A new superweapon in the fight against cancer | Paula Hammond

148,124 views ・ 2016-05-06

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: yongkyu lee κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Cancer affects all of us --
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암은 우리 λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 미치고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
especially the ones that come back over and over again,
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특히 그것듀은 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μž¬λ°œν•˜κ³ 
00:18
the highly invasive and drug-resistant ones,
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높은 μΉ¨μŠ΅μ„±κ³Ό μ•½ν’ˆμ— 내성을 가진 암은
00:21
the ones that defy medical treatment,
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심지어 졜고의 약을 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄λ„
00:23
even when we throw our best drugs at them.
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μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ 듣지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
Engineering at the molecular level,
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λΆ„μžλ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ λ‹¨μœ„μ—μ„œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ” 곡학 κΈ°μˆ μ€
00:30
working at the smallest of scales,
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00:32
can provide exciting new ways
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ•…μ„± μ•”κ³Ό μ‹Έμš°κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
00:35
to fight the most aggressive forms of cancer.
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ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κ³  μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 방법을 μ œκ³΅ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
Cancer is a very clever disease.
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암은 맀우 μ˜λ¦¬ν•œ μ§ˆλ³‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
There are some forms of cancer,
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μ–΄λ–€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 암은
00:43
which, fortunately, we've learned how to address relatively well
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆ μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ 잘 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 있고
00:48
with known and established drugs and surgery.
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ν˜„μž¬ μžˆλŠ” μ•½μ΄λ‚˜ 수술이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
But there are some forms of cancer
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λͺ‡λͺ‡ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 암은
00:54
that don't respond to these approaches,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 방법에 λ°˜μ‘μ„ ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
00:56
and the tumor survives or comes back,
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심지어 μ•½λ¬Όμ˜ κ³΅μŠ΅μ΄ν›„μ—λ„
00:59
even after an onslaught of drugs.
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κ·Έ 쒅양듀은 μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨κ±°λ‚˜ μž¬λ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
We can think of these very aggressive forms of cancer
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 맀우 곡격적인 ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 암을
01:06
as kind of supervillains in a comic book.
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λ§Œν™”μ±…μ˜ 슈퍼 μ•…λ‹Ήλ“€μ²˜λŸΌ 생각할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
They're clever, they're adaptable,
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그듀은 맀우 μ˜λ¦¬ν•˜λ©° 적응λ ₯이 있고
01:12
and they're very good at staying alive.
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맀우 잘 살아남죠.
01:15
And, like most supervillains these days,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μŠˆνΌμ•…λ‹Ήλ“€κ³Ό 같이
01:18
their superpowers come from a genetic mutation.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ νž˜μ€ μœ μ „μž λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
The genes that are modified inside these tumor cells
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ’…μ–‘ μ„Έν¬μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λ³€κ²½λœ μœ μ „μžλ“€μ€
01:27
can enable and encode for new and unimagined modes of survival,
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심지어 졜적의 ν™”ν•™μš”λ²•μΉ˜λ£Œμ—μ„œλ„ 살아남을 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
01:32
allowing the cancer cell to live through
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μƒμ‘΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μƒˆλ‘­κ³  상상할 수 μ—†λŠ” ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ
01:35
even our best chemotherapy treatments.
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€κ±°λ‚˜ μˆ˜μ •λ  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
One example is a trick in which a gene allows a cell,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ†μž„μˆ˜μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ μ–΄λ– ν•œ μœ μ „μžλŠ”
01:43
even as the drug approaches the cell,
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심지어 약물이 세포에 μ ‘κ·Όν•  λ•Œ
01:46
to push the drug out,
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μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ 약물을 λ°€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
before the drug can have any effect.
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κ·Έ 약물이 μ–΄λ– ν•œ νš¨κ³Όλ„ λ‚΄κΈ° 전에 말이죠.
01:52
Imagine -- the cell effectively spits out the drug.
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세포가 효과적으둜 약물을 λ±‰μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” κ±Έ 상상해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
01:56
This is just one example of the many genetic tricks
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이것은 단지 μ•”μ΄λΌλŠ” μŠˆνΌμ•…λ‹Ήλ“€μ˜ 가방에 μžˆλŠ”
01:59
in the bag of our supervillain, cancer.
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수 λ§Žμ€ μœ μ „μžμ  μ†μž„μˆ˜ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ˜ˆμ‹œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
All due to mutant genes.
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λͺ¨λ“  λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄ μœ μ „μžλ“€ 덕뢄이죠.
02:04
So, we have a supervillain with incredible superpowers.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μŠˆνΌνŒŒμ›Œλ₯Ό 가진 μŠˆνΌμ•…λ‹Ήλ“€μ„ κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
And we need a new and powerful mode of attack.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒˆλ‘­κ³  κ°•λ ₯ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 곡격이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
Actually, we can turn off a gene.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μž‘λ™ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
The key is a set of molecules known as siRNA.
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κ·Έ 핡심은 siRNA라고 μ•Œλ €μ§„ λΆ„μžλ“€μ˜ λͺ¨μŒμ΄μ£ .
02:21
siRNA are short sequences of genetic code
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siRNAλŠ” 짧은 μ—°μ†λœ μœ μ „μž μ½”λ“œλ‘œ
02:25
that guide a cell to block a certain gene.
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ°¨λ‹¨ν•˜λ„λ‘ 세포λ₯Ό μœ λ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
Each siRNA molecule can turn off a specific gene
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각 siRNAλΆ„μžλŠ” μ„Έν¬μ•ˆμ˜ νŠΉμ •ν•œ μœ μ „μžκ°€ μž‘μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
inside the cell.
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02:35
For many years since its discovery,
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μ΄κ²ƒμ˜ 발견 ν›„ μˆ˜μ‹­ 년이 μ§€λ‚˜μ„œ
02:37
scientists have been very excited
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μœ μ „μžμ˜ μ°¨λ‹¨μ œκ°€
02:39
about how we can apply these gene blockers in medicine.
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μ˜ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 적용될 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ ν₯λ―Έλ‘œμ›Œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
But, there is a problem.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 큰 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
siRNA works well inside the cell.
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siRNAλŠ” 세포 μ•ˆμ—μ„œλŠ” 잘 μž‘λ™ν•˜λ‚˜
02:47
But if it gets exposed to the enzymes
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이것이 우리의 μ‘°μ§μ΄λ‚˜ 혈λ₯˜μ— μžˆλŠ”
02:50
that reside in our bloodstream or our tissues,
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νš¨μ†Œμ— λ…ΈμΆœλ˜λ©΄
02:53
it degrades within seconds.
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수 μ΄ˆλ‚΄μ— 훼손이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
It has to be packaged, protected through its journey through the body
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μ΄λŠ” 우리의 λͺΈμ†μ„ μ—¬ν–‰ν•˜λ©° λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λͺ©ν‘œμΈ
03:00
on its way to the final target inside the cancer cell.
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암세포에 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜κΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€ λ³΄ν˜Έλ°›κ³  λ°€λ΄‰λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
So, here's our strategy.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ „λž΅μ„ μ„Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
First, we'll dose the cancer cell with siRNA, the gene blocker,
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λ¨Όμ € 이것이 μœ μ „μž μ°¨λ‹¨μ œμΈ siRNAλ₯Ό 가진 μ•” μ„Έν¬μ—λ§Œ μž‘μš©ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³ 
03:10
and silence those survival genes,
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” μœ μ „μžμ—λŠ” μΉ¨λ¬΅ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄
03:11
and then we'll whop it with a chemo drug.
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μ•½λ¬Όλ‘œ 암세포 λ§Œμ„ 곡격할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
But how do we carry that out?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이λ₯Ό μ‹€ν–‰ν• κΉŒμš”?
03:16
Using molecular engineering,
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λΆ„μž 곡학을 μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
03:19
we can actually design a superweapon
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 혈λ₯˜λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 여행을 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
03:23
that can travel through the bloodstream.
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κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 무기λ₯Ό λ””μžμΈν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
It has to be tiny enough to get through the bloodstream,
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μ΄λŠ” 혈λ₯˜λ₯Ό 톡과 ν•  수 μžˆμ„λ§ŒνΌ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μž‘κ³ 
03:28
it's got to be small enough to penetrate the tumor tissue,
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μ’…μ–‘ 쑰직에 μΉ¨νˆ¬ν•  수 μžˆμ„λ§ŒνΌ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μž‘μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
and it's got to be tiny enough to be taken up inside the cancer cell.
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그리고 암세포에 μ•ˆμ— λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ 수 μžˆμ„λ§ŒνΌ μž‘μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
To do this job well,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μž‘μ—…μ΄ 잘 이루어지면
03:38
it has to be about one one-hundredth the size of a human hair.
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머리카락의 100λΆ„μ˜ 1μ •λ„μ˜ 크기가 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
Let's take a closer look at how we can build this nanoparticle.
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이 μž‘μ€ λ‚˜λ…Έμž…μžλ₯Ό κ°€κΉŒμ΄ 보도둝 ν•˜μ£ .
03:49
First, let's start with the nanoparticle core.
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λ¨Όμ € λ‚˜λ…Έμž…μžμ˜ ν•΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
It's a tiny capsule that contains the chemotherapy drug.
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μ΄λŠ” ν™”ν•™ μš”λ²•μ„ μœ„ν•œ 약물을 λ‹΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” μž‘μ€ μΊ‘μŠμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
This is the poison that will actually end the tumor cell's life.
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이 약물이 암세포λ₯Ό 죽일 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
Around this core, we'll wrap a very thin,
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이런 ν•΅ 주변을 μ•„μ£Ό 얇은
04:03
nanometers-thin blanket of siRNA.
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λ‚˜λ…Έλ‘κ»˜μ˜ siRNA 측으둜 κ°μŒ‰λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
This is our gene blocker.
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μ΄λŠ” μœ μ „μž μ°¨λ‹¨μ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
Because siRNA is strongly negatively charged,
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siRNAλŠ” κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μŒμ „ν•˜λ₯Ό 가지기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
04:12
we can protect it
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–‘μ „ν•˜ μ€‘ν•©μ²΄μ˜
04:14
with a nice, protective layer of positively charged polymer.
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보호측으둜 ν›Œλ₯­ν•˜κ²Œ 그것을 λ³΄ν˜Έν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
The two oppositely charged molecules stick together
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이 두 개의 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ „ν•˜λ₯Ό 가진 λΆ„μžλ“€μ€
04:22
through charge attraction,
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전기적인 인λ ₯λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ„œλ‘œ 달라 λΆ™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
and that provides us with a protective layer
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그리고 μ΄λŠ” 혈λ₯˜μ˜ μ €ν•˜λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
04:26
that prevents the siRNA from degrading in the bloodstream.
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siRNAλ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” λ³΄ν˜ΈμΈ΅μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
We're almost done.
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거의 λͺ¨λ‘ λλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:32
But there is one more big obstacle we have to think about.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 생각할 수 μžˆλŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜ 이상 큰 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
In fact, it may be the biggest obstacle of all.
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사싀 μ΄λŠ” 무엇보닀도 큰 문제일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
How do we deploy this superweapon?
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ΄ˆκ°•λ ₯ 병기λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°°μΉ˜ν• κΉŒμš”?
04:41
I mean, every good weapon needs to be targeted,
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아무리 쒋은 무기라고 해도 λͺ©ν‘œκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜κ³ 
04:44
we have to target this superweapon to the supervillain cells
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 μ΄ˆκ°•λ ₯ λ³‘κΈ°μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ μ’…μ–‘μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” μˆ˜νΌμ•…λ‹Ή 세포듀을
04:48
that reside in the tumor.
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λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ ν•΄μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
But our bodies have a natural immune-defense system:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 우리 λͺΈμ€ νƒ€κ³ λ‚œ 면역체계λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
cells that reside in the bloodstream
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혈λ₯˜ 속에 μžˆλŠ” 세포가
04:55
and pick out things that don't belong,
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μ™ΈλΆ€ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ κ³¨λΌλ‚΄μ„œ
04:58
so that it can destroy or eliminate them.
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그것을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜κ³  μ œκ±°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
And guess what? Our nanoparticle is considered a foreign object.
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그러면 무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚ κΉŒμš”? λ‚˜λ…Έμž…μžλ₯Ό μ™ΈλΆ€ 물질둜 생각할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
We have to sneak our nanoparticle past the tumor defense system.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‚˜λ…Έμž…μžκ°€ 암세포 λ°©μ–΄ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μ§€λ‚˜κ°€λ„λ‘ 속일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
We have to get it past this mechanism of getting rid of the foreign object
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μœ„μž₯ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ™ΈλΆ€ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ œκ±°ν•˜λŠ” λ§€μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„
05:16
by disguising it.
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톡과할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
So we add one more negatively charged layer
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 두 κ°€μ§€μ˜ λͺ©μ μ„ μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 이 λ‚˜λ…Έμž…μž 주변에
05:21
around this nanoparticle,
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μŒμ „ν•˜λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€λŠ” 측을 ν•˜λ‚˜ 더할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:23
which serves two purposes.
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05:25
First, this outer layer is one of the naturally charged,
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첫 번째둜 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ™ΈλΆ€ 측은 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ μ „ν•˜μƒνƒœ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€λŠ”
05:29
highly hydrated polysaccharides that resides in our body.
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우리 λͺΈμ— μžˆλŠ” κ³  μˆ˜ν™”λœ λ‹€λ‹Ήλ₯˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
It creates a cloud of water molecules around the nanoparticle
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μ΄λŠ” λ‚˜λ…Έ μž…μž 주변에 λ¬Ό λΆ„μžλ“€μ˜ ꡬ름을 λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
05:38
that gives us an invisibility cloaking effect.
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λˆˆμ— 보이지 μ•Šλ„λ‘ μ€νν•˜λŠ” 효과λ₯Ό μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:42
This invisibility cloak allows the nanoparticle
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λˆˆμ— 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” μ€ννš¨κ³ΌλŠ”
05:44
to travel through the bloodstream
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λ‚˜λ…Έμž…μžκ°€ 우리 λͺΈμ—μ„œ
05:46
long and far enough to reach the tumor,
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μ œκ±°λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 채 쒅양에 닿을 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ 혈λ₯˜λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬
05:49
without getting eliminated by the body.
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μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ 멀리 μ—¬ν–‰ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
Second, this layer contains molecules
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두 번째둜 이 측은 μ’…μ–‘ 세포에 νŠΉλ³„νžˆ 더 잘 달라 뢙을 수 μžˆλŠ”
05:56
which bind specifically to our tumor cell.
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λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:00
Once bound, the cancer cell takes up the nanoparticle,
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일단 암세포가 이 λ‚˜λ…Έμž…μžλ₯Ό 받아듀이고
06:04
and now we have our nanoparticle inside the cancer cell
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이제 암세포 내에 λ‚˜λ…Έ μž…μžκ°€ 있으며
06:09
and ready to deploy.
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약물을 배포할 μ€€λΉ„κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
Alright! I feel the same way. Let's go!
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μ’‹μ•„μš”! 저도 같은 κΈ°λΆ„μ΄μ—μš”. 가보죠!
06:13
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
06:20
The siRNA is deployed first.
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siRNAκ°€ λ¨Όμ € λ°°ν¬λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
It acts for hours,
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μ΄λŠ” ν•œ μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ μž‘μš©ν•˜μ—¬
06:25
giving enough time to silence and block those survival genes.
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이런 생쑴을 μœ„ν•œ μœ μ „μžκ°€ μž‘μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ‹œκ°„μ„ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:31
We have now disabled those genetic superpowers.
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μ΄μ œλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μœ μ „μžμ  μŠˆνΌνŒŒμ›Œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:35
What remains is a cancer cell with no special defenses.
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μ•”μ„Έν¬λŠ” νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 방어체계λ₯Ό 가지지 μ•Šμ€μ±„ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:38
Then, the chemotherapy drug comes out of the core
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그러면 ν™”ν•™μš”λ²•μ„ μœ„ν•œ 약물이 ν•΅μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ˜€κ³ 
06:41
and destroys the tumor cell cleanly and efficiently.
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쒅양세포λ₯Ό λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ³  효과적으둜 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
With sufficient gene blockers,
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μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ–‘μ˜ μœ μ „μž μ°¨λ‹¨μ œκ°€ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
06:48
we can address many different kinds of mutations,
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ“€μ„ μ°Ύμ•„κ°€μ„œ
06:51
allowing the chance to sweep out tumors,
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ λΆ€μž‘μš© 없이 쒅양듀을
06:54
without leaving behind any bad guys.
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λͺ°μ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
So, how does our strategy work?
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그러면 우리의 이런 μ „λž΅λ“€μ€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
07:01
We've tested these nanostructure particles in animals
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 삼쀑 μŒμ„± μœ λ°©μ•”μ˜ 맀우 곡격적인 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬
07:05
using a highly aggressive form of triple-negative breast cancer.
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λ™λ¬Όμ—κ²Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ‚˜λ…Έν¬κΈ°μ˜ μž…μžλ₯Ό ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
This triple-negative breast cancer exhibits the gene
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이런 삼쀑 μŒμ„± μœ λ°©μ•”μ€ ν•­μ•”μ œλ₯Ό λ°°μΆœν•˜λŠ” μœ μ „μžκ°€
07:11
that spits out cancer drug as soon as it is delivered.
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μ–΄μ„œ 빨리 λ°°λ‹¬λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό 함을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:15
Usually, doxorubicin -- let's call it "dox" -- is the cancer drug
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보톡 λ…μ†Œλ£¨λΉ„μ‹ (dox)λŠ” μœ λ°©μ•”μ„ μœ„ν•œ
07:20
that is the first line of treatment for breast cancer.
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첫 번째 μΉ˜λ£Œμ— μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” ν•­μ•”μ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
So, we first treated our animals with a dox core, dox only.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 우리 λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ—κ²Œ doxμ½”μ–΄λ§Œμ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 첫 번째 치료λ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:30
The tumor slowed their rate of growth,
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쒅양은 κ·Έ μ„±μž₯λ₯ μ΄ λŠλ €μ§€κΈ΄ ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
07:32
but they still grew rapidly,
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2μ£Όλ§Œμ— μ•½ 2배정도인
07:34
doubling in size over a period of two weeks.
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ λΉ λ₯Έ μ†λ„λ‘œ 컀지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:37
Then, we tried our combination superweapon.
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ 우리의 μ΄ˆκ°•λ ₯ 병기λ₯Ό μ„žμ–΄μ„œ 치료λ₯Ό μ‹œλ„ν•΄ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:41
A nanolayer particle with siRNA against the chemo pump,
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화학적 νŽŒν”„μ— λŒ€ν•­ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ siRNA둜 된 λ‚˜λ…Έ μΈ΅κ³Ό
07:45
plus, we have the dox in the core.
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핡에 doxλ₯Ό μ‘°ν•©ν•œ μž…μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:48
And look -- we found that not only did the tumors stop growing,
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό μ’…μ–‘μ˜ μ„±μž₯이 멈좘 κ²ƒλΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
07:53
they actually decreased in size
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 크기가 μž‘μ•„μ§„ 것을 찾을 수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
07:55
and were eliminated in some cases.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ μΌ€μ΄μŠ€μ—μ„œλŠ” 쒅양이 μ™„μ „νžˆ μ‚¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
The tumors were actually regressing.
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쒅양이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 치료된 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:01
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
08:09
What's great about this approach is that it can be personalized.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ ‘κ·Όλ²•μ˜ λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ 점은 이것이 κ°œλ³„ν™”κ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:13
We can add many different layers of siRNA
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄μ™€ μ’…μ–‘μ˜ λ°©μ–΄ λ§€μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„
08:16
to address different mutations and tumor defense mechanisms.
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μ°Ύμ•„κ°€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ siRNA 측을 더할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:20
And we can put different drugs into the nanoparticle core.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‚˜λ…Έ μž…μžμ˜ 핡에 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 약물을 넣을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:23
As doctors learn how to test patients
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν™˜μžλ“€μ„ ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈν• μ§€ μ•Œκ³ 
08:27
and understand certain tumor genetic types,
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μ’…μ–‘μ˜ μœ μ „μž νŠΉμ„±μ„ λͺ…λ°±ν•˜κ²Œ μ΄ν•΄ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
08:30
they can help us determine which patients can benefit from this strategy
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그듀은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μœ μ „μž μ°¨λ‹¨μ œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ „λž΅μ΄
08:34
and which gene blockers we can use.
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이득인지 κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ”λ° 도움을 쀄 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:38
Ovarian cancer strikes a special chord with me.
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λ‚œμ†Œμ•”μ€ 제게 맀우 νŠΉλ³„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:41
It is a very aggressive cancer,
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μ΄λŠ” 맀우 곡격적인 암이고
08:43
in part because it's discovered at very late stages,
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 맀우 λŠ¦μ€ 단계에 발견되며
08:46
when it's highly advanced
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κ·Έλ•ŒλŠ” 많이 μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ–΄ 있고
08:47
and there are a number of genetic mutations.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μœ μ „μž λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ“€μ„ 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:50
After the first round of chemotherapy,
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첫 번째 ν™”ν•™μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ λλ‚œ ν›„
08:53
this cancer comes back for 75 percent of patients.
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ν™˜μž 쀑 75% 정도가 μž¬λ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:58
And it usually comes back in a drug-resistant form.
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그리고 보톡 μ‚¬μš©ν•œ 약물에 내성을 가진 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μž¬λ°œν•˜μ£ .
09:02
High-grade ovarian cancer
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맀우 높은 λ‹¨κ³„μ˜ λ‚œμ†Œμ•”μ€
09:03
is one of the biggest supervillains out there.
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κ°€μž₯ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μŠˆνΌμ•…λ‹Ή 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:06
And we're now directing our superweapon
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그리고 μ§€κΈˆλΆ€ν„° 우리의 μ΄ˆκ°•λ ₯ 병기가
09:08
toward its defeat.
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이λ₯Ό 무찌λ₯΄λ„둝 μ•ˆλ‚΄ν•΄λ³΄μ£ .
09:11
As a researcher,
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ‘œμ„œ
09:12
I usually don't get to work with patients.
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μ €λŠ” 주둜 ν™˜μžμ™€ μΌν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:16
But I recently met a mother
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΅œκ·Όμ— λ‚œμ†Œμ•”μ—μ„œ 살아남은
09:18
who is an ovarian cancer survivor, Mimi, and her daughter, Paige.
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λ―Έλ―ΈλΌλŠ” ν•œ μ—„λ§ˆμ™€ κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 딸인 νŽ˜μ΄μ§€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:24
I was deeply inspired by the optimism and strength
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μ €λŠ” μ—„λ§ˆμ™€ 딸이 λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” λ‚™μ²œμ μ΄κ³  κ°•ν•œ λͺ¨μŠ΅κ³Ό
09:28
that both mother and daughter displayed
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μ„œλ‘œ 용기λ₯Ό μ£ΌλŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅κ³Ό 사연에
09:31
and by their story of courage and support.
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κΉŠμ€ 감λͺ…을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:35
At this event, we spoke about the different technologies
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이 κ°•μ—°μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 암에 λŒ€ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ
09:38
directed at cancer.
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이야기 ν•΄λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
And Mimi was in tears
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그리고 λ―Έλ―Έμ—κ²Œ
09:41
as she explained how learning about these efforts
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그녀에 딸을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈλŒ€λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ
09:44
gives her hope for future generations,
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희망을 μ£ΌλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ…Έλ ₯을 μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
09:46
including her own daughter.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μšΈλ¨Ήμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:49
This really touched me.
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μ΄λŠ” 정말 κ°λ™μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:51
It's not just about building really elegant science.
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μ΄λŠ” 단지 μ •λ§λ‘œ μš°μ•„ν•œ 과학을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒλ§Œμ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:55
It's about changing people's lives.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 인생을 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:58
It's about understanding the power of engineering
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λ˜ν•œ λΆ„μžλ‹¨μœ„μ˜ 곡학 기술λ ₯을
10:01
on the scale of molecules.
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
I know that as students like Paige move forward in their careers,
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μ €λŠ” νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ™€ 같은 학생듀은 μ§„λ‘œλ₯Ό ν–₯ν•΄ 갈 것이고
10:07
they'll open new possibilities
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그듀은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ°€λŠ₯성을 μ—΄ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:09
in addressing some of the big health problems in the world --
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세계에 μžˆλŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•œ 건강 문제λ₯Ό λ‹€λ£¨λŠ”λ°
10:12
including ovarian cancer, neurological disorders, infectious disease --
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λ‚œμ†Œμ•”, μ‹ κ²½μ„± μ§ˆλ³‘, 감염병 같은 것을 ν¬ν•¨ν•˜μ£ .
10:18
just as chemical engineering has found a way to open doors for me,
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μ €λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œ ν™”ν•™ 곡학이 문을 μ—΄κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 방법을 찾은 것 처럼
10:22
and has provided a way of engineering
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인λ₯˜λ₯Ό μΉ˜μœ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
10:25
on the tiniest scale, that of molecules,
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보닀 얇은 ν˜•νƒœ 및 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ
10:28
to heal on the human scale.
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곡학적인 방법이 제곡될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:31
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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