A new superweapon in the fight against cancer | Paula Hammond

149,555 views ใƒป 2016-05-06

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Cancer affects all of us --
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• -
00:15
especially the ones that come back over and over again,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื” ืฉืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื,
00:18
the highly invasive and drug-resistant ones,
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ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
00:21
the ones that defy medical treatment,
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ืืœื” ืฉืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™,
00:23
even when we throw our best drugs at them.
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ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:27
Engineering at the molecular level,
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ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช,
00:30
working at the smallest of scales,
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ื›ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:32
can provide exciting new ways
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช
00:35
to fight the most aggressive forms of cancer.
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ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
00:39
Cancer is a very clever disease.
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ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื”.
00:42
There are some forms of cancer,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
00:43
which, fortunately, we've learned how to address relatively well
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ืฉืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช
00:48
with known and established drugs and surgery.
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ืขื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื.
00:52
But there are some forms of cancer
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
00:54
that don't respond to these approaches,
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ืฉืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื•,
00:56
and the tumor survives or comes back,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื•ืจื“, ืื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ,
00:59
even after an onslaught of drugs.
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ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืชืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
01:02
We can think of these very aggressive forms of cancer
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
01:06
as kind of supervillains in a comic book.
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ื›ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ื‘ืœ-ืขืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
01:09
They're clever, they're adaptable,
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ื”ื ืคื™ืงื—ื™ื, ื”ื ืกืชื’ืœื ื™ื,
01:12
and they're very good at staying alive.
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ื•ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:15
And, like most supervillains these days,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื ื‘ืœื™-ื”ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”,
01:18
their superpowers come from a genetic mutation.
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ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
01:24
The genes that are modified inside these tumor cells
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ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื”
01:27
can enable and encode for new and unimagined modes of survival,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ื•ืœืงื•ื“ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืืžื ื•,
01:32
allowing the cancer cell to live through
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืชื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื•
01:35
even our best chemotherapy treatments.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:38
One example is a trick in which a gene allows a cell,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ืจื™ืง ื‘ื• ื’ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื,
01:43
even as the drug approaches the cell,
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ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœืชื,
01:46
to push the drug out,
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ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
01:49
before the drug can have any effect.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข.
01:52
Imagine -- the cell effectively spits out the drug.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• - ื”ืชื ื™ื•ืจืง ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
01:56
This is just one example of the many genetic tricks
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืœื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื
01:59
in the bag of our supervillain, cancer.
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ื‘ืืžืชื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™-ื ื‘ืœ, ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
02:01
All due to mutant genes.
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ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:04
So, we have a supervillain with incredible superpowers.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืจื›ื™-ื ื‘ืœ ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช-ืขืœ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
02:09
And we need a new and powerful mode of attack.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืงืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื.
02:13
Actually, we can turn off a gene.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืŸ.
02:17
The key is a set of molecules known as siRNA.
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” siRNA.
02:21
siRNA are short sequences of genetic code
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siRNA ื”ื ืจืฆืคื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ื’ื ื˜ื™
02:25
that guide a cell to block a certain gene.
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ืฉืžื ื—ื™ื ืชื ืœื—ืกื•ื ื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
02:28
Each siRNA molecule can turn off a specific gene
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ื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช siRNA ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™
02:32
inside the cell.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื.
02:35
For many years since its discovery,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื– ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื”,
02:37
scientists have been very excited
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•
02:39
about how we can apply these gene blockers in medicine.
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ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื—ื•ืกืžื™ ื’ื ื™ื ืืœื”.
02:43
But, there is a problem.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื”.
02:44
siRNA works well inside the cell.
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siRNA ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื.
02:47
But if it gets exposed to the enzymes
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉืคืช ืœืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื
02:50
that reside in our bloodstream or our tissues,
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื ืื• ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
02:53
it degrades within seconds.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
02:55
It has to be packaged, protected through its journey through the body
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื–ื”, ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืขืช ืžืกืขื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
03:00
on its way to the final target inside the cancer cell.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื™ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™
03:03
So, here's our strategy.
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:06
First, we'll dose the cancer cell with siRNA, the gene blocker,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžื ื”ืœืชื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ ืฉืœ siRNA ื—ื•ืกืžืช ื”ื’ืŸ,
03:10
and silence those survival genes,
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ื•ื ืฉืชื™ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
03:11
and then we'll whop it with a chemo drug.
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ื•ืื– ื ื›ื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืขื ืชืจื•ืคื” ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ืช.
03:14
But how do we carry that out?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื–ื”?
03:16
Using molecular engineering,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช,
03:19
we can actually design a superweapon
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืขืฆื‘ ื ืฉืง-ืขืœ
03:23
that can travel through the bloodstream.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื“ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื.
03:25
It has to be tiny enough to get through the bloodstream,
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื,
03:28
it's got to be small enough to penetrate the tumor tissue,
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืช ืจืงืžืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
03:32
and it's got to be tiny enough to be taken up inside the cancer cell.
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœืงื— ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™.
03:37
To do this job well,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
03:38
it has to be about one one-hundredth the size of a human hair.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืื™ืช ืื—ืช ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจืช ืื“ื,
03:44
Let's take a closer look at how we can build this nanoparticle.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื–ื”.
03:49
First, let's start with the nanoparticle core.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง.
03:51
It's a tiny capsule that contains the chemotherapy drug.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงืคืกื•ืœื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ืช.
03:56
This is the poison that will actually end the tumor cell's life.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืขืœ ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™.
04:00
Around this core, we'll wrap a very thin,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื ืขื˜ื•ืฃ ืฉืžื™ื›ื”
04:03
nanometers-thin blanket of siRNA.
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ื“ืงื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ siRNA,
04:06
This is our gene blocker.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืกื ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:09
Because siRNA is strongly negatively charged,
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ื›ื™ siRNA ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื”,
04:12
we can protect it
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•
04:14
with a nice, protective layer of positively charged polymer.
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ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืžื’ืŸ ื ื—ืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
04:19
The two oppositely charged molecules stick together
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•
04:22
through charge attraction,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™,
04:24
and that provides us with a protective layer
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ืœื ื• ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืžื’ืŸ
04:26
that prevents the siRNA from degrading in the bloodstream.
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ืฉืžื•ื ืขืช ืืช ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื” siRNA ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื.
04:30
We're almost done.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืกื™ื™ืžื ื•.
04:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:32
But there is one more big obstacle we have to think about.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
04:37
In fact, it may be the biggest obstacle of all.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ืœื.
04:39
How do we deploy this superweapon?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืก ื ืฉืง ืขืœ ื–ื”?
04:41
I mean, every good weapon needs to be targeted,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื›ืœ ื ืฉืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืขื“,
04:44
we have to target this superweapon to the supervillain cells
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื ืฉืง-ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืชืื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™-ื ื‘ืœ
04:48
that reside in the tumor.
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ืฉืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
04:50
But our bodies have a natural immune-defense system:
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
04:53
cells that reside in the bloodstream
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ืชืื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื
04:55
and pick out things that don't belong,
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ื•ื‘ื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื,
04:58
so that it can destroy or eliminate them.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื• ืœื—ืกืœ ืื•ืชื.
05:00
And guess what? Our nanoparticle is considered a foreign object.
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”? ื”ื ื ื•-ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื—ืคืฅ ื–ืจ.
05:05
We have to sneak our nanoparticle past the tumor defense system.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
05:09
We have to get it past this mechanism of getting rid of the foreign object
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื–ืจ
05:16
by disguising it.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื ืกื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื•.
05:17
So we add one more negatively charged layer
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ืื– ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™
05:21
around this nanoparticle,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื–ื”.
05:23
which serves two purposes.
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ืฉืžืฉืจืชืช ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช.
05:25
First, this outer layer is one of the naturally charged,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืฉื˜ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
05:29
highly hydrated polysaccharides that resides in our body.
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ืจื‘-ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
05:33
It creates a cloud of water molecules around the nanoparticle
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง
05:38
that gives us an invisibility cloaking effect.
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ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืืคืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืื™-ื ืจืื•ืช
05:42
This invisibility cloak allows the nanoparticle
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ืžืขื˜ื” ืื™-ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง
05:44
to travel through the bloodstream
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ืœื ื•ืข ื“ืจืš ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื
05:46
long and far enough to reach the tumor,
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ืืจื•ืš ื•ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
05:49
without getting eliminated by the body.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืกืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
05:52
Second, this layer contains molecules
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
05:56
which bind specifically to our tumor cell.
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ืฉื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
06:00
Once bound, the cancer cell takes up the nanoparticle,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืฉืจ, ื”ืชื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง,
06:04
and now we have our nanoparticle inside the cancer cell
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ
06:09
and ready to deploy.
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ื•ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช,
06:11
Alright! I feel the same way. Let's go!
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ื‘ึผึฐืกึตื“ึถืจ! ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื•ื ื ืžืฉื™ืš!
06:13
(Applause)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
06:20
The siRNA is deployed first.
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ื”-siRNA ื ืคืจืกืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
06:24
It acts for hours,
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ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช
06:25
giving enough time to silence and block those survival genes.
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ื ื•ืชื ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ื•ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
06:31
We have now disabled those genetic superpowers.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฉื‘ืชื ื• ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
06:35
What remains is a cancer cell with no special defenses.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืชื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช.
06:38
Then, the chemotherapy drug comes out of the core
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืชืจื•ืคื” ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ืœื™ื‘ื”
06:41
and destroys the tumor cell cleanly and efficiently.
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ื•ื”ื•ืจืกืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
06:46
With sufficient gene blockers,
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ืขื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื•ืกืžื™ ื’ื ื™ื,
06:48
we can address many different kinds of mutations,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช,
06:51
allowing the chance to sweep out tumors,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื˜ืื˜ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
06:54
without leaving behind any bad guys.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื.
06:56
So, how does our strategy work?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช?
07:01
We've tested these nanostructure particles in animals
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ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืžื‘ื ื” ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช
07:05
using a highly aggressive form of triple-negative breast cancer.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื“ ืชืœืช-ืฉืœื™ืœื™
07:09
This triple-negative breast cancer exhibits the gene
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื“ ืชืœืช-ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ
07:11
that spits out cancer drug as soon as it is delivered.
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ืฉื™ื•ืจืง ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืชืจื•ืคื” ื ื’ื“ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช.
07:15
Usually, doxorubicin -- let's call it "dox" -- is the cancer drug
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื“ื•ืงืกื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืŸ - ื‘ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืœื” "dox" ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ
07:20
that is the first line of treatment for breast cancer.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื• ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“.
07:24
So, we first treated our animals with a dox core, dox only.
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ืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช ื˜ื™ืคืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืช dox ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
07:30
The tumor slowed their rate of growth,
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ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื˜ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
07:32
but they still grew rapidly,
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ืืš ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
07:34
doubling in size over a period of two weeks.
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ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื.
07:37
Then, we tried our combination superweapon.
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ืื–, ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืืช ื ืฉืง-ื”ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•
07:41
A nanolayer particle with siRNA against the chemo pump,
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ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื ื ื•-ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขื siRNA ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉืื‘ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”,
07:45
plus, we have the dox in the core.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื” DOX ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื”.
07:48
And look -- we found that not only did the tumors stop growing,
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ื•ืจืื• -- ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ
07:53
they actually decreased in size
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ
07:55
and were eliminated in some cases.
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ื•ื—ื•ืกืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื.
07:58
The tumors were actually regressing.
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ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื’ืจืกื™ื”.
08:01
(Applause)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
08:09
What's great about this approach is that it can be personalized.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
08:13
We can add many different layers of siRNA
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ siRNA
08:16
to address different mutations and tumor defense mechanisms.
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ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
08:20
And we can put different drugs into the nanoparticle core.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง.
08:23
As doctors learn how to test patients
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ื›ืฉืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื—ื•ืœื™ื
08:27
and understand certain tumor genetic types,
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
08:30
they can help us determine which patients can benefit from this strategy
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ื”ื ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ ืžื”nื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•
08:34
and which gene blockers we can use.
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ื•ื‘ืื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืกืžื™ ื’ื ื™ื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ.
08:38
Ovarian cancer strikes a special chord with me.
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื—ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ ืืฆืœื™ ืขืœ ืžื™ืชืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
08:41
It is a very aggressive cancer,
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ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืืœื™ื,
08:43
in part because it's discovered at very late stages,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
08:46
when it's highly advanced
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“
08:47
and there are a number of genetic mutations.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
08:50
After the first round of chemotherapy,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”,
08:53
this cancer comes back for 75 percent of patients.
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ 75 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
08:58
And it usually comes back in a drug-resistant form.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
09:02
High-grade ovarian cancer
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
09:03
is one of the biggest supervillains out there.
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืืจื›ื™-ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:06
And we're now directing our superweapon
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืขืช ืืช ื ืฉืง ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœื ื•
09:08
toward its defeat.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืื•ืชื•.
09:11
As a researcher,
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ื›ื—ื•ืงืจืช,
09:12
I usually don't get to work with patients.
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ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
09:16
But I recently met a mother
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื
09:18
who is an ovarian cancer survivor, Mimi, and her daughter, Paige.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื—ืœื•ืช, ืžื™ืžื™, ื•ื‘ืชื”, ืคื™ื™ื’'.
09:24
I was deeply inspired by the optimism and strength
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—
09:28
that both mother and daughter displayed
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื” ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื•
09:31
and by their story of courage and support.
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ื•ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื”.
09:35
At this event, we spoke about the different technologies
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ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื”, ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
09:38
directed at cancer.
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ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
09:40
And Mimi was in tears
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ื•ืžื™ืžื™ ื‘ื›ืชื” ื‘ื“ืžืขื•ืช
09:41
as she explained how learning about these efforts
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:44
gives her hope for future generations,
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื” ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื
09:46
including her own daughter.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœื”.
09:49
This really touched me.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ื’ืข ื‘ื™.
09:51
It's not just about building really elegant science.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื“ืข ืžืžืฉ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™
09:55
It's about changing people's lives.
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ื–ื” ืขืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
09:58
It's about understanding the power of engineering
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ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื”
10:01
on the scale of molecules.
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
10:03
I know that as students like Paige move forward in their careers,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื›ืฉืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื™ื’' ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
10:07
they'll open new possibilities
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ื”ื ื™ืคืชื—ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
10:09
in addressing some of the big health problems in the world --
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ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื --
10:12
including ovarian cancer, neurological disorders, infectious disease --
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื—ืœื•ืช, ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช --
10:18
just as chemical engineering has found a way to open doors for me,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื“ืกื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืฆืื” ื“ืจืš ืœืคืชื•ื— ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
10:22
and has provided a way of engineering
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ื•ืกื™ืคืงื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช
10:25
on the tiniest scale, that of molecules,
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ื‘ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
10:28
to heal on the human scale.
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ืœืจืคื ืขืœ ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
10:31
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”
10:32
(Applause)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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