Behind the lies of Holocaust denial | Deborah Lipstadt

440,450 views ใƒป 2017-05-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
I come to you today to speak of liars,
0
12902
4083
ื‘ืืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืงืจื ื™ื,
ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช
00:17
lawsuits
1
17009
1423
00:18
and laughter.
2
18456
1340
ื•ืฆื—ื•ืง.
00:20
The first time I heard about Holocaust denial,
3
20730
3110
ื›ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”",
00:23
I laughed.
4
23864
1302
ืฆื—ืงืชื™.
00:25
Holocaust denial?
5
25790
1752
ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”?
ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืคื•ืงืคืง
00:28
The Holocaust which has the dubious distinction
6
28007
3430
00:31
of being the best-documented genocide in the world?
7
31461
4495
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื—-ื”ืขื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืชื•ืขื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
00:36
Who could believe it didn't happen?
8
36866
2026
ืžื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”?
00:39
Think about it.
9
39926
1347
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
00:42
For deniers to be right,
10
42077
2281
ืื ื”ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื,
00:44
who would have to be wrong?
11
44382
1896
ืžื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขื”?
00:46
Well, first of all, the victims --
12
46831
2766
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช--
00:49
the survivors who have told us their harrowing stories.
13
49621
4717
ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื.
00:55
Who else would have to be wrong?
14
55541
2314
ืžื™ ืขื•ื“ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขื”?
00:57
The bystanders.
15
57879
1953
ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“,
00:59
The people who lived in the myriads of towns and villages and cities
16
59856
3978
ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื
01:03
on the Eastern front,
17
63858
1972
ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช,
01:05
who watched their neighbors be rounded up --
18
65854
2442
ืฉืฆืคื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื›ื ืกื™ื ืืช ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื--
01:08
men, women, children, young, old --
19
68320
3213
ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื–ืงื ื™ื--
01:11
and be marched to the outskirts of the town
20
71557
2720
ืžืฆืขื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืืœ ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”,
01:14
to be shot and left dead in ditches.
21
74301
2992
ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืชืขืœื•ืช.
01:17
Or the Poles,
22
77805
1330
ืื• ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ื,
01:19
who lived in towns and villages around the death camps,
23
79159
4681
ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
01:23
who watched day after day
24
83864
2376
ื•ืฆืคื• ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•
01:26
as the trains went in filled with people
25
86264
2742
ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื,
01:29
and came out empty.
26
89030
1523
ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืจื™ืงื•ืช.
01:31
But above all, who would have to be wrong?
27
91607
3633
ืืš ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ืžื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขื”?
01:35
The perpetrators.
28
95825
1464
ื”ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื.
01:37
The people who say, "We did it.
29
97932
2906
ืืœื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืื ื• ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”."
01:41
I did it."
30
101299
1524
"ืื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”."
01:42
Now, maybe they add a caveat.
31
102847
2149
ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื˜ื“ืงื•ืช.
01:45
They say, "I didn't have a choice; I was forced to do it."
32
105020
4424
"ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”. ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชื™."
01:49
But nonetheless, they say, "I did it."
33
109924
2669
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”."
01:53
Think about it.
34
113758
1551
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
01:55
In not one war crimes trial since the end of World War II
35
115333
5939
ื‘ืืฃ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืฉืขื™-ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืื– ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
02:01
has a perpetrator of any nationality ever said, "It didn't happen."
36
121296
6636
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœืื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ, "ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”."
02:08
Again, they may have said, "I was forced," but never that it didn't happen.
37
128898
4582
ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชื™," ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื "ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”."
02:13
Having thought that through,
38
133504
1474
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”,
ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ืžื™;
02:15
I decided denial was not going to be on my agenda;
39
135002
3951
02:18
I had bigger things to worry about, to write about, to research,
40
138977
3708
ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื, ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
02:22
and I moved on.
41
142709
1314
ืื– ืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”.
02:24
Fast-forward a little over a decade,
42
144731
2819
ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
02:27
and two senior scholars --
43
147574
1812
ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื--
02:29
two of the most prominent historians of the Holocaust --
44
149410
3158
ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ--
02:32
approached me and said,
45
152592
1257
ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ ื•ืืžืจื•,
02:33
"Deborah, let's have coffee.
46
153873
1789
"ื“ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ื•ืื™ ื ืฉืชื” ืงืคื”.
02:35
We have a research idea that we think is perfect for you."
47
155686
3597
"ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ, ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื• ืžืชืื™ื ืœืš ื‘ื•ืœ."
02:39
Intrigued and flattered that they came to me with an idea
48
159307
3833
ืžืกื•ืงืจื ืช ื•ืžื•ื—ืžืืช ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื• ืืœื™ ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
02:43
and thought me worthy of it,
49
163164
1577
ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื•,
02:44
I asked, "What is it?"
50
164765
2096
ืฉืืœืชื™, "ื‘ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ?"
02:47
And they said, "Holocaust denial."
51
167485
2989
ื•ื”ื ืขื ื•, "ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”."
02:51
And for the second time, I laughed.
52
171173
2495
ืฆื—ืงืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
02:54
Holocaust denial?
53
174156
1924
ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”?
02:56
The Flat Earth folks?
54
176104
1986
ืืœื” ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื˜ื•ื—?
02:58
The Elvis-is-alive people?
55
178114
2137
ืฉืืœื‘ื™ืก ื—ื™?
03:00
I should study them?
56
180275
2188
ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”?
03:03
And these two guys said,
57
183146
1317
ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื” ืืžืจื•, "ื›ืŸ. ืžืกืงืจืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื“ืขืช
03:04
"Yeah, we're intrigued.
58
184487
1933
03:06
What are they about?
59
186832
1572
"ืžื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื?
03:08
What's their objective?
60
188428
1750
"ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื?
03:10
How do they manage to get people to believe what they say?"
61
190202
3654
"ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ื?"
03:14
So thinking, if they thought it was worthwhile,
62
194576
3528
ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื”,
03:18
I would take a momentary diversion --
63
198128
3374
ืื•ืœื™ ืืงื— ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื”ืกื—ืช-ื“ืขืช ืจื’ืขื™ืช--
03:21
maybe a year, maybe two, three, maybe even four --
64
201526
2938
ืœืฉื ื”, ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืื•ืœื™ ืืจื‘ืข--
03:24
in academic terms, that's momentary.
65
204488
2245
ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ืจื’ืขื™".
03:26
(Laughter)
66
206757
1142
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:27
We work very slowly.
67
207923
2387
ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืื˜ ืžืื“.
03:30
(Laughter)
68
210334
1572
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:31
And I would look at them.
69
211930
1802
ื•ืื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
03:33
So I did.
70
213756
1155
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™.
03:34
I did my research, and I came up with a number of things,
71
214935
2839
ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
03:37
two of which I'd like to share with you today.
72
217798
2593
ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื.
03:40
One:
73
220415
1333
ื”ืื—ื“:
03:41
deniers are wolves in sheep's clothing.
74
221772
4957
ื”ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื›ื‘ืฉ.
03:47
They are the same: Nazis, neo-Nazis --
75
227532
2965
ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ: ื ืืฆื™ื, ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื--
03:50
you can decide whether you want to put a "neo" there or not.
76
230521
3227
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ "ื ื™ืื•-" ืื• ืœื.
03:54
But when I looked at them,
77
234606
2333
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
03:56
I didn't see any SS-like uniforms,
78
236963
4726
ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืžื“ื™ ืืก-ืืก,
04:01
swastika-like symbols on the wall,
79
241713
3151
ืฆืœื‘ื™ ืงืจืก ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
04:04
Sieg Heil salutes --
80
244888
2057
ื”ืฆื“ืขื•ืช "ื–ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื™ืœ"--
04:06
none of that.
81
246969
1544
ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”.
04:08
What I found instead
82
248537
2870
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืžืฆืืชื™
04:11
were people parading as respectable academics.
83
251431
4615
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื–ื™ื ืœืืงื“ืžืื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
04:16
What did they have?
84
256736
1221
ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื?
04:17
They had an institute.
85
257981
1698
ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžื•ืกื“.
04:19
An "Institute for Historical Review."
86
259703
3844
"ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™"
04:24
They had a journal -- a slick journal --
87
264212
2554
ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช-- ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ--
04:26
a "Journal of Historical Review."
88
266790
2954
"ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™."
04:30
One filled with papers --
89
270218
2706
ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืžืœื ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื--
04:32
footnote-laden papers.
90
272948
2044
ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืžื•ืกื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืช-ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื.
04:35
And they had a new name.
91
275743
1940
ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืฉื ื—ื“ืฉ.
04:38
Not neo-Nazis,
92
278320
2168
ืœื "ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื",
04:40
not anti-Semites --
93
280512
2490
ืœื "ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื",
ืืœื "ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื" (ืžืชืงื ื™ื).
04:43
revisionists.
94
283026
1258
04:44
They said, "We are revisionists.
95
284811
2215
ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ืื ื• ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื.
04:47
We are out to do one thing:
96
287050
2683
"ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช:
04:49
to revise mistakes in history."
97
289757
3560
"ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”."
04:54
But all you had to do was go one inch below the surface,
98
294189
5410
ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœื’ืจื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
04:59
and what did you find there?
99
299623
1907
ื•ืžื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื?
05:01
The same adulation of Hitler,
100
301554
2490
ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ,
05:04
praise of the Third Reich,
101
304068
1875
ื”ืœืœ ืœืจื™ื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
05:05
anti-Semitism, racism, prejudice.
102
305967
2942
ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช, ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
05:09
This is what intrigued me.
103
309724
2446
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืกื™ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืชื™.
ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช
05:12
It was anti-Semitism, racism, prejudice, parading as rational discourse.
104
312194
6997
ื‘ื›ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื— ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™.
05:20
The other thing I found --
105
320550
1587
ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ--
05:22
many of us have been taught to think there are facts and there are opinions --
106
322161
3745
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืžื“ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช--
05:25
after studying deniers,
107
325930
1456
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ื,
05:27
I think differently.
108
327410
1336
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืื—ืจืช.
ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช,
05:29
There are facts,
109
329258
1648
05:30
there are opinions,
110
330930
1714
ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช
05:32
and there are lies.
111
332668
1612
ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืงืจื™ื.
05:34
And what deniers want to do is take their lies,
112
334969
4426
ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืฉืงืจื™ื”ื,
05:40
dress them up as opinions --
113
340385
1632
ืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืขื•ืช--
05:42
maybe edgy opinions,
114
342041
1990
ืื•ืœื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืขืฆื‘ื ื•ืช,
05:44
maybe sort of out-of-the-box opinions --
115
344055
2709
ืื•ืœื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื-ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืื™ืœื•--
05:46
but then if they're opinions,
116
346788
1384
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื“ืขื•ืช,
05:48
they should be part of the conversation.
117
348196
2132
ื”ืจื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืฉื™ื—.
05:50
And then they encroach on the facts.
118
350352
3393
ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžืกื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
05:55
I published my work --
119
355125
1563
ืคืจืกืžืชื™ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™--
05:56
the book was published,
120
356712
1174
ื”ืกืคืจ ืคื•ืจืกื,
05:57
"Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory,"
121
357910
3402
"ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”: ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ",
06:01
it came out in many different countries,
122
361336
1956
ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ืคื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”",
06:03
including here in Penguin UK,
123
363316
2160
06:05
and I was done with those folks and ready to move on.
124
365500
3430
ื’ืžืจืชื™ ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
06:09
Then came the letter from Penguin UK.
125
369983
3708
ื•ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžื”ื•ืฆืืช "ืคื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”".
06:14
And for the third time, I laughed ...
126
374254
2768
ื•ืื ื™ ืฆื—ืงืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช...
06:18
mistakenly.
127
378908
1240
ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช.
06:20
I opened the letter,
128
380792
1730
ืคืชื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืชื‘,
06:22
and it informed me that David Irving was bringing a libel suit against me
129
382546
5888
ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจ ืœื™ ืฉื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื”
06:28
in the United Kingdom
130
388458
1597
ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
06:30
for calling him a Holocaust denier.
131
390079
3036
ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• "ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ-ืฉื•ืื”".
06:33
David Irving suing me?
132
393773
1934
ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืชื•ื‘ืข ืื•ืชื™?
06:35
Who was David Irving?
133
395731
1204
ืžื™ ื–ื” ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’?
06:36
David Irving was a writer of historical works,
134
396959
2607
ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
06:39
most of them about World War II,
135
399590
2023
ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
06:41
and virtually all of those works took the position
136
401637
3219
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืงื˜ื• ื‘ืขืžื“ื”
06:44
that the Nazis were really not so bad,
137
404880
3578
ืฉื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื
06:48
and the Allies were really not so good.
138
408482
3084
ื•ืฉื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
06:51
And the Jews, whatever happened to them,
139
411590
2105
ื•ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื - ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœื”ื ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื.
06:53
they sort of deserved it.
140
413719
1310
ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื,
06:56
He knew the documents,
141
416026
1491
06:57
he knew the facts,
142
417541
1443
ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช,
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื•.
06:59
but he somehow twisted them to get this opinion.
143
419008
3172
07:02
He hadn't always been a Holocaust denier,
144
422836
2512
ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืื”,
07:05
but in the late '80s,
145
425372
1741
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
07:07
he embraced it with great vigor.
146
427137
2427
ื”ื•ื ืื™ืžืฅ ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืจื‘.
07:11
The reason I laughed also was this was a man
147
431337
3905
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืฆื—ืงืชื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”,
07:15
who not only was a Holocaust denier,
148
435266
1934
ืœื ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ-ืฉื•ืื”,
ืืœื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชื’ืื” ื‘ื›ืš.
07:17
but seemed quite proud of it.
149
437224
1695
07:18
Here was a man -- and I quote --
150
438943
1624
ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืืžืจ - ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช:
07:20
who said, "I'm going to sink the battleship Auschwitz."
151
440591
3694
"ืื ื™ ืื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ."
07:25
Here was a man
152
445165
1172
ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”
ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืขืงืขื• ืขืœ ื–ืจื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ื•ืืžืจ,
07:26
who pointed to the number tattooed on a survivor's arm and said,
153
446361
4020
07:31
"How much money have you made
154
451536
1592
"ื›ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช
07:33
from having that number tattooed on your arm?"
155
453152
3400
"ืžื›ืš ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื”ืงืขืงื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ืจื•ืขืš?"
07:37
Here was a man who said,
156
457369
1908
ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืืžืจ,
07:39
"More people died in Senator Kennedy's car
157
459301
2956
"ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ืงื ื“ื™
07:42
at Chappaquiddick
158
462281
1312
"ื‘ืฆ'ืคืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืง,
07:43
than died in gas chambers at Auschwitz."
159
463617
3314
"ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ."
07:46
That's an American reference, but you can look it up.
160
466955
2837
ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช.
ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืื™ืคื•ืง
07:51
This was not a man who seemed at all ashamed or reticent
161
471226
3014
07:54
about being a Holocaust denier.
162
474264
2069
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ-ืฉื•ืื”.
07:56
Now, lots of my academic colleagues counseled me --
163
476956
3780
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ ื”ืืงื“ืžืื™ื™ื ื™ืขืฆื• ืœื™,
08:00
"Eh, Deborah, just ignore it."
164
480760
1906
"ื“ื‘ืจื”, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืชืขืœืžื™ ืžืžื ื•."
08:02
When I explained you can't just ignore a libel suit,
165
482690
3588
ื›ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืกืชื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื”,
08:06
they said, "Who's going to believe him anyway?"
166
486302
2782
ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ืžื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื•?"
08:09
But here was the problem:
167
489603
2080
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”;
08:11
British law put the onus, put the burden of proof on me
168
491707
5308
ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืขืœื™,
ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™,
08:17
to prove the truth of what I said,
169
497039
2682
08:19
in contrast to as it would have been in the United States
170
499745
2763
ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช:
08:22
and in many other countries:
171
502532
1504
ืฉื ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื•.
08:24
on him to prove the falsehood.
172
504060
3006
08:27
What did that mean?
173
507741
1461
ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช?
08:29
That meant if I didn't fight,
174
509226
3376
ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืื ืœื ืื™ืื‘ืง,
08:32
he would win by default.
175
512626
2426
ื”ื•ื ื™ื ืฆื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™.
08:35
And if he won by default,
176
515611
1755
ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™,
08:37
he could then legitimately say,
177
517390
2641
ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™,
08:40
"My David Irving version of the Holocaust is a legitimate version.
178
520055
5336
"ื’ื™ืจืกืช ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืื™ืจื•ื™ื ื’ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื•ืื” ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช.
08:45
Deborah Lipstadt was found to have libeled me
179
525415
2184
"ื”ืจื™ ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื“ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ืคืฉื˜ืื“ื˜ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื“ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืจืขื”
08:47
when she called me a Holocaust denier.
180
527623
1947
"ื›ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื” ืื•ืชื™ 'ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ-ืฉื•ืื”'.
08:49
Ipso facto, I, David Irving, am not a Holocaust denier."
181
529594
4428
"ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืฉืื ื™, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’, ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ-ืฉื•ืื”."
ื•ืžื”ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืฉืœื•?
08:54
And what is that version?
182
534046
1712
ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
08:56
There was no plan to murder the Jews,
183
536251
2996
08:59
there were no gas chambers,
184
539271
2052
ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชืื™ ื’ื–ื™ื,
09:01
there were no mass shootings,
185
541347
1856
ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืจืฆื— ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื,
09:03
Hitler had nothing to do with any suffering that went on,
186
543227
3171
ืœื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืœืกื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื”,
09:06
and the Jews have made this all up
187
546422
3805
ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”
09:10
to get money from Germany
188
550251
2398
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื—ื•ื˜ ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ืกืฃ
09:12
and to get a state,
189
552673
1707
ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืœื”ื ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
09:14
and they've done it with the aid and abettance of the Allies --
190
554404
3377
ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื”ื ืœืžื–ื™ืžื”, ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช;
09:17
they've planted the documents and planted the evidence.
191
557805
3465
ื”ื ืฉืชืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:22
I couldn't let that stand
192
562280
2380
ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื›ืš,
09:24
and ever face a survivor
193
564684
2200
ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉื•ืื”
09:27
or a child of survivors.
194
567643
1975
ืื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื•.
09:29
I couldn't let that stand
195
569642
2152
ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื›ืš
09:31
and consider myself a responsible historian.
196
571818
4251
ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช.
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืžืื‘ืง.
09:37
So we fought.
197
577007
1745
09:38
And for those of you who haven't seen "Denial,"
198
578776
2282
ื•ืœืืœื” ืฉืœื ืฆืคื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื”ื›ื—ืฉื”" - ืื–ื”ืจืช ืกืคื•ื™ืœืจ:
09:41
spoiler alert:
199
581082
1159
09:42
we won.
200
582265
1218
ื ื™ืฆื—ื ื•.
09:43
(Laughter)
201
583507
1295
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:44
(Applause)
202
584826
2567
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:51
The judge found David Irving
203
591808
4241
ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืคืกืง ืฉื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’
09:56
to be a liar,
204
596073
3331
ืฉืงืจืŸ,
09:59
a racist,
205
599428
1163
ื’ื–ืขืŸ ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™,
10:00
an anti-Semite.
206
600615
1254
10:01
His view of history was tendentious,
207
601893
2360
ืฉื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื’ืžืชื™ืช,
10:04
he lied, he distorted --
208
604277
1926
ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืงืจ, ืขื™ื•ื•ืช--
10:06
and most importantly,
209
606227
2643
ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
10:08
he did it deliberately.
210
608894
2113
ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“.
ื”ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ืคื•ืก ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขืœ 25 ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื.
10:11
We showed a pattern, in over 25 different major instances.
211
611031
4139
10:15
Not small things -- many of us in this audience write books,
212
615194
3110
ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืœื™-ืขืจืš-- ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื•, ื›ืืŸ, ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื,
10:18
are writing books;
213
618328
1185
10:19
we always make mistakes, that's why we're glad to have second editions:
214
619537
3466
ื•ืื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื”:
ื–ืืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ.
10:23
correct the mistakes.
215
623027
1186
10:24
(Laughter)
216
624237
1150
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:26
But these always moved in the same direction:
217
626454
3136
ืื‘ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื’ืžื”:
10:30
blame the Jews,
218
630438
2211
ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
10:32
exonerate the Nazis.
219
632673
2175
ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื.
10:35
But how did we win?
220
635520
1584
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฆื—ื ื•?
ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ืข"ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
10:38
What we did is follow his footnotes back to his sources.
221
638016
5380
ื•ืžื” ืžืฆืื ื•?
10:44
And what did we find?
222
644010
1783
10:45
Not in most cases,
223
645817
1479
ืœื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
10:47
and not in the preponderance of cases,
224
647320
1968
ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
10:49
but in every single instance where he made some reference to the Holocaust,
225
649312
4311
ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื•ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื•ืื”,
10:53
that his supposed evidence was distorted,
226
653647
4242
ื”"ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”" ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ืœืคืช,
10:57
half-truth,
227
657913
1420
ืืžืช-ืœืžื—ืฆื”,
10:59
date-changed,
228
659357
1334
ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•,
11:00
sequence-changed,
229
660715
2187
ืกื“ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื•ึผื ื”,
11:02
someone put at a meeting who wasn't there.
230
662926
2124
ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ื›ื—.
11:05
In other words, he didn't have the evidence.
231
665074
2761
ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช.
11:07
His evidence didn't prove it.
232
667859
2109
ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื•.
11:09
We didn't prove what happened.
233
669992
2659
ืื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
11:13
We proved that what he said happened --
234
673448
2499
ืื ื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื” ืฉืงืจื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•--
11:15
and by extension, all deniers, because he either quotes them
235
675971
2860
ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืื•ืชื
11:18
or they get their arguments from him --
236
678855
2471
ืื• ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื˜ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื•--
11:21
is not true.
237
681350
1246
ืื™ื ื ื• ืืžืช.
11:22
What they claim --
238
682620
1189
ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก.
11:23
they don't have the evidence to prove it.
239
683833
2622
11:28
So why is my story more than just the story
240
688429
4744
ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืกืชื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
11:33
of a quirky, long, six-year, difficult lawsuit,
241
693197
3807
ืขืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื”, ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื•ืงืฉื” ื‘ืช ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
11:37
an American professor being dragged into a courtroom
242
697028
4989
ื•ืขืœ ืžืจืฆื” ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืจืช ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜
ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืกืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœืžื•ืกืŸ ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™?
11:42
by a man that the court declared in its judgment
243
702041
3044
11:45
was a neo-Nazi polemicist?
244
705109
2250
11:47
What message does it have?
245
707383
1783
ืžื” ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš?
11:49
I think in the context of the question of truth,
246
709620
2973
ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืืžืช,
11:52
it has a very significant message.
247
712617
2462
ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืกืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื,
11:55
Because today,
248
715103
1785
11:56
as we well know,
249
716912
1666
ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•,
11:58
truth and facts are under assault.
250
718602
4116
ื”ืืžืช ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžืชืงืคื”.
12:03
Social media, for all the gifts it has given us,
251
723522
3252
ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืขื ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”,
12:06
has also allowed the difference between facts -- established facts --
252
726798
5581
ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ื’ื ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช - ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช -
12:12
and lies
253
732403
1757
ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืงืจื™ื
12:14
to be flattened.
254
734184
1398
ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื”.
12:16
Third of all:
255
736810
1510
ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช:
12:18
extremism.
256
738344
1471
ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
12:20
You may not see Ku Klux Klan robes,
257
740807
3577
ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื’ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•-ืงืœื•ืงืก-ืงืœืืŸ,
12:24
you may not see burning crosses,
258
744408
2071
ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฆืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ืขืจื™ื,
12:26
you may not even hear outright white supremacist language.
259
746503
4319
ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ "ื’ื–ืข ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ".
12:30
It may go by names: "alt-right," "National Front" -- pick your names.
260
750846
4906
ืžื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” "ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™," "ื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช" - ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
12:35
But underneath, it's that same extremism that I found in Holocaust denial
261
755776
5835
ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื–ื”, ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”
12:41
parading as rational discourse.
262
761635
3394
ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื— ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™.
12:46
We live in an age where truth is on the defensive.
263
766954
5217
ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืืžืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžื’ื ื ื”.
12:52
I'm reminded of a New Yorker cartoon.
264
772195
2484
ืื ื™ ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืžื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ "ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงืจ",
12:54
A quiz show recently appeared in "The New Yorker"
265
774703
2520
ื‘"ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงืจ" ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ
12:57
where the host of the quiz show is saying to one of the contestants,
266
777247
3222
ื•ื‘ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžื ื—ื” ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืช ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื,
13:00
"Yes, ma'am, you had the right answer.
267
780493
2309
"ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื’ื‘ื™ืจืชื™, ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชืš ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
13:02
But your opponent yelled more loudly than you did,
268
782826
2493
"ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืฆืขืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง,
13:05
so he gets the point."
269
785343
1525
"ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื ืฆื—."
13:08
What can we do?
270
788048
1507
ืื– ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
13:10
First of all,
271
790377
1377
ืจืืฉื™ืช,
13:11
we cannot be beguiled by rational appearances.
272
791778
5431
ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืฉื•ืœืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื–ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช.
13:17
We've got to look underneath,
273
797233
1769
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”,
ื•ืฉื ื ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
13:19
and we will find there the extremism.
274
799026
2801
13:22
Second of all,
275
802811
1986
ืฉื ื™ืช,
13:24
we must understand that truth is not relative.
276
804821
6081
ืžื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืืžืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™.
13:32
Number three,
277
812957
1464
ืžืก' 3,
13:34
we must go on the offensive,
278
814445
3689
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืชืงืคื”,
13:38
not the defensive.
279
818158
1773
ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžื’ื ื ื”.
13:40
When someone makes an outrageous claim,
280
820496
2607
ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืขืœื” ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ืชื™,
13:43
even though they may hold one of the highest offices in the land,
281
823127
3504
ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
13:46
if not the world --
282
826655
2011
ืื ืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื--
13:48
we must say to them,
283
828690
1510
ืžื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื•,
13:50
"Where's the proof?
284
830224
1966
"ืื™ืคื” ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”?
13:52
Where's the evidence?"
285
832214
2137
"ืื™ืคื” ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช?"
13:54
We must hold their feet to the fire.
286
834375
2927
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื•ืชื—ื™ืŸ.
13:57
We must not treat it as if their lies are the same as the facts.
287
837326
4606
ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
14:03
And as I said earlier, truth is not relative.
288
843215
3540
ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจืชื™, ื”ืืžืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
14:06
Many of us have grown up in the world of the academy
289
846779
2856
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฆืžื—ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื”
14:09
and enlightened liberal thought,
290
849659
1741
ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ืื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช,
14:11
where we're taught everything is open to debate.
291
851424
2961
ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
14:14
But that's not the case.
292
854984
2014
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”.
14:17
There are certain things that are true.
293
857022
3442
ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืืžืช,
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ--
14:21
There are indisputable facts --
294
861012
3020
ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
14:24
objective truths.
295
864056
1690
14:26
Galileo taught it to us centuries ago.
296
866339
4817
ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื”ื•ืจื” ื–ืืช ืœื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
14:31
Even after being forced to recant by the Vatican
297
871180
4667
ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื— ืข"ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•,
14:35
that the Earth moved around the Sun,
298
875871
2573
ืฉื”ืืจืฅ ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
14:38
he came out,
299
878468
1154
ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื,
14:39
and what is he reported to have said?
300
879646
2310
ื•ืžื” ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ?
14:41
"And yet, it still moves."
301
881980
3822
"ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื ื•ืข ืชื ื•ืข."
ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื ื ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”,
14:47
The Earth is not flat.
302
887162
2840
ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื”.
14:50
The climate is changing.
303
890026
2290
14:53
Elvis is not alive.
304
893207
2268
ืืœื‘ื™ืก ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
14:55
(Laughter)
305
895499
1535
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:57
(Applause)
306
897058
2316
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:59
And most importantly,
307
899398
2301
ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
15:01
truth and fact are under assault.
308
901723
4649
ื”ืืžืช ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืชืงืคื”.
ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•,
15:07
The job ahead of us,
309
907109
1610
15:08
the task ahead of us,
310
908743
1203
ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•,
15:09
the challenge ahead of us
311
909970
1594
ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•
15:11
is great.
312
911588
1234
ื”ื ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื.
15:13
The time to fight is short.
313
913567
2637
ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื.
15:17
We must act now.
314
917061
2843
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืชื”.
15:20
Later will be too late.
315
920749
3245
ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
15:24
Thank you very much.
316
924018
1262
15:25
(Applause)
317
925304
4046
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7