Why language is humanity's greatest invention | David Peterson

92,542 views ใƒป 2019-10-25

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Yunjung Nam ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
Spoons.
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์ˆŸ๊ฐ€๋ฝ
00:16
Cardboard boxes.
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ํฌ์žฅ ๋ฐ•์Šค
00:19
Toddler-size electric trains.
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์•„๋™์šฉ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ
00:22
Holiday ornaments.
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ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์žฅ์‹
00:24
Bounce houses.
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๋ฐ”์šด์Šค ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค
00:26
Blankets.
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๋‹ด์š”
00:27
Baskets.
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๋ฐ”๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ
00:29
Carpets.
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์นดํŽซ
00:30
Tray tables.
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ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”
00:31
Smartphones.
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์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ
00:33
Pianos.
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ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ
00:35
Robes.
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๊ฐ€์šด
00:36
Photographs.
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์‚ฌ์ง„
00:38
What do all of these things have in common,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์€,
00:40
aside from the fact they're photos that I took in the last three months,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์„ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„ ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด๊ณ ,
00:43
and therefore, own the copyright to?
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ๋„ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
00:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:47
They're all inventions
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
00:48
that were created with the benefit of language.
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์–ธ์–ด ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
None of these things would have existed without language.
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์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
Imagine creating any one of those things
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๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:57
or, like, building an entire building like this,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:00
without being able to use language
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์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
01:02
or without benefiting from any knowledge that was got by the use of language.
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ํ˜น์€ ์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์Šต๋“ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:06
Basically, language is the most important thing
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์–ธ์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:11
in the entire world.
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01:12
All of our civilization rests upon it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ์–ธ์–ด์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:15
And those who devote their lives to studying it --
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์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ „๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
01:17
both how language emerged, how human languages differ,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€,
01:22
how they differ from animal communication systems --
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๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”
01:25
are linguists.
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์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
01:27
Formal linguistics is a relatively young field, more or less.
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ํ˜•์‹์  ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ด๋ž€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์•ผ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
01:33
And it's uncovered a lot of really important stuff.
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์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
Like, for example, that human communication systems
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š”
01:38
differ crucially from animal communication systems,
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๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ,
01:40
that all languages are equally expressive,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋ก ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ์ง€๋ผ๋„
01:43
even if they do it in different ways.
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๋™์ผํ•œ ์ •๋„์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
01:45
And yet, despite this,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:49
there are a lot of people who just love to pop off about language
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์„œ์Šด์—†์ด ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•˜์ฃ .
01:53
like they have an equal understanding of it as a linguist,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
01:57
because, of course, they speak a language.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:59
And if you speak a language, that means you have just as much right
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์–ด๋–ค ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ค„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
02:02
to talk about its function as anybody else.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธด ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:04
Imagine if you were talking to a surgeon,
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
02:06
and you say, "Listen, buddy.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
I've had a heart for, like, 40 years now.
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"์ €, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์„ 40๋…„์ฏค ์จ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:10
I think I know a thing or two about aortic valve replacements.
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๋Œ€๋™๋งฅ ํŒ๋ง‰ ๊ต์ฒด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
02:13
I think my opinion is just as valid as yours."
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์ œ ์˜๊ฒฌ๋„ ๋‹น์‹ ๋งŒํผ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
02:15
And yet, that's exactly what happens.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:17
This is Neil deGrasse Tyson, saying that in the film "Arrival,"
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๋‹ ๋””๊ทธ๋ผ์Šค ํƒ€์ด์Šจ์€ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ปจํƒํŠธ"๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”์—์„œ,
02:21
he would have brought a cryptographer --
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์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ๊ณผ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
02:24
somebody who can unscramble a message in a language they already know --
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์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์•”ํ˜ธํ•ด๋…์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™”์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
02:27
rather than a linguist,
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์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ
02:29
to communicate with the aliens,
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๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก์š”.
02:30
because what would a linguist --
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์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๊ณผ์—ฐ
02:33
why would that be useful in talking to somebody
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์™€
02:35
speaking a language we don't even know?
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๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:37
Though, of course, the "Arrival" film is not off the hook.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , "์ปจํƒํŠธ"๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
02:40
I mean, come on -- listen, film. Hey, buddy:
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์ œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊น, ์ด ์˜ํ™”์—์„œ
02:42
there are aliens that come down to our planet in gigantic ships,
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:45
and they want to do nothing except for communicate with us,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑด ๋ง๊ณ  ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:48
and you hire one linguist?
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์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ช… ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”?
02:51
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:52
What's the US government on a budget or something?
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ •๋„ ๋˜์ฃ ?
02:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:56
A lot of these things can be chalked up to misunderstandings,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์˜คํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค์ฃ .
02:59
both about what language is and about the formal study of language,
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์–ธ์–ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๊ณ , ์–ธ์–ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ธ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
03:03
about linguistics.
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03:05
And I think there's something that underlies a lot of these misunderstandings
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜คํ•ด์˜ ์ €๋ณ€์— ๊น”๋ ค์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:10
that can be summed up by this delightful article in "Forbes,"
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ "ํฌ๋ธŒ์Šค"์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ์ž˜ ์š”์•ฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
about why high school students shouldn't learn foreign languages.
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์™œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
03:18
I'm going to pull out some quotes from this,
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์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์„ ์ธ์šฉํ• ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
and I want you to see if you can figure out
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜์„œ ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ
03:22
what underlies some of these opinions and ideas.
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์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ์ €๋ณ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.
03:26
"Americans rarely read the classics, even in translation."
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"๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ์ „์„ ์ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ณธ ์กฐ์ฐจ ์ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค."
03:31
So in other words, why bother learning a foreign language
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๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ณ ์ „์„ ์›์–ด๋กœ ์ฝ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์„ํ…๋ฐ
03:33
when they're not even going to read the classic in the original anyway?
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์™œ ๊ตณ์ด ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:37
What's the point?
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์Ÿ์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:38
"Studying foreign languages in school is a waste of time,
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"ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‚ญ๋น„์ด๋‹ค.
03:41
compared to other things that you could be doing in school."
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ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค."
03:45
"Europe has a lot of language groups clustered in a relatively small space."
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"์œ ๋Ÿฝ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์กฐ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์žˆ๋‹ค."
03:49
So for Americans, ah, what's the point of learning another language?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊น ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์€, ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์„œ ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:53
You're not really going to get a lot of bang for your buck out of that.
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์„ฑ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:56
This is my favorite,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€,
03:57
"A student in Birmingham would have to travel
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"๋ฒ„๋ฐํ–„ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚˜
04:00
about a thousand miles to get to the Mexican border,
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์ฒœ ๋งˆ์ผ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ• ํ…๋ฐ
04:02
and even then, there would be enough people who speak English to get around."
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
04:06
In other words, if you can kind of wave your arms around,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํŒ”์„ ํ”๋“ค๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:09
and you can get to where you're going,
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์–ด๋””๋“ ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:11
then there's really no point in learning another language anyway.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:14
What underlies a lot of these attitudes is the conceptual metaphor,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํƒœ๋„ ์ด๋ฉด์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋น„์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:19
language is a tool.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
And there's something that rings very true about this metaphor.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋งž๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
Language is kind of a tool
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ์ฃ .
04:25
in that, if you know the local language, you can do more than if you didn't.
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๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:28
But the implication is that language is only a tool,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€
04:31
and this is absolutely false.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
If language was a tool, it would honestly be a pretty poor tool.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋ฉด, ์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•ด ์ •๋ง ํ˜•ํŽธ์—†๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ์ฃ .
04:37
And we would have abandoned it long ago for something that was a lot better.
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์ข€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์— ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ํ˜•ํŽธ์—†์–ด์š”.
04:40
Think about just any sentence.
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๋ฌธ์žฅ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:42
Here's a sentence that I'm sure I've said in my life: "Yesterday I saw Kyn."
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์–ด์ œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ‚จ์„ ๋ดค๋‹ค."
04:46
I have a friend named Kyn.
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ํ‚จ์€ ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:47
And when I say this sentence, "Yesterday I saw Kyn,"
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"์–ด์ œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ‚จ์„ ๋ดค๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ,
04:50
do you think it's really the case
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
04:51
that everything in my mind is now implanted in your mind
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์ œ ๋งˆ์Œ ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ ์†์— ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
04:55
via this sentence?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”?
04:56
Hardly, because there's a lot of other stuff going on.
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์ „ํ˜€์š”. ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:58
Like, when I say "yesterday,"
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์ œ๊ฐ€ "์–ด์ œ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ,
05:00
I might think what the weather was like yesterday because I was there.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์–ด์ œ ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋• ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:03
And if I'm remembering,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:04
I'll probably remember there was something I forgot to mail, which I did.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊นœ๋นกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์†Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:08
This was a preplanned joke, but I really did forget to mail something.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„ํšํ•œ ๋†๋‹ด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์†Œํฌ ๋ถ€์น  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นœ๋นกํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:11
And so that means I'm going to have to do it Monday,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์›”์š”์ผ์— ์†Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ณ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
because that's when I'm going to get back home.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:16
And of course, when I think of Monday,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์›”์š”์ผ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ,
05:18
I'll think of "Manic Monday" by the Bangles. It's a good song.
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๋ฑ…๊ธ€์Šค์˜ "๋ฐ”์œ ์›”์š”์ผ"์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฃ . ์ข‹์€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์ฃ .
05:21
And when I say the word "saw," I think of this phrase:
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์ œ๊ฐ€ "๋ดค๋‹ค" ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
05:24
"'I see!' said the blind man as he picked up his hammer and saw."
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"๊ทธ ๋ˆˆ๋จผ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ง์น˜์™€ ํ†ฑ์„ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์š”! ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ ."
05:27
I always do.
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์ €๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
Anytime I hear the word "saw" or say it, I always think of that,
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"๋ดค๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งˆ๋‹ค, ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”.
05:32
because my grandfather always used to say it,
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ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ ๋ง์”€์„ ํ•˜์…จ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:34
so it makes me think of my grandfather.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
And we're back to "Manic Monday" again, for some reason.
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"๋ฐ”์œ ์›”์š”์ผ"๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
05:38
And with Kyn, when I'm saying something like, "Yesterday I saw Kyn,"
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์ œ๊ฐ€ "์–ด์ œ ํ‚จ์„ ๋ดค๋‹ค."๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
05:42
I'll think of the circumstances under which I saw him.
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ดค๋˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:45
And this happened to be that day. Here he is with my cat.
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์‚ฌ์ง„ ์† ๊ทธ๋‚  ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚จ์ด ์ œ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:48
And of course, if I'm thinking of Kyn,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ‚จ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ๋•Œ,
05:49
I'll think he's going to Long Beach State right now,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋กฑ๋น„์น˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:52
and I'll remember that my good friend John and my mother
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์นœ๊ตฌ ์กด๊ณผ ์ €ํฌ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋„ ๊ทธ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
both graduated from Long Beach State,
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05:56
my cousin Katie is going to Long Beach State right now.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ œ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ์ธ ์ผ€์ดํ‹ฐ๋„ ๊ทธ ํ•™๊ต์— ์žฌํ•™์ค‘์ด์ฃ .
05:59
And it's "Manic Monday" again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ "๋ฐ”์œ ์›”์š”์ผ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
But this is just a fraction of what's going on in your head
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฑด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํŠน์ • ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—
06:03
at any given time while you are speaking.
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์†์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์ฃ .
06:06
And all we have to represent the entire mess
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์†์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์—‰๋ง์ง„์ฐฝ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„
06:08
that is going on in our head, is this.
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์ž˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ• ์ผ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
I mean, that's all we got.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ „๋ถ€์ฃ .
06:13
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:14
Is it any wonder that our system is so poor?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์–ธ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํŽธ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์˜๋ฌธ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‚˜์š”?
06:16
So imagine, if I can give you an analogy,
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์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
06:19
imagine if you wanted to know what is it like to eat a cake,
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์ผ€์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
06:22
if instead of just eating the cake,
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์ผ€์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—,
06:25
you instead had to ingest the ingredients of a cake,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ผ€์ดํฌ ๋งŒ๋“  ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋จน์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”.
06:28
one by one,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ
06:29
along with instructions
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์ง€์‹œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
06:31
about how these ingredients can be combined to form a cake.
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์ด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ ์ผ€์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
06:34
You had to eat the instructions, too.
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์„ค๋ช…์„œ๋„ ๋จน์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:37
If that was how we had to experience cake,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ€์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
06:39
we would never eat cake.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ผ€์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:42
And yet, language is the only way -- the only way --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ ์†์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฉด
06:46
that we can figure out what is going on here, in our minds.
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์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ผํ•œ, ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:50
This is our interiority,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ,
06:52
the thing that makes us human,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:53
the thing that makes us different from other animals,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:56
is all inside here somewhere,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
06:58
and all we have to do to represent it is our own languages.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:02
A language is our best way of showing what's going on in our head.
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ฃ .
07:05
Imagine if I wanted to ask a big question, like:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ด์š”.
07:08
"What is the nature of human thought and emotion?"
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"์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ๊ฐ์ •์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?"
07:10
What you'd want to do
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„
07:11
is you'd want to examine as many different languages
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
as possible.
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์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ์š”.
07:16
One isn't just going to do it.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š์„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:18
To give you an example,
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์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
07:19
here's a picture I took of little Roman,
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๋กœ๋งŒ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์‹œ์ ˆ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
that I took with a 12-megapixel camera.
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12๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ํ”ฝ์…€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐ์€ ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
07:25
Now, here's that same picture with a lot fewer pixels.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
Obviously, neither of these pictures is a real cat.
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ง„์งœ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
07:33
But one gives you a lot better sense of what a cat is than the other.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:38
Language is not merely a tool.
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
It is our legacy,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
it's our way of conveying what it means to be human.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์ฃ .
07:44
And of course, by "our" legacy, I mean all humans everywhere.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , "์šฐ๋ฆฌ"์˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ• ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
And losing even one language makes that picture a lot less clear.
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์–ธ์–ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์„ ๋ช…๋„๋Š” ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
So as a job for the past 10 years
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์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ €๋Š” ์ง์—…์œผ๋กœ
07:57
and also as recreation, just for fun,
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์ทจ๋ฏธ๋กœ, ํ˜น์€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋กœ,
08:01
I create languages.
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์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
These are called "conlangs,"
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"์ฝ˜๋žญ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ,
08:04
short for "constructed languages."
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"์ธ๊ณต ์–ธ์–ด"๋ฅผ ์ค„์ธ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
08:06
Now, presenting these facts back to back,
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์ด์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆดํ…๋ฐ์š”.
08:09
that we're losing languages on our planet
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ
08:11
and that I create brand-new languages,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์„์š”.
08:12
you might think that there's some nonsuperficial connection
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์ด ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ
08:15
between these two.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ,
08:16
In fact, a lot of people have drawn a line between those dots.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์„ ์„ ๊ทธ์–ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
This is a guy who got all bent out of shape
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์–ด๋–ค ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
that there was a conlang in James Cameron's "Avatar."
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์ œ์ž„์Šค ์นด๋ฉ”๋ก  ๊ฐ๋…์˜ "์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€"์—์„œ ์ฝ˜๋žญ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
08:24
He says,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ,
08:26
"But in the three years it took James Cameron
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"์ œ์ž„์Šค ์นด๋ฉ”๋ก  ๊ฐ๋…์ด ์˜ํ™” ๊ฐœ๋ด‰์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋˜
08:28
to get Avatar to the screen, a language died."
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3๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์ฃ ."
08:30
Probably a lot more than that, actually.
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์‹ค์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
"Na'vi, alas, won't fill the hole where it used to be ..."
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"์‹ ์ด์‹œ์—ฌ, ๋‚˜๋น„์กฑ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Œ€์‹  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
08:36
A truly profound and poignant statement --
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์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํ†ตํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
if you don't think about it at all.
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์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์ „ํ˜€ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:42
But when I was here at Cal,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ UC ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ ๋•Œ,
08:44
I completed two majors.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์ „๊ณต์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
One of them was linguistics, but the other one was English.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด์˜€์ฃ .
08:48
And of course, the English major, the study of English,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์˜์–ด ์ „๊ณต, ์˜์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด,
08:51
is not actually the study of the English language, as we know,
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์˜์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”, ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ,
08:54
it's the study of literature.
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์˜๋ฌธํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:55
Literature is just a wonderful thing,
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๋ฌธํ•™์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:57
because basically, literature, more broadly, is kind of like art;
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ•™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋„“๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ,
09:01
it falls under the rubric of art.
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์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์ด๋ผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:03
And what we do with literature,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ•™์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€,
09:04
authors create new, entire beings and histories.
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์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ด ๋‚ด์ฃ .
09:09
And it's interesting to us to see
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์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์€
09:12
what kind of depth and emotion and just unique spirit
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์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊นŠ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ์ •,
09:18
authors can invest into these fictional beings.
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๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ์ •์‹ ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋„ฃ๋Š”์ง€ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
So much so, that, I mean -- take a look at this.
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์ •๋ง ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ . ์ด๊ฑธ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:23
There's an entire series of books
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์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋กœ ๋œ ์ฑ… ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:25
that are written about fictional characters.
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ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
09:27
Like, the entire book is just about one fictional, fake human being.
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์ฑ… ํ•œ๊ถŒ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์  ์ธ๋ฌผ ํ•œ ๋ช…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
There's an entire book on George F. Babbitt
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์‹ฑํด๋ ˆ์–ด ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค์˜ "๋ฐฐ๋น—"์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”
09:34
from Sinclair Lewis's "Babbitt,"
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์กฐ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ๋น—์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:35
and I guarantee you, that book is longer than "Babbitt,"
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด, ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์ด "๋ฐฐ๋น—"๋ณด๋‹ค
09:38
which is a short book.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ธธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:39
Does anybody even remember that one?
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ํ˜น์‹œ ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
09:41
It's pretty good, I actually think it's better than "Main Street."
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๊ฝค ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์ฑ…์ด์ฃ . "๋ฉ”์ธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฟ"๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
09:44
That's my hot take.
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์ œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด์—์š”.
09:46
So we've never questioned the fact that literature is interesting.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•™์ด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„  ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์ฃ .
09:50
But despite the fact,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:52
not even linguists are actually interested in what created languages can tell us
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์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊นŠ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
09:56
about the depth of the human spirit just as an artistic endeavor.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์•Œ๋ ค ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†์ฃ .
10:00
I'll give you a nice little example here.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
10:03
There was an article written about me
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์ €์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:06
in the California alumni magazine a while back.
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์˜ค๋ž˜์ „ UC ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ๋™๋ฌธํšŒ ์†Œ์‹์ง€์— ๋‚˜์™”๋˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜€์ฃ .
10:09
And when they wrote this article,
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๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์“ธ ๋•Œ,
10:10
they wanted to get somebody from the opposing side,
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์ทจ์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
10:13
which, in hindsight, seems like a weird thing to do.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ข€ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ผ์ด๊ธด ํ•˜๋„ค์š”.
10:15
You're just talking about a person,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ธ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:17
and you want to get somebody from the opposing side of that person.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
10:20
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:21
Essentially, this is just a puff piece, but whatever.
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๋ฏธํ™”๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜€์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ญ, ์•„๋ฌดํŠผ์š”.
10:24
So, they happened to get
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ
10:26
one of the most brilliant linguists of our time,
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๋‹น๋Œ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช…์ธ
10:29
George Lakoff, who's a linguist here at Berkeley.
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UC ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™๊ณผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ฝ”ํ”„๋ฅผ ์„ญ์™ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
And his work has basically forever changed the fields of linguistics
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๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™๊ณผ ์ธ์ง€๊ณผํ•™์„
10:35
and cognitive science.
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์†ก๋‘๋ฆฌ์งธ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:37
And when asked about my work and about language creation in general,
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๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ ์ผ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
10:40
he said, "But there's a lot of things to be done in the study of language.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์–ธ์–ดํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
You should spend the time on something real."
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์จ์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ ."
10:47
Yeah.
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๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
10:48
"Something real." Does this remind you of anything?
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"์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ" ์ด ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด์„ธ์š”?
10:50
To use the very framework that he himself invented,
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์กฐ์ง€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ฝ”ํ”„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ,
10:54
let me refer back to this conceptual metaphor:
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์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์ ์ธ ๋น„์œ ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
10:57
language is a tool.
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค.
10:58
And he appears to be laboring under this conceptual metaphor;
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
11:02
that is, language is useful when it can be used for communication.
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์ฆ‰, ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๋•Œ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:06
Language is useless when it can't be used for communication.
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์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด, ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์šฉ์ง€๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:09
It might make you wonder: What do we do with dead languages?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”? ์ฃฝ์€-์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋ญ˜ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:12
But anyway.
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ์š”.
11:13
So, because of this idea,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
11:15
it might seem like the very height of absurdity
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๋ชจ์ˆœ์˜ ๊ทน์น˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
11:18
to have a Duolingo course on the High Valyrian language
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๋“€์˜ค๋ง๊ณ ๊ฐ€ HBO ํ‹ฐ๋น„ "์™•์ขŒ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„" ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋œ
11:22
that I created for HBO's "Game of Thrones."
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ํ•˜์ด ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์–ธ์–ด ์ฝ”์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
11:24
You might wonder what, exactly, are 740,000 people learning?
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์˜์•„ํ•˜์‹คํ…Œ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ 74๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”?
11:29
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:31
Well, let's take a look at it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:33
What are they learning?
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๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ญ˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ ?
11:35
What could they possibly be learning?
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๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ญ˜ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
11:37
Well, bearing in mind that the other language for this --
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
11:40
it's for people that speak English --
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์˜์–ด ํ™”์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
11:43
English speakers are learning quite a bit.
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์˜์–ด ํ™”์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฝค ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋„ค์š”.
11:45
Here's a sentence that they will probably never use for communication
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ‰์ƒ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„
11:48
in their entire lives:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
"Vala ฤbre urnes."
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"๋ฐœ๋ผ ์•„๋ธŒ๋ ˆ ์šฐ๋ฅด๋„ค์Šค."
11:51
"The man sees the woman."
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"๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๋‹ค."
11:52
The little middle line is the gloss,
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๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ค„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ด์„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
so it's word for word, that's what it says.
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๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ 1๋Œ€ 1๋กœ ์ง์—ญํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
And they're actually learning some very fascinating things,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ•œ ๊ฑธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
especially if they're English speakers.
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ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ์˜์–ด ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:01
They're learning that a verb can come at the very end of a sentence.
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๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:04
Doesn't really do that in English when you have two arguments.
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์˜์–ด์˜ 3ํ˜•์‹ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งจ ๋์— ์˜ค๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์—†์ฃ .
12:07
They're learning that sometimes
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข…์ข…
12:09
a language doesn't have an equivalent for the word "the" -- it's totally absent.
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์–ด๋–ค ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” "the"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์•„์˜ˆ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์ฃ .
12:13
That's something language can do.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
12:15
They're learning that a long vowel can actually be longer in duration,
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์žฅ๋ชจ์Œ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋” ๊ธธ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ ๋„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:18
as opposed to different in quality,
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ž์งˆ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์š”.
12:20
which is what our long vowels do; they're actually the same length.
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์˜์–ด์˜ ์žฅ๋ชจ์Œ์€ ์ž์งˆ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ™๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
12:24
They're learning that there are these little inflections.
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๋˜ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์€ ์–ด๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
Hmm? Hmm?
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์Œ? ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”?
12:28
There are inflections called "cases" on the end of nouns --
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์–ด๋ฏธ ๊ตด์ ˆ์€ "๊ฒฉ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ์ฃ .
12:32
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:33
that tell you who does what to whom in a sentence.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:36
Even if you leave the order of the words the same
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์–ด์ˆœ์€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ณ 
12:39
and switch the endings,
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์–ด๋ฏธ๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋”๋ผ๋„,
12:41
it changes who does what to whom.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
What they're learning is that languages do things, the same things, differently.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์ฃ .
12:50
And that learning languages can be fun.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„์š”.
12:53
What they're learning is respect for Language: capital "L" Language.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กด๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
And given the fact that 88 percent of Americans only speak English at home,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 88%๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ์˜ค์ง ์˜์–ด๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
13:01
I don't think that's necessarily a bad thing.
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์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜์œ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
13:04
You know why languages die on our planet?
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์™œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
13:08
It's not because government imposes one language on a smaller group,
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
13:14
or because an entire group of speakers is wiped out.
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์ „์ฒด ํ™”์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
That certainly has happened in the past, and it's happening now,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
13:19
but it's not the main reason.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
The main reason is that a child is born to a family
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์ฃผ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ํ•œ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
that speaks a language that is not widely spoken in their community,
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด๋„
13:28
and that child doesn't learn it.
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
Why?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
13:31
Because that language is not valued in their community.
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๊ทธ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”์‹œ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
Because the language isn't useful.
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๊ทธ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
Because the child can't go and get a job if they speak that language.
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๊ทธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์ง์ด ํž˜๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
Because if language is just a tool,
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์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์ € ๋„๊ตฌ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด,
13:47
then learning their native language
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๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
13:49
is about as useful as learning High Valyrian,
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ํ•˜์ด ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ,
13:51
so why bother?
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๊ตณ์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
13:55
Now ...
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ...
13:58
Maybe language study isn't going to lead to a lot more linguistic fluency.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์Šต์ด ์–ธ์–ด์  ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
But maybe that's not such a big deal.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
14:05
Maybe if more people are studying more languages,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
14:08
it will lead to more linguistic tolerance
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์–ธ์–ด์  ๊ด€์šฉ์€ ๋” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
14:11
and less linguistic imperialism.
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์–ธ์–ด ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ค„์–ด๋“ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
Maybe if we actually respect language for what it is --
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
14:16
literally, the greatest invention in the history of humankind --
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
14:21
then in the future,
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋„,
14:23
we can celebrate endangered languages as living languages,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ์ „์‹œ๋œ ์†Œ์žฅํ’ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์ถ•๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
14:27
as opposed to museum pieces.
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14:29
(High Valyrian) Kirimvose. Thank you.
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(๋ฐœ๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด) ํ‚ค๋ฆผ๋ณด์„ธ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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