Why language is humanity's greatest invention | David Peterson

92,398 views ใƒป 2019-10-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Hemu
00:13
Spoons.
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ื›ืคื™ื•ืช
00:16
Cardboard boxes.
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ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ
00:19
Toddler-size electric trains.
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ืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื
00:22
Holiday ornaments.
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ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ื’ื™ื
00:24
Bounce houses.
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ืžืชื ืคื—ื™ื
00:26
Blankets.
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ืฉืžื™ื›ื•ืช
00:27
Baskets.
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ืกืœื™ื
00:29
Carpets.
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ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื
00:30
Tray tables.
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ืžื’ืฉื™ื ืžืชืงืคืœื™ื
00:31
Smartphones.
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ืคืœืืคื•ื ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื
00:33
Pianos.
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ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื
00:35
Robes.
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ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื
00:36
Photographs.
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ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื
00:38
What do all of these things have in common,
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ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืืœื”,
00:40
aside from the fact they're photos that I took in the last three months,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืœื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
00:43
and therefore, own the copyright to?
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ?
00:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:47
They're all inventions
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช
00:48
that were created with the benefit of language.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืคื”.
00:52
None of these things would have existed without language.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืฉืคื”.
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืืœื”
00:55
Imagine creating any one of those things
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00:57
or, like, building an entire building like this,
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ืื•, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
01:00
without being able to use language
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ืœืœื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื”
01:02
or without benefiting from any knowledge that was got by the use of language.
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ืื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื”.
01:06
Basically, language is the most important thing
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:11
in the entire world.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:12
All of our civilization rests upon it.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉืชืชื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”.
01:15
And those who devote their lives to studying it --
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœื—ืงื™ืจืชื” --
01:17
both how language emerged, how human languages differ,
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ืื™ืš ื”ืฉืคื” ื ื•ืฆืจื”, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
01:22
how they differ from animal communication systems --
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ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช --
01:25
are linguists.
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ื”ื ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื.
01:27
Formal linguistics is a relatively young field, more or less.
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ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:33
And it's uncovered a lot of really important stuff.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉืคื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:35
Like, for example, that human communication systems
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ื›ืžื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
01:38
differ crucially from animal communication systems,
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ื”ื™ื ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
01:40
that all languages are equally expressive,
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืขึธืชึดื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”,
01:43
even if they do it in different ways.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:45
And yet, despite this,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช,
01:49
there are a lot of people who just love to pop off about language
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืฉืงืฉ ืขืœ ืฉืคื”
01:53
like they have an equal understanding of it as a linguist,
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื‘ืœืฉืŸ,
01:57
because, of course, they speak a language.
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ื›ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคื”.
01:59
And if you speak a language, that means you have just as much right
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืคื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช
02:02
to talk about its function as anybody else.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ.
02:04
Imagine if you were talking to a surgeon,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื ืชื—,
02:06
and you say, "Listen, buddy.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืชืงืฉื™ื‘, ื—ื‘ืจ.
02:08
I've had a heart for, like, 40 years now.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืœื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื”.
02:10
I think I know a thing or two about aortic valve replacements.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขืงืคื™ื.
02:13
I think my opinion is just as valid as yours."
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืš".
02:15
And yet, that's exactly what happens.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
02:17
This is Neil deGrasse Tyson, saying that in the film "Arrival,"
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ืœ ื“ื’ืจืืกื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ",
02:21
he would have brought a cryptographer --
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืฃ --
02:24
somebody who can unscramble a message in a language they already know --
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขื ื— ืžืกืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจ --
02:27
rather than a linguist,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืœืฉืŸ,
02:29
to communicate with the aliens,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื,
02:30
because what would a linguist --
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืฉืŸ --
02:33
why would that be useful in talking to somebody
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ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
02:35
speaking a language we don't even know?
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ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืคื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื?
02:37
Though, of course, the "Arrival" film is not off the hook.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ "ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ" ืœื ื—ืฃ ืžืคืฉืข.
02:40
I mean, come on -- listen, film. Hey, buddy:
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื‘ืืžืช -- ืชืงืฉื™ื‘, ืกืจื˜, ื—ื‘ืจ:
02:42
there are aliens that come down to our planet in gigantic ships,
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช,
02:45
and they want to do nothing except for communicate with us,
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ,
02:48
and you hire one linguist?
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ื•ืืชื ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืฉืŸ ืื—ื“?
02:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:52
What's the US government on a budget or something?
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ืžื” ืคืชืื•ื ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืื• ืžืฉื”ื•?
02:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:56
A lot of these things can be chalked up to misunderstandings,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”,
02:59
both about what language is and about the formal study of language,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื”ื™ ืฉืคื” ื•ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืคื”,
03:03
about linguistics.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช.
03:05
And I think there's something that underlies a lot of these misunderstandings
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื”
03:10
that can be summed up by this delightful article in "Forbes,"
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื›ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ืž"ืคื•ืจื‘ืก",
03:14
about why high school students shouldn't learn foreign languages.
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ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืœืคื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช.
03:18
I'm going to pull out some quotes from this,
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ืื ื™ ืืฉืœื•ืฃ ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื”,
03:20
and I want you to see if you can figure out
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช
03:22
what underlies some of these opinions and ideas.
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ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
03:26
"Americans rarely read the classics, even in translation."
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"ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช".
03:31
So in other words, why bother learning a foreign language
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ืื– ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœืžื” ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื” ื–ืจื”
03:33
when they're not even going to read the classic in the original anyway?
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืžืžื™ืœื?
03:37
What's the point?
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ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช?
03:38
"Studying foreign languages in school is a waste of time,
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"ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื” ื–ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ,
03:41
compared to other things that you could be doing in school."
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ".
03:45
"Europe has a lot of language groups clustered in a relatively small space."
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"ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคืชื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงื˜ืŸ".
03:49
So for Americans, ah, what's the point of learning another language?
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ืื– ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืคื”?
03:53
You're not really going to get a lot of bang for your buck out of that.
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ืืชื” ืœื ืชืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš.
03:56
This is my favorite,
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ื–ื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื™,
03:57
"A student in Birmingham would have to travel
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"ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจืžื™ื ื’ื”ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื ืกื•ืข
ื›-1600 ืง"ืž ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•,
04:00
about a thousand miles to get to the Mexican border,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื–, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ."
04:02
and even then, there would be enough people who speak English to get around."
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04:06
In other words, if you can kind of wave your arms around,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืคื ืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
04:09
and you can get to where you're going,
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”,
04:11
then there's really no point in learning another language anyway.
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ืื– ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
04:14
What underlies a lot of these attitudes is the conceptual metaphor,
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™,
04:19
language is a tool.
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ืฉืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™.
04:20
And there's something that rings very true about this metaphor.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื–ื” ืืžืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
04:23
Language is kind of a tool
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ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™
04:25
in that, if you know the local language, you can do more than if you didn't.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืชื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจ.
04:28
But the implication is that language is only a tool,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืœื™,
04:31
and this is absolutely false.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:33
If language was a tool, it would honestly be a pretty poor tool.
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ืื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืœื™, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœื™ ื“ื™ ืขืœื•ื‘.
04:37
And we would have abandoned it long ago for something that was a lot better.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืžื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜.
04:40
Think about just any sentence.
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04:42
Here's a sentence that I'm sure I've said in my life: "Yesterday I saw Kyn."
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ื”ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™: "ืืชืžื•ืœ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืงื™ืŸ".
ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืฉืžื• ืงื™ืŸ.
04:46
I have a friend named Kyn.
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04:47
And when I say this sentence, "Yesterday I saw Kyn,"
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜: "ืืชืžื•ืœ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืงื™ืŸ",
04:50
do you think it's really the case
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
04:51
that everything in my mind is now implanted in your mind
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื
04:55
via this sentence?
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”?
04:56
Hardly, because there's a lot of other stuff going on.
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ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื.
04:58
Like, when I say "yesterday,"
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ "ืืชืžื•ืœ",
05:00
I might think what the weather was like yesterday because I was there.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืืชืžื•ืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื.
05:03
And if I'm remembering,
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ื ื–ื›ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
05:04
I'll probably remember there was something I forgot to mail, which I did.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื— ื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ, ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืฉื›ื—ืชื™.
05:08
This was a preplanned joke, but I really did forget to mail something.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ.
05:11
And so that means I'm going to have to do it Monday,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™,
05:14
because that's when I'm going to get back home.
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ื›ื™ ืื– ืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
05:16
And of course, when I think of Monday,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™,
05:18
I'll think of "Manic Monday" by the Bangles. It's a good song.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ "Manic Monday" ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ื”ื‘ืื ื’ืœืก, ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:21
And when I say the word "saw," I think of this phrase:
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืจืื™ืชื™", ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”:
05:24
"'I see!' said the blind man as he picked up his hammer and saw."
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"ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื”!" ืืžืจ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืจ ืฉืœื• (ื’ื: "ืจืื”").
05:27
I always do.
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ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "saw" ืื• ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื”, ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
05:29
Anytime I hear the word "saw" or say it, I always think of that,
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ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื•, ืื– ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™.
05:32
because my grandfather always used to say it,
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05:34
so it makes me think of my grandfather.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœ"Manic Monday" ืžืฉื•ื ืžื”.
05:36
And we're back to "Manic Monday" again, for some reason.
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05:38
And with Kyn, when I'm saying something like, "Yesterday I saw Kyn,"
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ื•ืขื ืงื™ืŸ, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• "ืืชืžื•ืœ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืงื™ืŸ"
05:42
I'll think of the circumstances under which I saw him.
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ืื ื™ ืื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•.
05:45
And this happened to be that day. Here he is with my cat.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื. ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ืฉืœื™.
05:48
And of course, if I'm thinking of Kyn,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืงื™ืŸ,
05:49
I'll think he's going to Long Beach State right now,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘"ืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜" ื›ื™ื•ื,
ื•ืื ื™ ืื–ื›ืจ ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžื ืฉืœื™
05:52
and I'll remember that my good friend John and my mother
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ื‘"ืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜",
05:55
both graduated from Long Beach State,
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ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืฉื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
05:56
my cousin Katie is going to Long Beach State right now.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœ"Manic Monday".
05:59
And it's "Manic Monday" again.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื›ื
06:01
But this is just a fraction of what's going on in your head
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06:03
at any given time while you are speaking.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:06
And all we have to represent the entire mess
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ
06:08
that is going on in our head, is this.
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื•ื ื–ื”.
06:11
I mean, that's all we got.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
06:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:14
Is it any wonder that our system is so poor?
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ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืœื•ื‘ื”?
06:16
So imagine, if I can give you an analogy,
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ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”,
06:19
imagine if you wanted to know what is it like to eat a cake,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื•ื’ื”,
06:22
if instead of just eating the cake,
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ืื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื•ื’ื”,
06:25
you instead had to ingest the ingredients of a cake,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ื’ื”
06:28
one by one,
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ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™,
06:29
along with instructions
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
06:31
about how these ingredients can be combined to form a cake.
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ืœืื™ืš ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ื’ื”.
06:34
You had to eat the instructions, too.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช.
06:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:37
If that was how we had to experience cake,
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ืื ื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื”,
06:39
we would never eat cake.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืขื•ื’ื” ืœืขื•ืœื.
06:42
And yet, language is the only way -- the only way --
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” -- ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” --
06:46
that we can figure out what is going on here, in our minds.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
06:50
This is our interiority,
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ื–ื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
06:52
the thing that makes us human,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
06:53
the thing that makes us different from other animals,
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ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
06:56
is all inside here somewhere,
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ื”ื›ืœ ื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืคืฉื”ื•,
06:58
and all we have to do to represent it is our own languages.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:02
A language is our best way of showing what's going on in our head.
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ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:05
Imagine if I wanted to ask a big question, like:
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืžื•:
"ืžื” ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™?"
07:08
"What is the nature of human thought and emotion?"
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07:10
What you'd want to do
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ืžื” ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชืขืฉื•
07:11
is you'd want to examine as many different languages
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ื–ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืคื•ืช
07:14
as possible.
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
07:16
One isn't just going to do it.
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ืฉืคื” ืื—ืช ืœื ืชืกืคื™ืง.
07:18
To give you an example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
07:19
here's a picture I took of little Roman,
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ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ,
07:22
that I took with a 12-megapixel camera.
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฆืœืžื” ืฉืœ 12 ืžื’ื” ืคื™ืงืกืœ.
07:25
Now, here's that same picture with a lot fewer pixels.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื.
07:29
Obviously, neither of these pictures is a real cat.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ืชื•ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™.
07:33
But one gives you a lot better sense of what a cat is than the other.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืชื•ืœ.
07:38
Language is not merely a tool.
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ืฉืคื” ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ื›ืœื™.
07:40
It is our legacy,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:41
it's our way of conveying what it means to be human.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
07:44
And of course, by "our" legacy, I mean all humans everywhere.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช "ืฉืœื ื•", ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื.
07:48
And losing even one language makes that picture a lot less clear.
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ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืคื” ืื—ืช ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.
07:53
So as a job for the past 10 years
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ืื–, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
07:57
and also as recreation, just for fun,
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ืื™, ืœื›ื™ืฃ,
08:01
I create languages.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืคื•ืช.
08:02
These are called "conlangs,"
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืŸ "Conlangs"
08:04
short for "constructed languages."
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ "ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช".
08:06
Now, presenting these facts back to back,
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ืื ื ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื–ื• ืœืฆื“ ื–ื•,
08:09
that we're losing languages on our planet
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•,
08:11
and that I create brand-new languages,
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ื•ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
08:12
you might think that there's some nonsuperficial connection
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื
08:15
between these two.
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08:16
In fact, a lot of people have drawn a line between those dots.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืงื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
08:19
This is a guy who got all bent out of shape
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ื”ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืžืžืฉ ื”ืชืขืฆื‘ืŸ
08:21
that there was a conlang in James Cameron's "Avatar."
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืคื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืื•ื•ืื˜ืจ" ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืงืžืจื•ืŸ.
08:24
He says,
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ,
08:26
"But in the three years it took James Cameron
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"ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืงื— ืœื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืงืžืจื•ืŸ
08:28
to get Avatar to the screen, a language died."
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช 'ืื•ื•ื˜ืืจ' ืœืžืกืš, ืžืชื” ืฉืคื”".
08:30
Probably a lot more than that, actually.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
08:32
"Na'vi, alas, won't fill the hole where it used to be ..."
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"'ื ืื•ื•ื™', ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื”..."
08:36
A truly profound and poignant statement --
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ืืžื™ืจื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื‘ืืžืช --
08:38
if you don't think about it at all.
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ืื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
08:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:42
But when I was here at Cal,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
08:44
I completed two majors.
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ื”ืฉืœืžืชื™ ืฉื ื™ ืชืืจื™ื.
08:46
One of them was linguistics, but the other one was English.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
08:48
And of course, the English major, the study of English,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
08:51
is not actually the study of the English language, as we know,
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ืื™ื ื• ื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
ื–ื”ื• ื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช.
08:54
it's the study of literature.
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08:55
Literature is just a wonderful thing,
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ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคืœื
08:57
because basically, literature, more broadly, is kind of like art;
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
09:01
it falls under the rubric of art.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช.
09:03
And what we do with literature,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช,
09:04
authors create new, entire beings and histories.
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ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
09:09
And it's interesting to us to see
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ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช
09:12
what kind of depth and emotion and just unique spirit
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ืื™ืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืง ื•ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืจื•ื— ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช
09:18
authors can invest into these fictional beings.
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ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
09:20
So much so, that, I mean -- take a look at this.
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉ-- ืชืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”.
09:23
There's an entire series of books
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื
09:25
that are written about fictional characters.
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ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
09:27
Like, the entire book is just about one fictional, fake human being.
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ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืžืฆืืช ืื—ืช.
09:31
There's an entire book on George F. Babbitt
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ื™ืฉ ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืค. ื‘ืื‘ื™ื˜
09:34
from Sinclair Lewis's "Babbitt,"
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ืžืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ืจ ืœื•ืื™ืก "ื‘ืื‘ื™ื˜",
09:35
and I guarantee you, that book is longer than "Babbitt,"
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž"ื‘ืื‘ื™ื˜",
09:38
which is a short book.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ืงืฆืจ.
09:39
Does anybody even remember that one?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืื•ืชื•? ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘,
09:41
It's pretty good, I actually think it's better than "Main Street."
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืž"Main Street" -- ื–ื• ื“ืขืชื™.
09:44
That's my hot take.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคืงืคืงื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:46
So we've never questioned the fact that literature is interesting.
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09:50
But despite the fact,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช,
09:52
not even linguists are actually interested in what created languages can tell us
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•
09:56
about the depth of the human spirit just as an artistic endeavor.
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ืขืœ ืขื•ืžืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ืžืืžืฅ ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™.
10:00
I'll give you a nice little example here.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืคื”,
10:03
There was an article written about me
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ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœื™ ื›ืชื‘ื”
10:06
in the California alumni magazine a while back.
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”.
10:09
And when they wrote this article,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช
10:10
they wanted to get somebody from the opposing side,
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ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™,
10:13
which, in hindsight, seems like a weird thing to do.
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ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
10:15
You're just talking about a person,
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ื›ืฉื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื
10:17
and you want to get somebody from the opposing side of that person.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื.
10:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:21
Essentially, this is just a puff piece, but whatever.
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ื–ืืช ืจืง ื›ืชื‘ืช ืคื ืื™, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
10:24
So, they happened to get
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ืื–, ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•
10:26
one of the most brilliant linguists of our time,
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ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•,
10:29
George Lakoff, who's a linguist here at Berkeley.
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ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืœื™ื™ืงื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืฉืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจืงืœื™.
10:32
And his work has basically forever changed the fields of linguistics
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืœืขื“ ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช
10:35
and cognitive science.
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ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
10:37
And when asked about my work and about language creation in general,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
10:40
he said, "But there's a lot of things to be done in the study of language.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช... ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉืคื”.
10:44
You should spend the time on something real."
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ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืืžื™ืชื™".
10:47
Yeah.
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ื›ืŸ, "ืžืฉื”ื• ืืžื™ืชื™", ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื•?
10:48
"Something real." Does this remind you of anything?
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10:50
To use the very framework that he himself invented,
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ืื ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืžืฆื™ื,
10:54
let me refer back to this conceptual metaphor:
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื• ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™:
10:57
language is a tool.
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ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™.
10:58
And he appears to be laboring under this conceptual metaphor;
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืชื—ืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™;
11:02
that is, language is useful when it can be used for communication.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
11:06
Language is useless when it can't be used for communication.
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ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ื›ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
11:09
It might make you wonder: What do we do with dead languages?
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ื™ื”: ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช?
11:12
But anyway.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
11:13
So, because of this idea,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื–ืืช,
11:15
it might seem like the very height of absurdity
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“
11:18
to have a Duolingo course on the High Valyrian language
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘"ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื•" ืงื•ืจืก ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืืœืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
11:22
that I created for HBO's "Game of Thrones."
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ืฉื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื“ืจื” "ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื›ืก" ืฉืœ HBO.
11:24
You might wonder what, exactly, are 740,000 people learning?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืžื” 740,000 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื?
11:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:31
Well, let's take a look at it.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื ื ืจืื”.
11:33
What are they learning?
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ืžื” ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช?
11:35
What could they possibly be learning?
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ืžื” ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ?
11:37
Well, bearing in mind that the other language for this --
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ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ --
11:40
it's for people that speak English --
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช --
11:43
English speakers are learning quite a bit.
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ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
11:45
Here's a sentence that they will probably never use for communication
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ื”ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
11:48
in their entire lives:
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ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื:
11:49
"Vala ฤbre urnes."
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"ื•ืืœื ืื‘ืจื” ืื•ืจื ืก".
11:51
"The man sees the woman."
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"ื”ืื™ืฉ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”".
11:52
The little middle line is the gloss,
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ื•ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– (ืื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉื” ืจื•ืื”)
11:54
so it's word for word, that's what it says.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™, ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื”.
11:56
And they're actually learning some very fascinating things,
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ื•ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจืชืงื™ื
11:59
especially if they're English speakers.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื”ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
12:01
They're learning that a verb can come at the very end of a sentence.
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ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
12:04
Doesn't really do that in English when you have two arguments.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฉืื™ื.
12:07
They're learning that sometimes
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ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื
12:09
a language doesn't have an equivalent for the word "the" -- it's totally absent.
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ืœืฉืคื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื™ืœื” "the" - ื”ื™ื ื ืขื“ืจืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
12:13
That's something language can do.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉืคื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
12:15
They're learning that a long vowel can actually be longer in duration,
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ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืจืฆืฃ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:18
as opposed to different in quality,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื‘ืขืœืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”,
12:20
which is what our long vowels do; they're actually the same length.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื•ืช; ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืจืš.
12:24
They're learning that there are these little inflections.
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ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช.
12:27
Hmm? Hmm?
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ื”ืžืž? ื”ืžืž?
12:28
There are inflections called "cases" on the end of nouns --
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช "ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช" ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื --
12:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:33
that tell you who does what to whom in a sentence.
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ืฉืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื” ืœืžื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜.
12:36
Even if you leave the order of the words the same
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืชืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื–ื”ื”
12:39
and switch the endings,
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ื•ืชื—ืœื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช,
12:41
it changes who does what to whom.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืžื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื” ืœืžื™.
12:44
What they're learning is that languages do things, the same things, differently.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉืคื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”.
12:50
And that learning languages can be fun.
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ื•ืฉืœืžื™ื“ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืคื™ืช.
12:53
What they're learning is respect for Language: capital "L" Language.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืฉืคื”.
12:57
And given the fact that 88 percent of Americans only speak English at home,
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ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉ-88 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืง ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
13:01
I don't think that's necessarily a bad thing.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—.
13:04
You know why languages die on our planet?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•?
13:08
It's not because government imposes one language on a smaller group,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื•ืคื” ืฉืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜,
13:14
or because an entire group of speakers is wiped out.
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ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคื” ื ืžื—ืงืช.
13:16
That certainly has happened in the past, and it's happening now,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืงืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื,
13:19
but it's not the main reason.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.
13:22
The main reason is that a child is born to a family
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”
13:25
that speaks a language that is not widely spoken in their community,
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ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื,
13:28
and that child doesn't learn it.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื ืœื•ืžื“ ืื•ืชื”.
13:30
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
13:31
Because that language is not valued in their community.
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ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืคื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื.
13:36
Because the language isn't useful.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช,
13:38
Because the child can't go and get a job if they speak that language.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ืืช.
13:43
Because if language is just a tool,
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ื›ื™ ืื ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืœื™,
13:47
then learning their native language
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ืื– ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืฉืคืช ื”ืื ืฉืœื•
13:49
is about as useful as learning High Valyrian,
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื•ืืœืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
13:51
so why bother?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื˜ืจื•ื—?
13:55
Now ...
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•...
13:58
Maybe language study isn't going to lead to a lot more linguistic fluency.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืฉืคื” ืœื ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:02
But maybe that's not such a big deal.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื–ื” ื ื•ืจื.
14:05
Maybe if more people are studying more languages,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืคื•ืช
14:08
it will lead to more linguistic tolerance
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:11
and less linguistic imperialism.
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ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืœืฉื•ื ื™.
14:13
Maybe if we actually respect language for what it is --
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื --
14:16
literally, the greatest invention in the history of humankind --
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ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•,
14:21
then in the future,
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ืื– ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
14:23
we can celebrate endangered languages as living languages,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื›ืฉืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช,
14:27
as opposed to museum pieces.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ.
14:29
(High Valyrian) Kirimvose. Thank you.
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ืงืจื™ืžื‘ื•ืกื” (ื•ืืœืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”) ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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