Autofocusing reading glasses of the future | Nitish Padmanaban

Transcriber: Leslie Gauthier Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz

Prevoditelj: Ksaver Tomasic Recezent: Sanda L

Every single one of us will lose

Svatko od nas će izgubiti

or has already lost something we rely on every single day.

ili je već izgubio nešto što nam je potrebno svaki dan.

I am of course talking about our keys.

Naravno, govorim o ključevima.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Just kidding.

Šalim se.

What I actually want to talk about is one of our most important senses: vision.

O čemu zbilja želim razgovarati je jedno od naših najvažnijih osjetila: vid.

Every single day we each lose a little bit of our ability

Svaki dan izgubimo malo naše sposobnosti

to refocus our eyes

refokusiranja očiju

until we can't refocus at all.

dok ih više ne možemo uopće refokusirati.

We call this condition presbyopia,

Ovo stanje zovemo prezbiopija,

and it affects two billion people worldwide.

prezbiopija utječe na dvije milijarde ljudi diljem svijeta.

That's right, I said billion.

Točno, rekao sam dvije milijarde.

If you haven't heard of presbyopia,

Ako niste čuli za prezbiopiju

and you're wondering, "Where are these two billion people?"

i pitate se, "Gdje su te dvije milijarde ljudi?",

evo naznake prije nego što prijeđem na detalje.

here's a hint before I get into the details.

To je razlog zašto ljudi nose naočale za čitanje ili bifokalne leće.

It's the reason why people wear reading glasses or bifocal lenses.

I'll get started by describing the loss in refocusing ability

Započet ću opisom gubitka sposobnosti refokusiranja

leading up to presbyopia.

koji dovodi do prezbiopije.

As a newborn, you would have been able to focus

Kao novorođenče, mogli ste fokusirati vid

as close as six and a half centimeters,

do blizine od šest i pol centimetara,

if you wished to.

ako ste htjeli.

By your mid-20s, you have about half of that focusing power left.

Do sredine 20-tih, ostalo vam je oko pola te moći fokusiranja.

10 centimeters or so,

Oko desetak centimetara,

but close enough that you never notice the difference.

no dovoljno blizu da nikada ne primjetite razliku.

By your late 40s though,

Do kasnih 40-tih, pak,

najbliže što ste mogli fokusirati vid je oko 25 centimetara,

the closest you can focus is about 25 centimeters,

možda čak i dalje.

maybe even farther.

Losses in focusing ability beyond this point

Gubici moći fokusiranja dalje od ove točke započinju

start affecting near-vision tasks like reading,

utjecati na obavljanje zadataka na blizinu, poput čitanja,

and by the time you reach age 60,

i do trenutka kada napunite 60,

nothing within a meter radius of you is clear.

ništa unutar radijusa od 1 metra više nije bistro.

Right now some of you are probably thinking,

Trenutno neki od vas vjerojatno misle,

that sounds bad but he means you in a figurative sense,

to zvuči loše, ali on misli "vama" u prenesenom smislu,

only for the people that actually end up with presbyopia.

samo na ljude koji će zapravo završiti s prezbiopijom.

But no, when I say you, I literally mean that every single one of you

Ali ne, kada kažem vi, doslovno mislim da svaki od vas

will someday be presbyopic if you aren't already.

će prije ili kasnije imati prezbiopiju, ako je već nemate.

That sounds a bit troubling.

To zvuči pomalo zabrinjavajuće.

I want to remind you that presbyopia has been with us for all of human history

Želim vas podsjetiti da je prezbiopija bila uz nas cijelu ljudsku povijest

and we've done a lot of different things to try and fix it.

i napravili smo puno raznih stvari da je pokušamo popraviti.

So to start, let's imagine that you're sitting at a desk, reading.

Pa za početak, hajdemo zamisliti da sjedite za stolom i čitate.

If you were presbyopic,

Ako jeste prezbiopični,

it might look a little something like this.

to bi moglo izgledati ovako:

Anything close by, like the magazine, will be blurry.

bilo što blizu, poput časopisa, bilo bi mutno.

Moving on to solutions.

Prijeđimo na rješenja.

First, reading glasses.

Prvo, naočale za čitanje.

These have lenses with a single focal power

Imaju leće s jednostrukom moći fokusiranja

tuned so that near objects come into focus.

podešene tako da bliski objekti dođu u fokus.

But far objects necessarily go out of focus,

Ali, objekti koji su daleko neminovno izađu iz fokusa,

meaning you have to constantly switch back and forth

znači da stalno morate mijenjati

between wearing and not wearing them.

između nošenja i nenošenja naočala.

To solve this problem

Nastojeći riješiti ovaj problem,

Benjamin Franklin invented what he called "double spectacles."

Benjamin Franklin je izumio ono što je nazvao "dvostruke naočale".

Today we call those bifocals,

Danas ih zovemo bifokalne naočale,

and what they let him do was see far when he looked up

i te naočale su mu dozvolile da vidi na daljinu kada pogleda prema gore

and see near when he looked down.

i vidi na blizinu kada je gledao dolje.

Today we also have progressive lenses which get rid of the line

Danas imamo i progresivne leće koje nas rješavaju linije

by smoothly varying the focal power from top to bottom.

tako da glatko prebacuju moć fokusiranja između gore i dolje.

The downside to both of these

Loša strana obaju

is that you lose field of vision at any given distance,

je da izgubite polje vida na bilo kojoj daljini,

because it gets split up from top to bottom like this.

zato jer se ovako razdvaja od vrha prema dnu.

To see why that's a problem,

Da vidite zašto je to problem,

imagine that you're climbing down a ladder or stairs.

zamislite da se spuštate niz ljestve ili stepenice.

You look down to get your footing but it's blurry.

Pogledate dolje da vidite gdje stajete, ali sve je mutno.

Why would it be blurry?

Zašto bi bilo mutno?

Well, you look down and that's the near part of the lens,

Pa, pogledate dolje i to je bliski dio leće,

but the next step was past arm's reach,

ali je sljedeća stepenica dalje nego dužina ruke,

which for your eyes counts as far.

što za vaše oči znači da je daleko.

The next solution I want to point out is a little less common

Sljedeće rješenje koje vam hoću pokazati je manje uobičajeno

ali se pojavljuje u kontaktnim lećama ili laserskim korekcijama vida,

but comes up in contact lenses or LASIK surgeries,

and it's called monovision.

i zove se monovizija.

Monovizija radi tako da namjesti dominantno oko da se fokusira na daljinu,

It works by setting up the dominant eye to focus far

and the other eye to focus near.

a drugo oko se fokusira na blizinu.

Your brain does the work of intelligently putting together

Vaš mozak inteligentno obavi sastavljanje

najoštrijih dijelova iz oba oka,

the sharpest parts from each eye's view,

ali ta dva oka vide stvari malo drugačije,

but the two eyes see slightly different things,

a to otežave binokularnu procjenu udaljenosti.

and that makes it harder to judge distances binocularly.

So where does that leave us?

I kamo nas to dovodi?

Našli smo puno rješenja

We've come up with a lot of solutions

but none of them quite restore natural refocusing.

ali nijedno od njih vam sasvim ne vrati prirodno refokusiranje.

None of them let you just look at something

Niti jedno od njih vam ne dozvoljava da samo gledate nešto

and expect it to be in focus.

i očekujete da bude u fokusu.

But why?

Ali zašto?

Well, to explain that

Pa, da bismo to objasnili,

we'll want to take a look at the anatomy of the human eye.

morat ćemo pogledati anatomiju ljudskog oka.

The part of the eye that allows us to refocus to different distances

Dio oka koji nam dopušta da refokusiramo pogled na različite daljine

zove se kristalna leća.

is called the crystalline lens.

There are muscles surrounding the lens that can deform it into different shapes,

Mišići oko leće mogu deformirati leću u razne oblike,

which in turn changes its focusing power.

koja zauzvrat promijeni sposobnost fokusiranja.

What happens when someone becomes presbyopic?

Što se dogodi kada netko postane prezbiopičan?

It turns out that the crystalline lens stiffens

Ispada da se kristalna leća stvrdne

to the point that it doesn't really change shape anymore.

do točke gdje uopće više ne može mijenjati oblik.

Now, thinking back on all the solutions I listed earlier,

Sada, razmišljajući unatrag o svim rješenjima koja sam naveo,

we can see that they all have something in common with the others

vidljivo je da sva imaju nešto zajedničko,

but not with our eyes,

ali ne s našim očima,

and that is that they're all static.

to je da su sva statična.

It's like the optical equivalent of a pirate with a peg leg.

To je optički ekvivalent gusara s drvenom nogom.

What is the optical equivalent of a modern prosthetic leg?

Što je optički ekvivalent moderne prostetičke noge?

The last several decades have seen the creation and rapid development

Zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća vidjeli smo pojavu i brzi napredak

of what are called "focus-tunable lenses."

izuma zvanog "leće prilagodljivog fokusa."

There are several different types.

Ima nekoliko različitih tipova.

Mehanički pomaknute Alvarez leće,

Mechanically-shifted Alvarez lenses,

deformable liquid lenses

deformirajuće tekuće leće

and electronically-switched, liquid crystal lenses.

i elektronički promjenjive, tekuće kristalne leće.

Now these have their own trade-offs,

Sada, sve ove rade neke kompromise,

but what they don't skimp on is the visual experience.

ali ono na čemu ne štede je vizualni doživljaj.

Vid preko cijelog vidnog polja koji je oštar na bilo kojoj daljini.

Full-field-of-view vision that can be sharp at any desired distance.

OK, great. The lenses we need already exist.

Ok, super. Leće koje nam trebaju već postoje.

Problem solved, right?

Problem riješen, nije li tako?

Not so fast.

Ne tako brzo.

Focus-tunable lenses add a bit of complexity to the equation.

Leće s podesivim fokusom dodatno kompliciraju ovu jednadžbu.

The lenses don't have any way of knowing what distance they should be focused to.

Ove leće nemaju način znati na koju daljinu bi se trebale fokusirati.

Što nam treba su naočale

What we need are glasses

that, when you're looking far, far objects are sharp,

koje, kad gledate u daljinu, izoštre udaljene predmete,

and when you look near,

a kada gledate blizu,

near objects come into focus in your field of view,

stvari u blizini se fokusiraju u vidnom polju,

without you having to think about it.

bez razmišljanja.

What I've worked on these last few years at Stanford

Na čemu ja radim ovih nekoliko prošlih godina na Stanfordu

is building that exact intelligence around the lenses.

je gradeći tu inteligenciju oko leća.

Our prototype borrows technology from virtual and augmented reality systems

Naš prototip koristi tehnologiju virtualne i uvećane stvarnosti

to estimate focusing distance.

da procijeni daljinu fokusiranja.

We have an eye tracker that can tell what direction our eyes are focused in.

Imamo pratitelja kretanja očiju koji može odrediti u kojem smjeru su oči fokusirane.

Koristeći ovo dvoje, možemo odrediti točke smjera pogleda

Using two of these, we can triangulate your gaze direction

to get a focus estimate.

kako bismo dobili procjenu fokusa.

Just in case though, to increase reliability,

Za svaki slučaj, kako bismo povećali pouzdanost,

dodali smo senzor daljine.

we also added a distance sensor.

The sensor is a camera that looks out at the world

Senzor je kamera koja gleda svijet

i određuje udaljenosti do predmeta.

and reports distances to objects.

We can again use your gaze direction to get a distance estimate

Opet možemo koristiti smjer pogleda kako bismo dobili procjenu udaljenosti

for a second time.

po drugi put.

We then fuse those two distance estimates

Onda spojimo te dve procjene daljine

and update the focus-tunable lens power accordingly.

i unaprijedimo moć usklađivanja fokusa leće u skladu s njima.

The next step for us was to test our device on actual people.

Sljedeći korak za nas bio je testirati izum na ljudima.

So we recruited about 100 presbyopes and had them test our device

Imali smo oko 100 ljudi s prezbiopijom i dali im ovu napravu na testiranje

while we measured their performance.

dok smo mi mjerili njezin učinak.

What we saw convinced us right then that autofocals were the future.

Rezultat nas je uvjerio da su autofokusirajuće naočale budućnost.

Our participants could see more clearly, they could focus more quickly

Naši sudionici mogli su vidjeti bistrije, fokusirati brže,

i mislili su da je to bilo jedno lakše i bolje iskustvo fokusiranja

and they thought it was an easier and better focusing experience

nego što pruža njihovo trenutno pomagalo.

than their current correction.

Da pojednostavimo, kada dođemo do vida,

To put it simply, when it comes to vision,

autofokusirajuće naočale ne rade kompromise koje statična rješenja rade.

autofocals don't compromise like static corrections in use today do.

Ali ne želim brzati.

But I don't want to get ahead of myself.

There's a lot of work for my colleagues and me left to do.

Ostalo je još puno posla za mene i moje kolege.

For example, our glasses are a bit --

Na primjer, naše naočale su malo --

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

bulky, maybe?

nezgrapne, možda?

And one reason for this is that we used bulkier components

Jedan od razloga je što smo koristili masivnije komponente

that are often intended for research use or industrial use.

koje se inače koriste u istraživačke ili industrijske svrhe.

Another is that we need to strap everything down

Dodatni razlog je što smo morali sve držati na mjestu

because current eye-tracking algorithms don't have the robustness that we need.

zato jer trenutni algoritmi za praćenje očiju nemaju robusnost koju trebamo.

So moving forward,

Nastavno tome,

as we move from a research setting into a start-up,

dok napredujemo od istraživanja prema primjeni,

we plan to make future autofocals

planiramo napraviti autofokusirajuće naočale

eventually look a little bit more like normal glasses.

koje će izgledati kao normalne naočale.

For this to happen, we'll need to significantly improve

Da bi se to dogodilo, moramo znatno poboljšati

the robustness of our eye-tracking solution.

nezgrapnost našeg rješenja za praćenje vida.

We'll also need to incorporate smaller and more efficient electronics and lenses.

Morati ćemo ugraditi manje i efikasnije leće i elektroniku.

That said, even with our current prototype,

No čak i s našim trenutačnim prototipom,

we've shown that today's focus-tunable lens technology

pokazali smo da današnja tehnologija leća s prilagodljivim fokusom

is capable of outperforming traditional forms of static correction.

može nadjačati tradicionalna pomagala za statičnu korekciju.

So it's only a matter of time.

Samo je pitanje vremena.

It's pretty clear that in the near future,

Jasno je da ćemo u bliskoj budućnosti,

umjesto brige o tome koji par naočala nositi, i kada,

instead of worrying about which pair of glasses to use and when,

moći se fokusirati na važne stvari.

we'll be able to just focus on the important things.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)