Joseph Nye on global power shifts

279,135 views ใƒป 2010-10-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Eran Givoni ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
I'm going to talk to you
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื
00:17
about power in this 21st century.
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ืขืœ ื›ื— ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21.
00:19
And basically, what I'd like to tell you
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื
00:22
is that power is changing,
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื›ื— ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”.
00:25
and there are two types of changes
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
00:27
I want to discuss.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
00:29
One is power transition,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ื›ื—,
00:32
which is change of power amongst states.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
00:35
And there the simple version of the message
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ื•ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืœืžืกืจ ื”ื–ื”,
00:38
is it's moving from West to East.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื— ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืžื–ืจื—.
00:41
The other is power diffusion,
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืจ,
00:44
the way power is moving
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื›ื— ืขื•ื‘ืจ
00:46
from all states West or East
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื—,
00:48
to non-state actors.
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ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
00:51
Those two things
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ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื•
00:53
are the huge shifts of power
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ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:55
in our century.
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ื‘ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:57
And I want to tell you about them each separately
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“
01:00
and then how they interact
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™
01:02
and why, in the end, there may be some good news.
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ื•ืœืžื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืžื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:06
When we talk about power transition,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื›ื—,
01:09
we often talk about the rise of Asia.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื”.
01:13
It really should be called
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ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช,
01:15
the recovery or return of Asia.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืชื”, ืื• ื—ื–ืจืชื”, ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื”.
01:17
If we looked at the world
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ืื ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:19
in 1800,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1800,
01:21
you'd find that more than half of the world's people
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ื ื’ืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
01:24
lived in Asia
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ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืืกื™ื”
01:26
and they made more than half the world's product.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
01:29
Now fast forward to 1900:
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ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ืช 1900:
01:32
half the world's people -- more than half -- still live in Asia,
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ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืกื™ื”,
01:35
but they're now making
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื
01:37
only a fifth of the world's product.
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ืจืง ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
01:39
What happened? The Industrial Revolution,
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ืžื” ืงืจื”? ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
01:42
which meant that all of a sudden,
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ืฉืœืคืชืข ื’ืจืžื” ืœื›ืš
01:44
Europe and America
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ืฉืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื”
01:46
became the dominant center of the world.
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ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื— ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
01:49
What we're going to see in the 21st century
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21
01:52
is Asia gradually returning
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ื–ื” ื—ื–ืจืชื” ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื”
01:55
to being more than half of the world's population
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
01:58
and more than half of the world's product.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
02:02
That's important and it's an important shift.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ื›ื— ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
02:05
But let me tell you a little bit about
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜
02:07
the other shift that I'm talking about,
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•,
02:09
which is power diffusion.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—.
02:11
To understand power diffusion
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—
02:14
put this in your mind:
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื:
02:16
computing and communications costs
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ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
02:19
have fallen a thousandfold
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ื™ืจื“ื• ืคื™ ืืœืฃ
02:22
between 1970
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 1970
02:24
and the beginning of this century.
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ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
02:26
Now that's a big abstract number.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื•ืœื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™,
02:28
But to make it more real,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™:
02:30
if the price of an automobile
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ืื ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘
02:32
had fallen as rapidly
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ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงืฆื‘
02:34
as the price of computing power,
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ื›ืžื• ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
02:36
you could buy a car today
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื
02:38
for five dollars.
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ืชืžื•ืจืช ื—ืžืฉ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
02:40
Now when the price of any technology
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
02:42
declines that dramatically,
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ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช
02:45
the barriers to entry go down.
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ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื.
02:48
Anybody can play in the game.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง.
02:50
So in 1970,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘-1970,
02:52
if you wanted to communicate
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ืื ืจืฆื™ืชื ืœืชืงืฉืจ
02:54
from Oxford to Johannesburg
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ืœื™ื•ื”ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื’
02:56
to New Delhi
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ืœื ื™ื•-ื“ืœื”ื™
02:58
to Brasilia
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ืœื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™ื”
03:00
and anywhere simultaneously,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
03:03
you could do it.
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ื™ื›ืœืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
03:05
The technology was there.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
03:07
But to be able to do it,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
03:09
you had to be very rich --
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื:
03:11
a government, a multinational corporation,
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ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
03:14
maybe the Catholic Church --
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช...
03:17
but you had to be pretty wealthy.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
03:19
Now, anybody has that capacity,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช,
03:22
which previously was restricted by price
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ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื”
03:25
just to a few actors.
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ืœืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ,
03:28
If they have the price of entry into an Internet cafe --
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืงืคื”
03:31
the last time I looked, it was something like a pound an hour --
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ืฉื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜ ืœืฉืขื”,
03:34
and if you have Skype, it's free.
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกืงื™ื™ืค - ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
03:37
So capabilities
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
03:39
that were once restricted
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ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
03:41
are now available to everyone.
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ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื.
03:43
And what that means
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
03:45
is not that the age of the State is over.
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ืฉืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื’ืžืจ.
03:49
The State still matters.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
03:51
But the stage is crowded.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”.
03:53
The State's not alone. There are many, many actors.
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ืœื‘ื“. ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:56
Some of that's good:
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:58
Oxfam,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื•ืงืกืคืื,
04:00
a great non-governmental actor.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื ื”ื“ืจ.
04:02
Some of it's bad:
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ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืจืขื”.
04:04
Al Qaeda, another non-governmental actor.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืืœ ืงืขื™ื“ื”, ืขื•ื“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.
04:07
But think of what it does
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”
04:09
to how we think in traditional terms and concepts.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื™ื.
04:12
We think in terms of war
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”
04:14
and interstate war.
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ื•ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
04:16
And you can think back to 1941
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ 1941
04:19
when the government of Japan
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืคืŸ
04:21
attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor.
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ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืœ ื”ืจื‘ื•ืจ.
04:24
It's worth noticing
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
04:26
that a non-state actor
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
04:28
attacking the United States in 2001
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ืฉืชืงืฃ ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘-2001
04:31
killed more Americans
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ื”ืจื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื
04:33
than the government of Japan did in 1941.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืคืŸ ื‘-1941.
04:36
You might think of that
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”
04:38
as the privatization of war.
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ื›ื”ืคืจื˜ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
04:40
So we're seeing a great change
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“
04:43
in terms of diffusion of power.
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ื‘ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื›ื— ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ.
04:46
Now the problem is
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื
04:49
that we're not thinking about it in very innovative ways.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
04:52
So let me step back
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ืื– ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”
04:54
and ask: what's power?
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ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ืžื”ื• ื›ื—?
04:56
Power is simple the ability
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ื›ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
04:58
to affect others
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื
05:00
to get the outcomes you want,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
05:02
and you can do it in three ways.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
05:04
You can do it with threats
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืื™ื•ืžื™ื,
05:06
of coercion, "sticks,"
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ื‘ืื™ืœื•ืฅ - ื‘ืžืงืœ,
05:08
you can do it with payments,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืข"ื™ ื›ืกืฃ,
05:10
"carrots,"
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ื‘ื’ื–ืจ,
05:12
or you can do it by getting others
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื
05:14
to want what you want.
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ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
05:16
And that ability to get others to want what you want,
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ืืช, ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
05:19
to get the outcomes you want
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
05:21
without coercion or payment,
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ืœืœื ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืื• ืชืฉืœื•ื,
05:23
is what I call soft power.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• "ื›ื— ืจืš".
05:26
And that soft power has been much neglected
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ื•ืื•ืชื• "ื›ื— ืจืš" ื”ื•ื–ื ื— ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
05:29
and much misunderstood,
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
05:31
and yet it's tremendously important.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
05:34
Indeed, if you can learn
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ื›ื™ ืื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื
05:37
to use more soft power,
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื— ืจืš
05:39
you can save a lot
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”
05:41
on carrots and sticks.
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ืขืœ ืžืงืœื•ืช ื•ื’ื–ืจื™ื.
05:43
Traditionally, the way people thought about power
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ื—
05:46
was primarily in terms of military power.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื— ืฆื‘ืื™.
05:50
For example, the great Oxford historian
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
05:52
who taught here at this university, A.J.P. Taylor,
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ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ืคื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ืืœืŸ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืค. ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ,
05:55
defined a great power
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ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžืขืฆืžื”
05:58
as a country able to prevail in war.
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ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.
06:02
But we need a new narrative
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ
06:04
if we're to understand power in the 21st century.
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ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื— ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21.
06:06
It's not just prevailing at war,
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”,
06:08
though war still persists.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ืื™ืชื ื•.
06:11
It's not whose army wins;
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื‘ื ืžื ืฆื—,
06:13
it's also whose story wins.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืื™ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื ืฆื—.
06:16
And we have to think much more in terms of narratives
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ื•ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื
06:19
and whose narrative is going to be effective.
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ื•ืื™ื–ื” ื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
06:23
Now let me go back
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ
06:25
to the question
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ืœืฉืืœื”
06:27
of power transition
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ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื›ื—
06:29
between states
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
06:31
and what's happening there.
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ื•ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”.
06:33
the narratives that we use now
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ื”ื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
06:35
tend to be the rise and fall
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ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื ืคื™ืœื”
06:37
of the great powers.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช.
06:39
And the current narrative is all about
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ื•ื”ื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื›ื•ืœื•
06:41
the rise of China
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ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ
06:43
and the decline of the United States.
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ื•ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
06:46
Indeed, with the 2008 financial crisis,
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ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘-2008,
06:48
many people said this was
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื•
06:50
the beginning of the end of American power.
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ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื— ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™.
06:52
The tectonic plates
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ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื
06:54
of world politics were shifting.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื–ื•ื–ื”.
06:57
And president Medvedev of Russia, for example,
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ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืžื“ื‘ื“ื‘, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
06:59
pronounced in 2008
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ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘-2008
07:01
this was the beginning of the end
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ
07:03
of United States power.
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
07:05
But in fact,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”,
07:07
this metaphor of decline
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ืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช
07:09
is often very misleading.
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ืžื˜ืขื” ื‘ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
07:11
If you look at history, in recent history,
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ืื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
07:14
you'll see the cycles of belief
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืืžื•ื ื”
07:16
in American decline
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ื‘ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช
07:18
come and go every 10 or 15 years or so.
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ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื•ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื›ืœ 10-15 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš
07:22
In 1958,
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ื‘-1958
07:24
after the Soviets put up Sputnik,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž ืฉื™ื’ืจื” ืืช ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง,
07:26
it was "That's the end of America."
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” "ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”."
07:28
In 1973, with the oil embargo
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ื‘-1973, ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
07:30
and the closing of the gold window,
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ื•ืกื’ื™ืจืช "ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘" ืข"ื™ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ,
07:33
that was the end of America.
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ื”ื™ื• ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
07:35
In the 1980s,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80,
07:37
as America went through a transition in the Reagan period,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ,
07:39
between the rust belt economy of the midwest
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ืžื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืจื”"ื‘
07:42
to the Silicon Valley economy of California,
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ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
07:45
that was the end of America.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
07:48
But in fact, what we've seen
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื•
07:50
is none of those were true.
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ื–ื” ืฉืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืœื ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื”.
07:53
Indeed, people were over-enthusiastic
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”
07:56
in the early 2000s,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช,
07:58
thinking America could do anything,
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ื›ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื”,
08:00
which led us into some disastrous
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช
08:02
foreign policy adventures,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™ืช
08:04
and now we're back to decline again.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœื”ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช.
08:06
The moral of this story
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ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื•ื
08:08
is all these narratives about rise and fall and decline
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื ืคื™ืœื”
08:11
tell us a lot more about psychology
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
08:14
than they do about reality.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
08:16
If we try to focus on the reality,
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ืื ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
08:19
then what we need to focus on
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื•
08:21
is what's really happening
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ื–ื” ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื”
08:23
in terms of China and the United States.
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืกื™ืŸ.
08:27
Goldman Sachs has projected
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ-ื–ืงืก ื—ื–ืชื”
08:29
that China, the Chinese economy,
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ืฉืกื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช
08:32
will surpass that of the U.S.
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ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
08:35
by 2027.
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ืขื“ 2027.
08:37
So we've got, what,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“
08:39
17 more years to go or so
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17 ืฉื ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:41
before China's bigger.
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ืขื“ ืฉืกื™ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:43
Now someday,
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ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื•
08:45
with a billion point three people getting richer,
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ืขื 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:47
they are going to be bigger than the United States.
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ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:50
But be very careful about these projections
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช
08:52
such as the Goldman Sachs projection
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ-ื–ืงืก
08:54
as though that gives you an accurate picture
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ืฉืžืชื™ื™ืžืจื•ืช ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช
08:57
of power transition in this century.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื— ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
09:00
Let me mention three reasons why it's too simple.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื™.
09:03
First of all, it's a linear projection.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช.
09:06
You know, everything says,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื–ืืช ืฉืื•ืžืจืช,
09:08
here's the growth rate of China, here's the growth rate of the U.S.,
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ื”ื ื” ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื” ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
09:10
here it goes -- straight line.
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ.
09:12
History is not linear.
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ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช.
09:14
There are often bumps along the road, accidents along the way.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš, ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื•ืช.
09:17
The second thing is
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ืฉื ื™ืช,
09:19
that the Chinese economy
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช
09:21
passes the U.S. economy in, let's say, 2030,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืขื“, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, 2030,
09:24
which it may it,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช,
09:26
that will be a measure of total economic size,
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืกื”"ื› ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
09:29
but not of per capita income --
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ,
09:31
won't tell you about the composition of the economy.
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
09:34
China still has large areas
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ืœืกื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื
09:36
of underdevelopment
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืช-ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
09:38
and per capita income is a better measure
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:40
of the sophistication of the economy.
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ืœืชื—ื›ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
09:42
And that the Chinese won't catch up or pass the Americans
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ื•ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื‘ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื ืชื•ืŸ ื–ื”
09:45
until somewhere in the latter part,
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ืขื“ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื–ืืช,
09:47
after 2050, of this century.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื—ืจ 2050.
09:50
The other point that's worth noticing
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื”
09:53
is how one-dimensional
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ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ื“-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช
09:55
this projection is.
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ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
09:57
You know, it looks at economic power
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ื›ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™
09:59
measured by GDP.
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ื•ืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืœ"ื’.
10:01
Doesn't tell you much about military power,
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ื— ืฆื‘ืื™,
10:04
doesn't tell you very much about soft power.
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ื— ืจืš.
10:06
It's all very one-dimensional.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื—ื“-ืžื™ืžื“ื™.
10:08
And also, when we think about the rise of Asia,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื”,
10:11
or return of Asia
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ืื• ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื”,
10:13
as I called it a little bit earlier,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืœื–ื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:15
it's worth remembering Asia's not one thing.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืืกื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ืงืฉื” ืื—ืช.
10:18
If you're sitting in Japan,
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ืื ืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ,
10:21
or in New Delhi,
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ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื“ืœื”ื™,
10:23
or in Hanoi,
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ืื• ื‘ื”ืื ื•ื™,
10:25
your view of the rise of China
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ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ
10:28
is a little different than if you're sitting in Beijing.
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ื”ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจืช ืžืื ืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’.
10:31
Indeed, one of the advantages
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
10:33
that the Americans will have
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”
10:35
in terms of power in Asia
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ื— ื‘ืืกื™ื”
10:37
is all those countries
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช
10:39
want an American insurance policy
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ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช
10:41
against the rise of China.
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ.
10:43
It's as though Mexico and Canada
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ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื•ืงื ื“ื”
10:46
were hostile neighbors to the United States,
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
10:48
which they're not.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื.
10:50
So these simple projections
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
10:52
of the Goldman Sachs type
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ืžื–ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ-ื–ืงืก
10:54
are not telling us what we need to know
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
10:56
about power transition.
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ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื›ื—.
10:57
But you might ask, well so what in any case?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื”? ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ.
11:00
Why does it matter? Who cares?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื”? ืœืžื™ ืื›ืคืช?
11:02
Is this just a game
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืžืฉื—ืง
11:04
that diplomats and academics play?
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ืฉื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ืืงื“ืžืื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื?
11:06
The answer is it matters quite a lot.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื ื”.
11:09
Because, if you believe in decline
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ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช
11:11
and you get the answers wrong on this,
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ื•ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
11:14
the facts, not the myths,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืœื ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื,
11:16
you may have policies which are very dangerous.
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ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
11:19
Let me give you an example from history.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
11:22
The Peloponnesian War
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ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืคืœื•ืคื•ื ื•ื–ื™ืช
11:24
was the great conflict
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
11:26
in which the Greek city state system
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืจื™-ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช
11:28
tore itself apart
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ืงืจืขื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื
11:31
two and a half millennia ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-2,500 ืฉื ื”.
11:34
What caused it?
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ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื”?
11:36
Thucydides, the great historian of the the Peloponnesian War,
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ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืคืœื•ืคื•ื ื–ื™ืช,
11:39
said it was the rise in the power of Athens
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ืืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืืชื•ื ื”
11:42
and the fear it created in Sparta.
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ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืชื” ืื•ืชื”.
11:45
Notice both halves of that explanation.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ืฆืื™ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ.
11:48
Many people argue
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื
11:50
that the 21st century
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ืฉื”ืžืื” ื”-21
11:52
is going to repeat the 20th century,
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ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
11:54
in which World War One,
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžืœื—ื”"ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
11:57
the great conflagration
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื”
11:59
in which the European state system
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช
12:01
tore itself apart
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ืงืจืขื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื
12:03
and destroyed its centrality in the world,
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ื•ื”ืจืกื” ืืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
12:05
that that was caused by
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื’ืจืžื”
12:07
the rise in the power of Germany
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ืข"ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
12:09
and the fear it created in Britain.
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ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
12:12
So there are people who are telling us
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื
12:14
this is going to be reproduced today,
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ืฉืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
12:16
that what we're going to see
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ื•ืฉืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
12:18
is the same thing now in this century.
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ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
12:21
No, I think that's wrong.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
12:23
It's bad history.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
12:25
For one thing, Germany had surpassed Britain
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืขืงืคื” ืืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื”
12:27
in industrial strength by 1900.
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ื‘ื›ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1900.
12:29
And as I said earlier,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:31
China has not passed the United States.
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ืกื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘.
12:34
But also, if you have this belief
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื–ื•,
12:36
and it creates a sense of fear,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืฆืœื›ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“,
12:39
it leads to overreaction.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืชืจ.
12:41
And the greatest danger we have
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ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื•
12:43
of managing this power transition
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ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื— ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื–ืจื—
12:46
of the shift toward the East is fear.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืคื—ื“.
12:49
To paraphrase Franklin Roosevelt
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ื•ืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜
12:51
from a different context,
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ืžื”ืงืฉืจ ืื—ืจ,
12:53
the greatest thing we have to fear is fear itself.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื—ื“ ืžืžื ื•, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคื—ื“ ืขืฆืžื•.
12:56
We don't have to fear the rise of China
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ืื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื—ื“ ืžืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ
12:59
or the return of Asia.
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ืื• ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื”.
13:01
And if we have policies
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช
13:03
in which we take it
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
13:05
in that larger historical perspective,
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ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื”,
13:07
we're going to be able
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•
13:09
to manage this process.
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ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
13:11
Let me say a word now
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžื™ืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
13:13
about the distribution of power
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ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ื—
13:15
and how it relates to power diffusion
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ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื™ื–ื•ืจ ื›ื—
13:18
and then pull these two types together.
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ื•ืื– ืœืื’ื“ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
13:20
If you ask how is power distributed in the world today,
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ืื ื ืฉืืœ ืื™ืš ื›ื— ืžื—ื•ืœืง ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
13:23
it's distributed much like
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืœืง
13:26
a three-dimensional chess game.
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ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื—ืžื˜ ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™.
13:29
Top board:
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ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
13:31
military power among states.
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ืžื›ื— ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
13:33
The United States is the only superpower,
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืžืขืฆืžืช-ื”ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”,
13:36
and it's likely to remain that way
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ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชืฉืืจ ื›ื–ื•
13:38
for two or three decades.
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ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
13:40
China's not going to replace the U.S. on this military board.
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ืกื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืฆื‘ืื™.
13:43
Middle board of this three-dimensional chess game:
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ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
13:46
economic power among states.
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ืžื›ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
13:48
Power is multi-polar.
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ื”ื›ื— ื”ื™ื ื• ืจื‘-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™.
13:51
There are balancers --
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืื–ื ื™ื.
13:53
the U.S., Europe,
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ืืจื”"ื‘, ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
13:55
China, Japan
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ืกื™ืŸ, ื™ืคืŸ
13:57
can balance each other.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื–ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
13:59
The bottom board of this three-dimensional,
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ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ
14:02
the board of transnational relations,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
14:04
things that cross borders outside the control of governments,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช,
14:08
things like climate change, drug trade,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื, ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื,
14:11
financial flows,
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ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ,
14:13
pandemics,
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ืžื’ืคื•ืช,
14:15
all these things that cross borders
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ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
14:17
outside the control of governments,
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ืฉื”ื ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
14:19
there nobody's in charge.
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ืฉื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืื—ืจืื™.
14:21
It makes no sense to call this unipolar
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ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื—ื“-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™
14:23
or multi-polar.
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ืื• ืจื‘-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™.
14:25
Power is chaotically distributed.
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ื”ื›ื— ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืื•ื˜ื™.
14:27
And the only way you can solve these problems --
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
14:29
and this is where many greatest challenges
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ื•ืคื” ื ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•
14:31
are coming in this century --
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”,
14:33
is through cooperation,
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
14:35
through working together,
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ื“ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช,
14:37
which means that soft power becomes more important,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื— ืจืš ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘:
14:40
that ability to organize networks
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืจืฉืชื•ืช
14:42
to deal with these kinds of problems
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืืœื”
14:44
and to be able to get cooperation.
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
14:47
Another way of putting it
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ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื ืกื— ืืช ื–ื”
14:49
is that as we think of power in the 21st century,
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื— ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21,
14:52
we want to get away from the idea
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
14:54
that power's always zero sum --
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ืฉื›ื— ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก
14:56
my gain is your loss and vice versa.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืœืš ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš.
14:59
Power can also be positive sum,
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ื›ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืกื›ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™,
15:02
where your gain can be my gain.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœืš.
15:05
If China develops greater energy security
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ืื ืกื™ืŸ ืชืคืชื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:08
and greater capacity
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:10
to deal with its problems of carbon emissions,
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ,
15:12
that's good for us
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื ื•
15:14
as well as good for China
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืกื™ืŸ
15:16
as well as good for everybody else.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื›ืœ ื’ื•ืจื ืื—ืจ.
15:18
So empowering China
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืชืช ืœืกื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
15:20
to deal with its own problems of carbon
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœื”
15:23
is good for everybody,
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ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ื›ื•ืœื,
15:26
and it's not a zero sum, I win, you lose.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก, ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžื ืฆื— ื•ืืชื” ืžืคืกื™ื“.
15:29
It's one in which we can all gain.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื.
15:31
So as we think about power
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื—
15:33
in this century,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช,
15:35
we want to get away from this view
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืขืžื“ื”
15:37
that it's all I win, you lose.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืœืš.
15:40
Now I don't mean to be Pollyannaish about this.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืžืข ื ืื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
15:43
Wars persist. Power persists.
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ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืžืฉื›ื•, ืžืื‘ืงื™ ื›ื— ื™ืžืฉื›ื•.
15:45
Military power is important.
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ื›ื— ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
15:47
Keeping balances is important.
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ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
15:49
All this still persists.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื.
15:51
Hard power is there,
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ื›ื— ืงืฉื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื”,
15:53
and it will remain.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ.
15:55
But unless you learn how to mix
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืœื•ืžื“
15:57
hard power with soft power
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ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ื›ื— ืงืฉื” ื•ื›ื— ืจืš
15:59
into strategies that I call smart power,
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ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื”ื ื›ื— ื—ื›ื,
16:02
you're not going to deal with the new kinds of problems
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’
16:04
that we're facing.
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ืฉืื™ืชืŸ ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“.
16:07
So the key question that we need to think about as we look at this
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ืื– ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืื•ืชื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
16:10
is how do we work together
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“
16:12
to produce global public goods,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
16:15
things from which all of us can benefit?
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื”ื?
16:18
How do we define our national interests
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ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื•
16:20
so that it's not just zero sum,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก,
16:22
but positive sum.
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ืืœื ืกื›ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
16:24
In that sense, if we define our interests,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ืื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
16:26
for example, for the United States
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
16:28
the way Britain defined its interests in the 19th century,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19:
16:31
keeping an open trading system,
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ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช,
16:34
keeping a monetary stability, keeping freedom of the seas --
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ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
16:37
those were good for Britain,
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ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
16:39
they were good for others as well.
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ืืš ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื• ื’ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
16:41
And in the 21st century, you have to do an analog to that.
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ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš.
16:44
How do we produce global public goods,
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ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช,
16:47
which are good for us,
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ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื•,
16:49
but good for everyone at the same time?
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ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื?
16:51
And that's going to be the good news dimension
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ื•ืคื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืžื™ืžื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
16:53
of what we need to think about
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ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•
16:55
as we think of power in the 21st century.
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ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื— ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21.
16:58
There are ways to define our interests
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
17:01
in which, while protecting ourselves with hard power,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื— ืงืฉื”,
17:04
we can organize with others in networks
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื
17:07
to produce, not only public goods,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืœื ืจืง ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช,
17:10
but ways that will enhance our soft power.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื›ื— ื”ืจืš ืฉืœื ื•.
17:13
So if one looks at the statements
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช
17:16
that have been made about this,
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ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
17:18
I am impressed that when Hillary Clinton
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืจืฉื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืœืจื™ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ
17:20
described the foreign policy
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ืชื™ืืจื” ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ
17:22
of the Obama administration,
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ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”,
17:24
she said that the foreign policy of the Obama administration
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”
17:27
was going to be smart power,
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ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื— ื—ื›ื,
17:30
as she put it, "using all the tools
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื•: "ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื
17:32
in our foreign policy tool box."
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ื‘ืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื ื•."
17:36
And if we're going to deal
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ื•ืื ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“
17:38
with these two great power shifts that I've described,
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ืขื ืื•ืชื ื–ื•ื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™,
17:41
the power shift represented by transition among states,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื›ื— ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžืŸ,
17:44
the power shift represented
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื›ื— ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื”
17:46
by diffusion of power away from all states,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื— ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
17:49
we're going to have to develop a new narrative of power
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื— ื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื›ื—
17:52
in which we combine hard and soft power
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื›ื— ื—ื–ืง ื•ื›ื— ืจืš
17:55
into strategies of smart power.
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ืœื›ื“ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื— ื—ื›ื.
17:58
And that's the good news I have. We can do that.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™. ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
18:01
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
18:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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