glasses.
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ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืงืจื™ืื”.
02:00
These have lenses with a single focal power
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ืงื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“
02:02
tuned so that near objects come into focus.
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ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืš ืฉื—ืคืฆื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืžื•ืงื“
02:04
But far objects necessarily go out of focus,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžื™ืงื•ื“,
02:07
meaning you have to constantly switch back and forth
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ
02:09
between wearing and not wearing them.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืœื™.
02:11
To solve this problem
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
02:12
Benjamin Franklin invented what he called "double spectacles."
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ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื "ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื."
02:16
Today we call those bifocals,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื‘ื™ืคื•ืงืœื™ื,
02:18
and what they let him do was see far when he looked up
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืœืžืขืœื”
02:21
and see near when he looked down.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืœืžื˜ื”.
02:23
Today we also have progressive lenses which get rid of the line
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื ืคืชืจื• ืžื”ืงื•
02:26
by smoothly varying the focal power from top to bottom.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื”.
02:29
The downside to both of these
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ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ ืืœื”
02:30
is that you lose field of vision at any given distance,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืจื—ืง ื ืชื•ืŸ,
02:33
because it gets split up from top to bottom like this.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืชืคืฆืœ ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื›ื”.
02:35
To see why that's a problem,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืžื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”,
02:37
imagine that you're climbing down a ladder or stairs.
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืืชื ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืื• ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช.
02:40
You look down to get your footing but it's blurry.
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ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ
02:43
Why would it be blurry?
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ืœืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ?
02:45
Well, you look down and that's the near part of the lens,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืฉื”
02:48
but the next step was past arm's reach,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“,
02:51
which for your eyes counts as far.
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ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืจื—ื•ืง
02:53
The next solution I want to point out is a little less common
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื—
02:56
but comes up in contact lenses or LASIK surgeries,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื’ืข ืื• ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืœืืกื™ืง,
02:58
and it's called monovision.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžื•ื ื• ืจืื™ื™ื”.
03:00
It works by setting up the dominant eye to focus far
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื”ืจื—ืง
03:02
and the other eye to focus near.
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ื•ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืงืจื•ื‘.
03:04
Your brain does the work of intelligently putting together
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืช
03:07
the sharpest parts from each eye's view,
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืŸ,
03:09
but the two eyes see slightly different things,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื.
03:11
and that makes it harder to judge distances binocularly.
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03:13
So where does that leave us?
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ืื– ืื™ืคื” ื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื•?
ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
03:15
We've come up with a lot of solutions
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
03:17
but none of them quite restore natural refocusing.
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03:19
None of them let you just look at something
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื”ืจืฉื” ืจืง ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
03:21
and expect it to be in focus.
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ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืงื•ืก
03:23
But why?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื”?
03:24
Well, to explain that
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช
03:26
we'll want to take a look at the anatomy of the human eye.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
03:28
The part of the eye that allows us to refocus to different distances
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ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ืช.
03:32
is called the crystalline lens.
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03:33
There are muscles surrounding the lens that can deform it into different shapes,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื“ืฉื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
03:37
which in turn changes its focusing power.
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ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื•.
03:39
What happens when someone becomes presbyopic?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืคืจืกื‘ื•ืคื™?
03:42
It turns out that the crystalline lens stiffens
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืชืงืฉื”
03:44
to the point that it doesn't really change shape anymore.
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:47
Now, thinking back on all the solutions I listed earlier,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืจืฉืžืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
03:50
we can see that they all have something in common with the others
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
03:54
but not with our eyes,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
03:56
and that is that they're all static.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื.
03:58
It's like the optical equivalent of a pirate with a peg leg.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจืื˜ ืขื ืจื’ืœ ื™ืชื“.
ืžื”ื• ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื’ืœ ืชื•ืชื‘ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช?
04:01
What is the optical equivalent of a modern prosthetic leg?
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04:04
The last several decades have seen the creation and rapid development
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ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืจืื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื”
04:07
of what are called "focus-tunable lenses."
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. "
04:10
There are several different types.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:12
Mechanically-shifted Alvarez lenses,
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ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืืœื‘ืจื– ืžื›ืื ื™ืช,
04:13
deformable liquid lenses
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ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืชืขื•ื•ืชื•ืช
04:15
and electronically-switched, liquid crystal lenses.
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ื•ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืฉืžืžื•ืชื’ื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
04:17
Now these have their own trade-offs,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ,
04:19
but what they don't skimp on is the visual experience.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžื•ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช.
ืฉื“ื” ืจืื™ื” ืžืœื ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืจื—ืง ืจืฆื•ื™.
04:22
Full-field-of-view vision that can be sharp at any desired distance.
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04:25
OK, great. The lenses we need already exist.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
04:27
Problem solved, right?
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืคืชืจื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:29
Not so fast.
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ.
04:31
Focus-tunable lenses add a bit of complexity to the equation.
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ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืื”.
04:34
The lenses don't have any way of knowing what distance they should be focused to.
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ืœืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช.
ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื
04:38
What we need are glasses
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04:39
that, when you're looking far, far objects are sharp,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืจื—ื•ืง, ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื—ื“ื™ื
04:41
and when you look near,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘,
04:43
near objects come into focus in your field of view,
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ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคื•ืงื•ืก ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
04:45
without you having to think about it.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:47
What I've worked on these last few years at Stanford
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ืžื” ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“
ื–ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื“ืฉื•ืช.
04:50
is building that exact intelligence around the lenses.
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04:52
Our prototype borrows technology from virtual and augmented reality systems
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ื”ืื‘-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœื ื• ืœื•ื•ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช
04:56
to estimate focusing distance.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“.
04:57
We have an eye tracker that can tell what direction our eyes are focused in.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•.
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื›ื
05:01
Using two of these, we can triangulate your gaze direction
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05:04
to get a focus estimate.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ืงื•ื“.
05:05
Just in case though, to increase reliability,
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ืจืง ืœื™ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช,
ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ื’ื ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืจื—ืง.
05:08
we also added a distance sensor.
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05:09
The sensor is a camera that looks out at the world
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœืžื” ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
ื•ืžื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื.
05:12
and reports distances to objects.
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05:13
We can again use your gaze direction to get a distance estimate
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ืžืจื—ืง
05:16
for a second time.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
05:17
We then fuse those two distance estimates
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆืจืฃ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:19
and update the focus-tunable lens power accordingly.
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ื•ื ืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื‘ื”ืชืื.
05:22
The next step for us was to test our device on actual people.
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
05:25
So we recruited about 100 presbyopes and had them test our device
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ืื– ื’ื™ื™ืกื ื• ื›-100 ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืคืจืกื‘ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื•
05:28
while we measured their performance.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:30
What we saw convinced us right then that autofocals were the future.
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ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืื•ื˜ื•ืคื•ืงืœื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
05:33
Our participants could see more clearly, they could focus more quickly
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ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืงืœื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:37
and they thought it was an easier and better focusing experience
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
05:40
than their current correction.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืื™ื”,
05:41
To put it simply, when it comes to vision,
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ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื•ืงืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืคืฉืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื
05:43
autofocals don't compromise like static corrections in use today do.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™.
05:46
But I don't want to get ahead of myself.
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05:48
There's a lot of work for my colleagues and me left to do.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื•ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืงืฆืช...
05:51
For example, our glasses are a bit --
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05:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:54
bulky, maybe?
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ืžื’ื•ืฉืžื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™
05:56
And one reason for this is that we used bulkier components
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ื•ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืœื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื
05:59
that are often intended for research use or industrial use.
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ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
06:02
Another is that we need to strap everything down
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
06:04
because current eye-tracking algorithms don't have the robustness that we need.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ
ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื ื•.
06:08
So moving forward,
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ื ืชืงื“ื,
06:10
as we move from a research setting into a start-up,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืœืกื˜ืืจื˜-up,
06:12
we plan to make future autofocals
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืคื•ืงืœ
06:14
eventually look a little bit more like normal glasses.
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ืฉื™ืจืื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
06:17
For this to happen, we'll need to significantly improve
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉืคืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
06:20
the robustness of our eye-tracking solution.
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ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
06:22
We'll also need to incorporate smaller and more efficient electronics and lenses.
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ื’ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื•ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:26
That said, even with our current prototype,
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ืืžืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ืื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
06:29
we've shown that today's focus-tunable lens technology
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ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข
06:31
is capable of outperforming traditional forms of static correction.
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื˜ื™.
06:35
So it's only a matter of time.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ.
06:37
It's pretty clear that in the near future,
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ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘,
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื–ื•ื’ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื•ืžืชื™,
06:39
instead of worrying about which pair of glasses to use and when,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
06:42
we'll be able to just focus on the important things.
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06:45
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
06:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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