Joseph Nye on global power shifts

279,135 views ใƒป 2010-10-27

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: J J LEE ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jeong-Lan Kinser
00:15
I'm going to talk to you
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ด 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜
00:17
about power in this 21st century.
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
And basically, what I'd like to tell you
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
00:22
is that power is changing,
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
00:25
and there are two types of changes
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€
00:27
I want to discuss.
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์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
One is power transition,
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์ฒซ์งธ๋Š”, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„์— ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”
00:32
which is change of power amongst states.
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ด๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
And there the simple version of the message
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
00:38
is it's moving from West to East.
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๊ทธ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์„œ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋™๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
The other is power diffusion,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
00:44
the way power is moving
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์„œ๋ฐฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๋™๋ฐฉ์˜
00:46
from all states West or East
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ ๋น„์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ
00:48
to non-state actors.
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์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
Those two things
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๊ทธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€
00:53
are the huge shifts of power
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๊ธˆ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ
00:55
in our century.
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
And I want to tell you about them each separately
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
01:00
and then how they interact
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
01:02
and why, in the end, there may be some good news.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹๋“ค์„ ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
When we talk about power transition,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ,
01:09
we often talk about the rise of Asia.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ฐœํฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
It really should be called
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์ด๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต, ๊ท€ํ™˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
01:15
the recovery or return of Asia.
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๋ถˆ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
If we looked at the world
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 1800๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
01:19
in 1800,
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์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด,
01:21
you'd find that more than half of the world's people
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์•„์‹œ์•„์—
01:24
lived in Asia
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์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
01:26
and they made more than half the world's product.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์•„์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
Now fast forward to 1900:
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์ด์ œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ๋ ค 1900๋…„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด,
01:32
half the world's people -- more than half -- still live in Asia,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜, ์•„๋‹ˆ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์•„์‹œ์•„์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:35
but they're now making
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ’ˆ์˜ 1/5๋งŒ์„
01:37
only a fifth of the world's product.
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์ œ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
What happened? The Industrial Revolution,
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:42
which meant that all of a sudden,
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์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
Europe and America
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด
01:46
became the dominant center of the world.
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์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
What we're going to see in the 21st century
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์€
01:52
is Asia gradually returning
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์•„์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ
01:55
to being more than half of the world's population
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์™€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
01:58
and more than half of the world's product.
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ํšŒ๊ท€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
That's important and it's an important shift.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€๋™์ด์ฃ .
02:05
But let me tell you a little bit about
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜
02:07
the other shift that I'm talking about,
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
02:09
which is power diffusion.
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
To understand power diffusion
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
02:14
put this in your mind:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ผ๋‘ํ•ด ๋‘์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
computing and communications costs
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1970๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด,
02:19
have fallen a thousandfold
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ํ†ต์‹  ๋น„์šฉ์ด
02:22
between 1970
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์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ ๋ฐฐ
02:24
and the beginning of this century.
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ํ•˜๋ฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Now that's a big abstract number.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฌ๊ณ , ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ด์ง€๋งŒ
02:28
But to make it more real,
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์ข€ ๋” ํ˜„์‹ค๊ฐ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด,
02:30
if the price of an automobile
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์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ•œ ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด
02:32
had fallen as rapidly
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋งŒํผ
02:34
as the price of computing power,
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:36
you could buy a car today
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ
02:38
for five dollars.
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5๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
Now when the price of any technology
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์ž, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด
02:42
declines that dramatically,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•  ๋•Œ,
02:45
the barriers to entry go down.
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์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
Anybody can play in the game.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
So in 1970,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 1970๋…„๋Œ€์—,
02:52
if you wanted to communicate
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ์—์„œ
02:54
from Oxford to Johannesburg
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์š”ํ•˜๋„ค์Šค๋ฒ„๊ทธ,
02:56
to New Delhi
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๋‰ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ,
02:58
to Brasilia
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๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜
03:00
and anywhere simultaneously,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:03
you could do it.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
The technology was there.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
03:07
But to be able to do it,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”,
03:09
you had to be very rich --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:11
a government, a multinational corporation,
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์ •๋ถ€, ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…,
03:14
maybe the Catholic Church --
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์นดํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ตํšŒ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
but you had to be pretty wealthy.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
Now, anybody has that capacity,
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์ „์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด
03:22
which previously was restricted by price
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์†Œ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด
03:25
just to a few actors.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์นดํŽ˜๋ฅผ
03:28
If they have the price of entry into an Internet cafe --
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์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ˆ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
the last time I looked, it was something like a pound an hour --
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋ฒˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹น 1ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ์˜€์ฃ .
03:34
and if you have Skype, it's free.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Skype ๊ณ„์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณต์งœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
So capabilities
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ํ•œ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ œํ•œ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜
03:39
that were once restricted
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์ ‘๊ทผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š”
03:41
are now available to everyone.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
And what that means
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€
03:45
is not that the age of the State is over.
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๋์ด ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
The State still matters.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
But the stage is crowded.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ˜ผ์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
The State's not alone. There are many, many actors.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ™€๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Some of that's good:
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
Oxfam,
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์˜ฅ์ŠคํŒธ(๊ทน๋นˆ์ž ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ด€)์€
04:00
a great non-governmental actor.
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋น„์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
Some of it's bad:
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์•…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
Al Qaeda, another non-governmental actor.
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์•Œ ์นด์—๋‹ค๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
But think of what it does
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ
04:09
to how we think in traditional terms and concepts.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์–ด๋–ค์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:12
We think in terms of war
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ
04:14
and interstate war.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
And you can think back to 1941
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ง„์ฃผ๋งŒ์„
04:19
when the government of Japan
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๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์ธ 1941๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€
04:21
attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
It's worth noticing
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2001๋…„, ๋น„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€
04:26
that a non-state actor
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด์„œ
04:28
attacking the United States in 2001
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1941๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
04:31
killed more Americans
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด
04:33
than the government of Japan did in 1941.
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์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
You might think of that
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„
04:38
as the privatization of war.
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์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ํ™”๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
So we're seeing a great change
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
04:43
in terms of diffusion of power.
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ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
Now the problem is
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์ด์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
04:49
that we're not thinking about it in very innovative ways.
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๊ทธ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์•„์ฃผ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
So let me step back
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ์„œ
04:54
and ask: what's power?
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๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. : ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
04:56
Power is simple the ability
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์„
04:58
to affect others
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์–ป์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:00
to get the outcomes you want,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๊ณ ,
05:02
and you can do it in three ways.
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
You can do it with threats
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๊ฐ•์••์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ˜‘์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
of coercion, "sticks,"
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์ฑ„์ฐ์ด์ฃ .
05:08
you can do it with payments,
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๋ณด์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
"carrots,"
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๋‹น๊ทผ์ด๋‚˜,
05:12
or you can do it by getting others
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
05:14
to want what you want.
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์›ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
And that ability to get others to want what you want,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋„๋ก
05:19
to get the outcomes you want
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๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ๊ฐ•์••์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณด์ƒ ์—†์ด
05:21
without coercion or payment,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„
05:23
is what I call soft power.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ธ๋ ฅ(soft power)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
And that soft power has been much neglected
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ธ๋ ฅ(soft power)์€ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋˜๊ณ 
05:29
and much misunderstood,
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์˜คํ•ด๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
and yet it's tremendously important.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
Indeed, if you can learn
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๋”๊ตฐ๋‹ค๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€
05:37
to use more soft power,
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๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ธ๋ ฅ(soft power)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šด๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:39
you can save a lot
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋งŽ์€
05:41
on carrots and sticks.
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๋‹น๊ทผ๊ณผ ์ฑ„์ฐ์„ ์•„๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
Traditionally, the way people thought about power
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์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€
05:46
was primarily in terms of military power.
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์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
For example, the great Oxford historian
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋˜
05:52
who taught here at this university, A.J.P. Taylor,
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์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ A.J.P ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋Š”
05:55
defined a great power
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์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„
05:58
as a country able to prevail in war.
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์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
But we need a new narrative
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ํž˜์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
06:04
if we're to understand power in the 21st century.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
It's not just prevailing at war,
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์ „์Ÿ์ด ๊ณ„์† ์ง€์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
06:08
though war still persists.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
It's not whose army wins;
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
it's also whose story wins.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
And we have to think much more in terms of narratives
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ด๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด
06:19
and whose narrative is going to be effective.
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
Now let me go back
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๊ฐ„
06:25
to the question
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ด๋™๊ณผ
06:27
of power transition
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ
06:29
between states
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๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์˜
06:31
and what's happening there.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:33
the narratives that we use now
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ด๋ก ์€
06:35
tend to be the rise and fall
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ
06:37
of the great powers.
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๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
And the current narrative is all about
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘
06:41
the rise of China
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์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐœํฅ๊ณผ
06:43
and the decline of the United States.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
Indeed, with the 2008 financial crisis,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, 2008๋…„ ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ
06:48
many people said this was
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
06:50
the beginning of the end of American power.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ข…๋ง์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
The tectonic plates
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ •์น˜์˜ ํŒ์ด
06:54
of world politics were shifting.
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์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
And president Medvedev of Russia, for example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ฉ”๋“œ๋ฒ ๋ฐ๋ธŒ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€
06:59
pronounced in 2008
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2008๋…„, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
07:01
this was the beginning of the end
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ข…๋ง์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
07:03
of United States power.
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๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
But in fact,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค,
07:07
this metaphor of decline
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์‡ ํ‡ด์˜ ์€์œ ๋Š” ์ข…์ข…
07:09
is often very misleading.
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์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ์˜คํ•ด์˜ ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
If you look at history, in recent history,
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์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ
07:14
you'll see the cycles of belief
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด
07:16
in American decline
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10๋…„์ด๋‚˜ 15๋…„ ๋งˆ๋‹ค
07:18
come and go every 10 or 15 years or so.
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์ˆœํ™˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
In 1958,
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1958๋…„์—,
07:24
after the Soviets put up Sputnik,
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์†Œ๋ จ์ด ์Šคํ‘ธํŠธ๋‹ˆํฌํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์˜์•„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ,
07:26
it was "That's the end of America."
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"๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ข…๋ง์ด๋‹ค." ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
In 1973, with the oil embargo
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1973๋…„์—, ์„์œ  ๊ธˆ์ˆ˜์กฐ์น˜์™€
07:30
and the closing of the gold window,
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๊ธˆ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ด ๋‹ซํ˜”์„ ๋•Œ(๋ธŒ๋ ˆํŠผ์šฐ์ฆˆ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ)
07:33
that was the end of America.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ข…๋ง์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
In the 1980s,
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1980๋…„๋Œ€,
07:37
as America went through a transition in the Reagan period,
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๋ ˆ์ด๊ฑด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์žฌ์ž„ ์ค‘, ์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋‚ก์€ ๊ณต์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ
07:39
between the rust belt economy of the midwest
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๋กœ
07:42
to the Silicon Valley economy of California,
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์ด๋™์„ ๊ฒช์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„
07:45
that was the end of America.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ข…๋ง์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
But in fact, what we've seen
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์•„์˜จ
07:50
is none of those were true.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
Indeed, people were over-enthusiastic
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—
07:56
in the early 2000s,
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์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์—ด๊ด‘์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
thinking America could do anything,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด
08:00
which led us into some disastrous
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ํ˜•ํŽธ์—†๋Š” ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ชจํ—˜์œผ๋กœ
08:02
foreign policy adventures,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ฐ”๊ณ ,
08:04
and now we're back to decline again.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ์‡ ํ‡ด๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์„œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
The moral of this story
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตํ›ˆ์€
08:08
is all these narratives about rise and fall and decline
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์ƒ์Šน๊ณผ ํ•˜๋ฝ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‡ ํ‡ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹ด๋ก ๋“ค์ด
08:11
tell us a lot more about psychology
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
08:14
than they do about reality.
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
If we try to focus on the reality,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:19
then what we need to focus on
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถœ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:21
is what's really happening
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์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
08:23
in terms of China and the United States.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
Goldman Sachs has projected
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๊ณจ๋“œ๋งŒ ์‚ญ์Šค๋Š” 2027๋…„๊นŒ์ง€
08:29
that China, the Chinese economy,
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์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€
08:32
will surpass that of the U.S.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์–ด ๋„˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
08:35
by 2027.
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์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
So we've got, what,
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์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „
08:39
17 more years to go or so
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17๋…„ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€
08:41
before China's bigger.
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๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
Now someday,
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์ด์ œ ๋จธ์ง€์•Š์•„,
08:45
with a billion point three people getting richer,
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13์–ต ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
08:47
they are going to be bigger than the United States.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ปค์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
But be very careful about these projections
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณจ๋“œ๋งŒ ์‚ญ์Šค์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์ด
08:52
such as the Goldman Sachs projection
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21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:54
as though that gives you an accurate picture
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
08:57
of power transition in this century.
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๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ฃผ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
Let me mention three reasons why it's too simple.
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์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ์ง€, ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
First of all, it's a linear projection.
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๋จผ์ €, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ ํ˜• ํˆฌ์˜๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
You know, everything says,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
here's the growth rate of China, here's the growth rate of the U.S.,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:10
here it goes -- straight line.
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์ง์„ ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
History is not linear.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ ํ˜•์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
There are often bumps along the road, accidents along the way.
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๊ธธ์—๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์š”์ฒ ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ€๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
The second thing is
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”,
09:19
that the Chinese economy
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์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€
09:21
passes the U.S. economy in, let's say, 2030,
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2030๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:24
which it may it,
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ธก์ •์ด์ง€
09:26
that will be a measure of total economic size,
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1์ธ๋‹น ์†Œ๋“์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:29
but not of per capita income --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
09:31
won't tell you about the composition of the economy.
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๋งํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
China still has large areas
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์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์•„์ง ๋ฏธ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์ด
09:36
of underdevelopment
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๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
and per capita income is a better measure
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1์ธ๋‹น ์†Œ๋“์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€
09:40
of the sophistication of the economy.
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์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
And that the Chinese won't catch up or pass the Americans
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์ธ, 2050 ์ดํ›„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€
09:45
until somewhere in the latter part,
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์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์žก๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
09:47
after 2050, of this century.
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์ถ”์›”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
The other point that's worth noticing
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์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์€
09:53
is how one-dimensional
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์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜
09:55
this projection is.
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์ผ์ฐจ์›์ ์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
You know, it looks at economic power
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์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ ฅ์€ GDP๋กœ
09:59
measured by GDP.
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์ธก์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
Doesn't tell you much about military power,
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๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
doesn't tell you very much about soft power.
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๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ธ๋ ฅ(soft power)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
It's all very one-dimensional.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ผ์ฐจ์›์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
And also, when we think about the rise of Asia,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ฐœํฅ์ด๋‚˜
10:11
or return of Asia
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๊ท€ํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ,
10:13
as I called it a little bit earlier,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ์ „์— ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:15
it's worth remembering Asia's not one thing.
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์•„์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
If you're sitting in Japan,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์— ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
10:21
or in New Delhi,
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๋‰ด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ,
10:23
or in Hanoi,
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ํ•˜๋…ธ์ด์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:25
your view of the rise of China
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์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐœํฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด
10:28
is a little different than if you're sitting in Beijing.
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๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์™€๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
Indeed, one of the advantages
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด
10:33
that the Americans will have
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์•„์‹œ์•„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ
10:35
in terms of power in Asia
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ด์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
10:37
is all those countries
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด
10:39
want an American insurance policy
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์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐœํฅ์— ๋งž์„œ
10:41
against the rise of China.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
It's as though Mexico and Canada
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์—๋„, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋Š”
10:46
were hostile neighbors to the United States,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ด์›ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
10:48
which they're not.
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์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
So these simple projections
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณจ๋“œ๋งŒ ์‚ญ์Šค ์œ ํ˜•์˜
10:52
of the Goldman Sachs type
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋“ค์€
10:54
are not telling us what we need to know
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
10:56
about power transition.
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๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
But you might ask, well so what in any case?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ '์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋“ ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด์ฉ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์•ผ?' ๋ผ๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:00
Why does it matter? Who cares?
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'์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ฃ ?', '๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ๋‚˜์š”?'
11:02
Is this just a game
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'์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹จ์ง€ ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€๊ณผ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
11:04
that diplomats and academics play?
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์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?' ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
The answer is it matters quite a lot.
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๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
Because, if you believe in decline
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‡ ํ‡ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
11:11
and you get the answers wrong on this,
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๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
11:14
the facts, not the myths,
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์ž˜ ๋ชป ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:16
you may have policies which are very dangerous.
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๋งค์šฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
Let me give you an example from history.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์˜ˆ๋“ค์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
The Peloponnesian War
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ํŽ ๋กœํฐ๋„ค์†Œ์Šค ์ „์Ÿ์€
11:24
was the great conflict
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2์ฒœ 5๋ฐฑ๋…„ ์ „์—
11:26
in which the Greek city state system
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๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„์—ด๋œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋„์‹œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ
11:28
tore itself apart
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๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋˜
11:31
two and a half millennia ago.
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ํฐ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
What caused it?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœ์‹œ์ผฐ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:36
Thucydides, the great historian of the the Peloponnesian War,
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ํŽ ๋กœํฐ๋„ค์†Œ์Šค ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€์ธ ํˆฌํ‚ค๋””๋ฐ์Šค๋Š”
11:39
said it was the rise in the power of Athens
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์•„ํ…Œ๋‚˜์˜ ํž˜์˜ ๋ฐœํฅ๊ณผ ์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฅดํƒ€์—์„œ
11:42
and the fear it created in Sparta.
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์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
Notice both halves of that explanation.
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๊ทธ ์„ค๋ช…์˜ ์–‘์ชฝ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
11:48
Many people argue
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
11:50
that the 21st century
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๋…์ผ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฐœํฅ๊ณผ
11:52
is going to repeat the 20th century,
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์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜
11:54
in which World War One,
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์ œ 1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ
11:57
the great conflagration
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด
11:59
in which the European state system
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๋ถ„์—ด๋˜๊ณ 
12:01
tore itself apart
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜
12:03
and destroyed its centrality in the world,
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์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋˜
12:05
that that was caused by
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
12:07
the rise in the power of Germany
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๋˜ํ’€์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
12:09
and the fear it created in Britain.
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์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
So there are people who are telling us
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„
12:14
this is going to be reproduced today,
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์žฌํ˜„๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
that what we're going to see
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์ด ์„ธ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
12:18
is the same thing now in this century.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
No, I think that's wrong.
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์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
It's bad history.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ˆ์ข‹์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
For one thing, Germany had surpassed Britain
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด, 1900๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…์ผ์€
12:27
in industrial strength by 1900.
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์‚ฐ์—…์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ์„ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
And as I said earlier,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€๋กœ,
12:31
China has not passed the United States.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
But also, if you have this belief
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:36
and it creates a sense of fear,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:39
it leads to overreaction.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ์ž‰๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
And the greatest danger we have
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๋™๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š”
12:43
of managing this power transition
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š”๋ฐ
12:46
of the shift toward the East is fear.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
To paraphrase Franklin Roosevelt
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ํ”„๋žญํด๋ฆฐ ๋ฃจ์ฆˆ๋ฒจํŠธ์˜ ๋ง์„
12:51
from a different context,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋งํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
12:53
the greatest thing we have to fear is fear itself.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘๋ ค์›€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
We don't have to fear the rise of China
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐœํฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ท€ํ™˜์„
12:59
or the return of Asia.
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๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
And if we have policies
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
13:03
in which we take it
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๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ
13:05
in that larger historical perspective,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด,
13:07
we're going to be able
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„
13:09
to manage this process.
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๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
Let me say a word now
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์ด์ œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์™€
13:13
about the distribution of power
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
13:15
and how it relates to power diffusion
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:18
and then pull these two types together.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค๋ค„๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
If you ask how is power distributed in the world today,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
13:23
it's distributed much like
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3์ฐจ์› ์ฒด์Šค ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ณผ
13:26
a three-dimensional chess game.
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์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
Top board:
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ƒ์œ„ํŒ์—๋Š”
13:31
military power among states.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
The United States is the only superpower,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์œ ์ผ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์ด๊ณ ,
13:36
and it's likely to remain that way
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์‹์œผ๋กœ 20~30๋…„์€
13:38
for two or three decades.
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์ง€์†๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
China's not going to replace the U.S. on this military board.
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์ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์˜ ํŒ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
Middle board of this three-dimensional chess game:
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์ด 3์ฐจ์› ์ฒด์Šค ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ํŒ์€
13:46
economic power among states.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
Power is multi-polar.
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์€ ๋‹ค๊ทน์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:51
There are balancers --
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๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
the U.S., Europe,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ,
13:55
China, Japan
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์ค‘๊ตญ,์ผ๋ณธ์€
13:57
can balance each other.
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์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ„์— ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
The bottom board of this three-dimensional,
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์ด 3์ฐจ์› ์ฒด์Šค ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅํŒ์€
14:02
the board of transnational relations,
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์ดˆ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ํŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
things that cross borders outside the control of governments,
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์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ต์ œ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ,
14:08
things like climate change, drug trade,
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ๋งˆ์•ฝ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜,
14:11
financial flows,
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๊ธˆ์œต ํ๋ฆ„, ์œ ํ–‰๋ณ‘๊ณผ
14:13
pandemics,
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
all these things that cross borders
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ถ€ ํ†ต์ œ์˜ ๋ฐ–
14:17
outside the control of governments,
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๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
14:19
there nobody's in charge.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์ฑ…์ž„๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
It makes no sense to call this unipolar
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹จ๊ทน์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:23
or multi-polar.
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๋ง์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
Power is chaotically distributed.
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
And the only way you can solve these problems --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€,
14:29
and this is where many greatest challenges
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-- ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์„ธ๊ธฐ์—์„œ
14:31
are coming in this century --
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๋งŽ์€ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ์š”. --
14:33
is through cooperation,
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ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ 
14:35
through working together,
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๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
which means that soft power becomes more important,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š”๋ฐ
14:40
that ability to organize networks
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ
14:42
to deal with these kinds of problems
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ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
14:44
and to be able to get cooperation.
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๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ํž˜(soft power)์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
Another way of putting it
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด,
14:49
is that as we think of power in the 21st century,
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21์„ธ๊ธฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ,
14:52
we want to get away from the idea
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ํ•ฉ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” (์ œ๋กœ์„ฌ)
14:54
that power's always zero sum --
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์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
my gain is your loss and vice versa.
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๋‚˜์˜ ์ด๋“์ด ๋„ˆ์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด๊ณ , ๋„ˆ์˜ ์ด๋“์ด ๋‚˜์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
Power can also be positive sum,
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์€ ๋„ˆ์˜ ์ด๋“์ด ๋‚˜์˜ ์ด๋“๋„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
15:02
where your gain can be my gain.
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๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ•ฉ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ (ํฌ์ง€ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์„ฌ)์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
If China develops greater energy security
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์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์•ˆ๋ณด์™€
15:08
and greater capacity
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์ž๊ตญ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
15:10
to deal with its problems of carbon emissions,
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๋” ์ž˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
15:12
that's good for us
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์ค‘๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ๋งŒํผ
15:14
as well as good for China
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ๋งŒํผ
15:16
as well as good for everybody else.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
So empowering China
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ž๊ตญ์˜
15:20
to deal with its own problems of carbon
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ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉด
15:23
is good for everybody,
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๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
and it's not a zero sum, I win, you lose.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๋กœ์„ฌ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
It's one in which we can all gain.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
So as we think about power
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์„ธ๊ธฐ์—์„œ
15:33
in this century,
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ํž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ,
15:35
we want to get away from this view
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š”
15:37
that it's all I win, you lose.
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๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
Now I don't mean to be Pollyannaish about this.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™์ฒœ์ ์ธ ํด๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜์ธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋˜์ž๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
Wars persist. Power persists.
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์ „์Ÿ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ . ์„ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์ง€์†๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
Military power is important.
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๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:47
Keeping balances is important.
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๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:49
All this still persists.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ง€์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
Hard power is there,
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๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ(hard power)์ด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
15:53
and it will remain.
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๊ณ„์† ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:55
But unless you learn how to mix
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ(hard power)๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ธ๋ ฅ(soft power)์„
15:57
hard power with soft power
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ(smart power)์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
15:59
into strategies that I call smart power,
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์ „๋žต๋“ค๋กœ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
16:02
you're not going to deal with the new kinds of problems
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„
16:04
that we're facing.
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๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:07
So the key question that we need to think about as we look at this
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
16:10
is how do we work together
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
16:12
to produce global public goods,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
16:15
things from which all of us can benefit?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
How do we define our national interests
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ด์ต์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•ด์„œ
16:20
so that it's not just zero sum,
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์ œ๋กœ์„ฌ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
16:22
but positive sum.
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ํฌ์ง€ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์„ฌ์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ• ๊นŒ์š”.
16:24
In that sense, if we define our interests,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
16:26
for example, for the United States
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ด๋“์„ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
16:28
the way Britain defined its interests in the 19th century,
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๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ ,
16:31
keeping an open trading system,
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์žฌ์ •์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ ,
16:34
keeping a monetary stability, keeping freedom of the seas --
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๊ณตํ•ด์˜ ์ž์œ  ํ•ญํ–‰๊ถŒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์—
16:37
those were good for Britain,
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์˜๊ตญ์ด ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์ด๋“์„ ์ •์˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
they were good for others as well.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋“์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:41
And in the 21st century, you have to do an analog to that.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  21์„ธ๊ธฐ์—, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:44
How do we produce global public goods,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋“์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ๋„
16:47
which are good for us,
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์ด๋“์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ’ˆ์„
16:49
but good for everyone at the same time?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:51
And that's going to be the good news dimension
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ,
16:53
of what we need to think about
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”
16:55
as we think of power in the 21st century.
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์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:58
There are ways to define our interests
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด๋“์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:01
in which, while protecting ourselves with hard power,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ(hard power)์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ,
17:04
we can organize with others in networks
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๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ’ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
17:07
to produce, not only public goods,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ํž˜(soft power)์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„
17:10
but ways that will enhance our soft power.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:13
So if one looks at the statements
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„
17:16
that have been made about this,
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์„ฑ๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
17:18
I am impressed that when Hillary Clinton
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์ €๋Š” ํž๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ํด๋ฆฐํ„ด์ด
17:20
described the foreign policy
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์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€์™ธ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
17:22
of the Obama administration,
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๊ฐ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:24
she said that the foreign policy of the Obama administration
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€์™ธ ์ •์ฑ…์€
17:27
was going to be smart power,
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ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ(smart power)์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:30
as she put it, "using all the tools
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์™ธ ์ •์ฑ… ๋„๊ตฌํ•จ ์žˆ๋Š”
17:32
in our foreign policy tool box."
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:36
And if we're going to deal
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜
17:38
with these two great power shifts that I've described,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ด๋™,
17:41
the power shift represented by transition among states,
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
17:44
the power shift represented
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜
17:46
by diffusion of power away from all states,
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์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
17:49
we're going to have to develop a new narrative of power
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๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ(hard power)๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ธ๋ ฅ(soft power)์„ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ(smart power)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”
17:52
in which we combine hard and soft power
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์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹ด๋ก ์„
17:55
into strategies of smart power.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:58
And that's the good news I have. We can do that.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:01
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:03
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)

Original video on YouTube.com
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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