Facebook's role in Brexit — and the threat to democracy | Carole Cadwalladr

Translator: Anastha Eka Susanti Reviewer: Azfa Adid

So, on the day after the Brexit vote,

Jadi, pada hari setelah pemungutan suara Brexit,

in June 2016,

Juni 2016,

when Britain woke up to the shock

ketika Britania tersentak kaget

of discovering that we're leaving the European Union,

setelah tahu bahwa kami akan keluar dari Uni Eropa,

my editor at the "Observer" newspaper in the UK

editor saya di “The Observer”, surat kabar Britania Raya,

asked me to go back to South Wales, where I grew up, and to write a report.

meminta saya pulang kampung ke Wales Selatan, dan menuliskannya.

And so I went to a town called Ebbw Vale.

Maka saya pergi ke kota bernama Ebbw Vale.

Here it is.

Ini dia.

It's in the South Wales Valleys, which is this quite special place.

Letaknya di Lembah Wales Selatan, lokasi yang sangat spesial.

So it's had this very, sort of rich, working-class culture,

Kota ini pun punya semacam budaya pekerja yang kental,

and it's famous for its Welsh male voice choirs and rugby and its coal.

dan terkenal akan paduan suara pria khas Wales, rugbi, dan batu bara.

But when I was a teenager, the coal mines and the steelworks closed,

Namun ketika saya remaja, tambang batu bara dan pabrik baja ditutup,

and the entire area was devastated.

dan seluruh area ini terpukul.

And I went there because it had one of the highest "Leave" votes in the country.

Saya datang ke sini karena jumlah suara “Keluar”-nya salah satu yang tertinggi.

Sixty-two percent of the people here voted to leave the European Union.

Enam puluh dua persen warga kota ini memilih keluar dari Uni Eropa.

And I wanted to know why.

Dan saya ingin tahu kenapa.

When I got there, I was just a bit taken aback,

Ketika tiba, saya agak tersentak,

because the last time I went to Ebbw Vale,

karena terakhir kali saya pergi ke Ebbw Vale,

it looked like this.

tampilannya seperti ini.

And now, it looks like this.

Dan sekarang, terlihat seperti ini.

This is a new 33-million-pound college of further education

Ini adalah kampus pendidikan lanjut bernilai 33 juta pound

that was mostly funded by the European Union.

yang sebagian besar didanai oleh Uni Eropa.

And this is the new sports center

Dan ini pusat kebugaran baru

that's at the middle of 350-million-pound regeneration project

yang tengah menjalani proyek regenerasi senilai 350 juta pound

that's being funded by the European Union.

yang didanai oleh Uni Eropa.

And this is the new 77-million-pound road-improvement scheme,

Ini adalah skema perbaikan jalan baru senilai 77 juta pound,

and there's a new train line, a new railway station,

dan di sana ada jalur kereta baru, stasiun baru,

and they're all being funded by the European Union.

yang semuanya didanai oleh Uni Eropa.

And it's not as if any of this is a secret,

Semua ini pun bukannya rahasia,

because there's big signs like this everywhere.

karena papan besar seperti ini ada di mana pun.

[EU Funds: Investing in Wales]

[Dana UE: Investasi di Wales]

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

I had this sort of weird sense of unreality,

Saya mendapat semacam kesan tak nyata yang aneh,

walking around the town.

saat berjalan-jalan di kota ini.

And it came to a head

Dan puncaknya adalah

when I met this young man in front of the sports center.

ketika saya bertemu seorang pria muda di depan pusat kebugaran.

And he told me that he had voted to leave,

Ia bercerita bahwa ia memilih keluar,

because the European Union had done nothing for him.

karena Uni Eropa tak berbuat apa-apa untuknya.

He was fed up with it.

Dia muak dengan hal itu.

And all around town, people told me the same thing.

Dan di seantero kota, orang-orang berkata hal yang sama.

They said that they wanted to take back control,

Mereka bilang, mereka ingin mengambil kembali kendali,

which was one of the slogans in the campaign.

yang juga merupakan salah satu slogan kampanye.

And they told me that they were most fed up

Dan mereka bilang bahwa mereka paling muak

with the immigrants and with the refugees.

dengan imigran dan pengungsi.

They'd had enough.

Cukup bagi mereka.

Which was odd.

Dan ini aneh.

Because walking around, I didn't meet any immigrants or refugees.

Sebab saat berjalan-jalan, saya tak bertemu imigran atau pengungsi.

I met one Polish woman who told me

Ada wanita Polandia yang bercerita

she was practically the only foreigner in town.

hampir-hampir hanya dia pendatang di kota ini.

And when I checked the figures,

Ketika mengecek angkanya,

I discovered that Ebbw Vale actually has

saya temukan bahwa Ebbw Valle

one of the lowest rates of immigration in the country.

punya tingkat imigrasi terendah di negara ini.

And so I was just a bit baffled,

Saya pun jadi bingung,

because I couldn't really understand

karena tak bisa sepenuhnya mengerti

where people were getting their information from.

dari mana orang-orang ini mendapat informasi itu.

Because it was the right-wing tabloid newspapers

Sebab media berhaluan kananlah

which printed all these stories about immigration.

yang memuat semua cerita tentang imigrasi ini.

And this is a very much left-wing Labour stronghold.

Dan daerah ini sebetulnya kubu pertahanan politik kiri.

But then after the article came out, this woman got in touch with me.

Namun setelah artikel saya terbit, seorang wanita mengontak saya.

And she was from Ebbw Vale,

Dia berasal dari Ebbw Vale,

and she told me about all this stuff that she'd seen on Facebook.

dan bercerita tentang segala hal yang dilihatnya di Facebook.

I was like, "What stuff?"

Saya bilang, "Hal apa?"

And she said it was all this quite scary stuff about immigration,

Dia pun menjawab dengan hal-hal menakutkan tentang imigrasi,

and especially about Turkey.

dan khususnya tentang Turki.

So I tried to find it.

Saya pun mencoba mencari tahu.

But there was nothing there.

Tapi tidak ada apa-apa.

Because there's no archive of ads that people had seen

Karena tidak ada arsip berisi iklan-iklan yang mereka lihat

or what had been pushed into their news feeds.

atau apa pun yang dicekoki ke pasokan berita mereka.

No trace of anything, gone completely dark.

Tak ada jejak apa pun, hilang dalam gelap.

And this referendum that will have this profound effect forever on Britain --

Referendum ini, yang berefek besar dan permanen terhadap Britania --

it's already had a profound effect:

efek besarnya bahkan sudah terlihat:

the Japanese car manufacturers that came to Wales and the north east

produsen mobil Jepang yang datang ke Wales dan area timur laut

to replace the mining jobs --

sebagai ganti kerja tambang --

they are already going because of Brexit.

mereka telah pergi karena Brexit.

And this entire referendum took place in darkness,

Dan seluruh referendum ini berlangsung dalam kegelapan,

because it took place on Facebook.

karena mengambil tempat di Facebook.

And what happens on Facebook stays on Facebook,

Dan yang terjadi di Facebook, tetap berada di Facebook,

because only you see your news feed, and then it vanishes,

sebab cuma Anda yang melihat pasokan berita itu, lalu hilang,

so it's impossible to research anything.

hingga tak mungkin untuk meneliti apa pun.

So we have no idea who saw what ads

Maka kami tak tahu siapa yang melihat iklan-iklan itu

or what impact they had,

atau dampak yang mereka dapat,

or what data was used to target these people.

atau data yang dipakai untuk menyasar mereka.

Or even who placed the ads, or how much money was spent,

Bahkan siapa pemasang iklannya, berapa banyak uang yang keluar,

or even what nationality they were.

atau bahkan negara asal mereka.

But Facebook does.

Tapi Facebook tahu.

Facebook has these answers,

Facebook punya jawabannya,

and it's refused to give them to us.

dan ia menolak memberikannya kepada kami.

Our parliament has asked Mark Zuckerberg multiple times to come to Britain

Parlemen kami berulang kali meminta Mark Zuckerberg datang ke Britania

and to give us these answers.

dan memberi kami jawaban itu.

And every single time, he's refused.

Setiap kali, ia selalu menolak.

And you have to wonder why.

Anda harusnya bertanya-tanya.

Because what I and other journalists have uncovered

Sebab saya dan jurnalis lain mengungkap

is that multiple crimes took place during the referendum.

terjadinya berbagai kejahatan saat referendum.

And they took place on Facebook.

Dan semua terjadi di Facebook.

It's because in Britain, we limit the amount of money

Di Britania, kami membatasi jumlah uang

that you can spend in an election.

yang bisa disalurkan dalam pemilu.

And it's because in the 19th century,

Dan itu karena pada abad ke-19,

people would walk around with literally wheelbarrows of cash

orang benar-benar membawa segerobak uang tunai

and just buy voters.

untuk membeli suara.

So we passed these strict laws to stop that from happening.

Maka kami mengesahkan undang-undang ketat ini untuk menghentikannya.

But those laws don't work anymore.

Tapi undang-undang itu tak berlaku lagi.

This referendum took place almost entirely online.

Referendum ini berlangsung hampir seluruhnya secara daring.

And you can spend any amount of money on Facebook or on Google or on YouTube ads

Anda bisa mengeluarkan sebanyak apa pun uang di Facebook, Google, Youtube

and nobody will know, because they're black boxes.

dan tak ada yang tahu, sebab cara kerjanya disembunyikan.

And this is what happened.

Dan inilah yang terjadi.

We've actually got no idea of the full extent of it.

Kami sebenarnya tak tahu sejauh apa jangkauannya.

But we do know that in the last days before the Brexit vote,

Tapi kami tahu betul, pada hari-hari menjelang pemungutan suara,

the official "Vote Leave" campaign

kampanye resmi "Vote Leave"

laundered nearly three quarters of a million pounds

mencuci uang sebanyak hampir tiga per empat juta pound.

through another campaign entity

melalui entitas kampanye lain

that our electoral commission has ruled was illegal,

yang dinyatakan ilegal oleh komisi pemilu kami,

and it's referred it to the police.

dan telah dilaporkan ke polisi.

And with this illegal cash,

Dengan uang ilegal ini,

"Vote Leave" unleashed a fire hose of disinformation.

"Vote Leave" melancarkan serangan informasi sesat.

Ads like this.

Iklan-iklan seperti ini.

[Turkey's 76m people joining the EU]

[76 juta warga Turki masuk UE]

This is a lie, it's a total lie.

Ini dusta, sepenuhnya dusta.

Turkey is not joining the European Union.

Turki tidak bergabung dengan Uni Eropa.

There's not even any discussions of it joining the European Union.

Bahkan tak ada diskusi tentang itu.

And most of us, we never saw these ads,

Kebanyakan dari kami tak pernah melihat iklan ini,

because we were not the target of them.

sebab kami bukan sasaran mereka.

"Vote Leave" identified a tiny sliver of people

"Vote Leave" mengidentifikasi selapis kecil masyarakat

who it identified as persuadable, and they saw them.

yang dianggap bisa dibujuk, dan mereka melihat iklannya.

And the only reason we are seeing these now

Satu-satunya alasan kami bisa melihatnya sekarang

is because parliament forced Facebook to hand them over.

karena parlemen memaksa Facebook menyerahkannya.

And maybe you think,

Mungkin Anda pikir,

"Well, it was just a bit of overspending.

"Yah, itu hanya kelebihan pengeluaran.

It's a few lies."

Itu cuma sedikit dusta."

But this was the biggest electoral fraud in Britain for 100 years.

Namun ini adalah kecurangan pemilu terbesar di Britania sepanjang abad ini.

In a once-in-a-generation vote

Dalam pemilihan sekali seumur hidup

that hinged upon just one percent of the electorate.

yang hanya bergantung pada satu persen pemilih.

And it was just one of the crimes that took place in the referendum.

Dan itu hanya satu dari berbagai kejahatan dalam referendum ini.

There was another group,

Ada satu tim lain,

which was headed by this man, Nigel Farage,

yang dikepalai orang ini, Nigel Farage,

the one to the right of Trump.

orang di sebelah kanan Trump.

And his group, "Leave.EU" -- it also broke the law.

Timnya, "Leave.EU" -- juga melanggar hukum.

It broke British electoral laws and British data laws,

Mereka melanggar hukum pemilu dan hukum data Britania,

and it's also being referred to the police.

dan juga telah dilaporkan ke polisi.

And this man, Arron Banks, he funded this campaign.

Dan orang ini, Arron Banks, yang mendanai kampanye itu.

And in a completely separate case,

Dalam kasus terpisah,

he's being referred to our National Crime Agency,

ia telah dilaporkan ke National Crime Agency,

our equivalent of the FBI,

badan setara FBI di negara kami,

because our electoral commission

sebab komisi pemilu kami

has concluded they don't know where his money came from.

telah menyimpulkan bahwa sumber uangnya tak bisa diketahui.

Or if it was even British.

Bahkan jika sumbernya dari Britania.

And I'm not even going to go into the lies that Arron Banks has told

Saya bahkan tidak akan membahas dusta yang disampaikan Arron Banks

about his covert relationship with the Russian government.

tentang hubungan rahasianya dengan pemerintah Rusia.

Or the weird timing of Nigel Farage's meetings with Julian Assange

Atau janggalnya waktu pertemuan antara Nigel Farage dengan Julian Assange

and with Trump's buddy, Roger Stone, now indicted,

dan dengan kawan Trump, Roger Stone, kini terdakwa,

immediately before two massive WikiLeaks dumps,

tepat sebelum dua pembongkaran besar WikiLeaks,

both of which happened to benefit Donald Trump.

yang keduanya kebetulan menguntungkan Donald Trump.

But I will tell you that Brexit and Trump were intimately entwined.

Tapi saya akan bilang bahwa Brexit dan Trump berkaitan erat.

This man told me that Brexit was the petri dish for Trump.

Orang ini bilang pada saya bahwa Brexit adalah cawan petri untuk Trump.

And we know it's the same people, the same companies,

Dan kita tahu ada orang-orang, perusahaan yang sama,

the same data, the same techniques,

dengan data, teknik yang sama,

the same use of hate and fear.

memakai rasa benci dan takut yang sama.

This is what they were posting on Facebook.

Ini yang mereka tayangkan di Facebook.

And I don't even want to call this a lie,

Saya bahkan enggan menyebutnya dusta,

[Immigration without assimilation equals invasion]

[Imigrasi tanpa asimilasi sama dengan invasi]

because it feels more like a hate crime to me.

sebab bagi saya, lebih seperti kejahatan kebencian.

I don't have to tell you

Tak perlu memberi tahu Anda

that hate and fear are being sown online all across the world.

bahwa rasa benci dan takut disebarkan secara daring ke penjuru dunia.

Not just in Britain and America, but in France and in Hungary

Tidak hanya di Britania dan Amerika, tapi di Prancis, Hungaria,

and Brazil and Myanmar and New Zealand.

Brasil, Myanmar, dan Selandia Baru.

And we know there is this dark undertow which is connecting us all globally.

Dan kita tahu ada arus bawah yang menghubungkan kita secara global.

And it is flowing via the technology platforms.

Hal itu mengalir lewat platform-platform teknologi.

But we only see a tiny amount of what's going on on the surface.

Tapi yang kita lihat hanya sebagian kecil peristiwa di permukaan.

And I only found out anything about this dark underbelly

Saya pun menemukan berbagai hal tentang lapisan terdalam yang gelap ini

because I started looking into Trump's relationship to Farage,

karena menyelidiki hubungan Trump dengan Farage,

into a company called Cambridge Analytica.

menuju sebuah perusahaan bernama Cambridge Analytica.

And I spent months tracking down an ex-employee, Christopher Wiley.

Saya menghabiskan berbulan-bulan melacak mantan pegawainya, Christopher Wiley.

And he told me how this company, that worked for both Trump and Brexit,

Dia bercerita bagaimana perusahaan ini, bekerja untuk Trump dan Brexit,

had profiled people politically

membuat profil politik banyak orang

in order to understand their individual fears,

demi memahami ketakutan mereka masing-masing,

to better target them with Facebook ads.

untuk lebih mudah menyasar mereka dengan iklan di Facebook.

And it did this by illicitly harvesting the profiles

Ini dilakukan secara terlarang dengan mengumpulkan profil

of 87 million people from Facebook.

87 juta orang di Facebook.

It took an entire year's work to get Christopher on the record.

Butuh usaha setahun penuh agar Christopher mau diwawancarai.

And I had to turn myself from a feature writer

Saya harus mengubah diri dari penulis feature

into an investigative reporter to do it.

menjadi reporter investigasi untuk melakukannya.

And he was extraordinarily brave,

Dan ia luar biasa pemberani,

because the company is owned by Robert Mercer,

karena perusahaan ini dimiliki oleh Robert Mercer,

the billionaire who bankrolled Trump,

miliarder yang membiayai Trump,

and he threatened to sue us multiple times,

yang berulang kali mengancam akan menuntut kami,

to stop us from publishing.

agar kami tidak menerbitkannya.

But we finally got there, and we were one day ahead of publication.

Tapi kami hampir berhasil, tinggal satu hari menuju hari terbit.

We got another legal threat.

Kami dapat ancaman hukum yang lain.

Not from Cambridge Analytica this time,

Kali ini bukan Cambridge Analytica,

but from Facebook.

tapi dari Facebook.

It told us that if we publish, they would sue us.

Katanya, jika kami terbitkan, mereka akan menuntut kami.

We did it anyway.

Kami tetap melakukannya.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

Facebook, you were on the wrong side of history in that.

Facebook, kalian berpihak pada sisi sejarah yang salah kala itu.

And you were on the wrong side of history in this --

Dan kalian berpihak pada sisi yang salah kali ini --

in refusing to give us the answers that we need.

dengan menolak memberikan jawaban yang kami butuhkan.

And that is why I am here.

Dan karena itulah saya di sini.

To address you directly, the gods of Silicon Valley.

Untuk menyampaikan langsung kepada para dewa Silicon Valley.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

Mark Zuckerberg ...

Mark Zuckerberg ...

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

and Sheryl Sandberg and Larry Page and Sergey Brin and Jack Dorsey,

dan Sheryl Sandberg dan Larry Page dan Sergey Brin dan Jack Dorsey,

and your employees and your investors, too.

dan pegawai kalian, juga investor kalian.

Because 100 years ago,

Karena seabad lalu,

the biggest danger in the South Wales coal mines was gas.

bahaya terbesar di tambang Wales Selatan adalah gas.

Silent and deadly and invisible.

Senyap, mematikan, dan tak terlihat.

It's why they sent the canaries down first to check the air.

Sebab itulah mereka melepas kenari dahulu untuk mengecek udara.

And in this massive, global, online experiment that we are all living through,

Dalam eksperimen daring, yang masif dan global, yang sedang kita hidupi ini,

we in Britain are the canary.

kami di Britania menjadi kenarinya.

We are what happens to a western democracy

Kamilah akibat atas demokrasi Barat

when a hundred years of electoral laws are disrupted by technology.

saat hukum pemilu berumur ratusan tahunnya diganggu oleh teknologi.

Our democracy is broken, our laws don't work anymore,

Demokrasi kami hancur, hukum kami tak lagi berjalan,

and it's not me saying this,

dan bukan saya yang berkata begini,

it's our parliament published a report saying this.

parlemen kami telah menerbitkan laporan yang berkata begini.

This technology that you have invented has been amazing.

Teknologi yang kalian temukan ini memang menjadi menakjubkan.

But now, it's a crime scene.

Tapi kini, telah menjadi TKP.

And you have the evidence.

Dan kalian memiliki barang buktinya.

And it is not enough to say that you will do better in the future.

Tak cukup hanya berkata bahwa kalian akan lebih baik di masa depan.

Because to have any hope of stopping this from happening again,

Karena untuk berharap semua ini tak akan terjadi lagi,

we have to know the truth.

kami butuh kebenaran.

And maybe you think, "Well, it was just a few ads.

Mungkin kalian pikir, "Yah, cuma sedikit iklan.

And people are smarter than that, right?"

Dan orang-orang tentu lebih pintar, kan?"

To which I would say, "Good luck with that."

Yang akan saya tanggapi dengan, "Coba saja."

Because what the Brexit vote demonstrates

Karena yang telah ditunjukkan Brexit

is that liberal democracy is broken.

adalah kehancuran demokrasi liberal.

And you broke it.

Dan kalian penghancurnya.

This is not democracy --

Ini bukan demokrasi --

spreading lies in darkness, paid for with illegal cash,

menyebar dusta dalam gelap, membayarnya dengan uang ilegal,

from God knows where.

entah dari mana asalnya.

It's subversion,

Ini subversi,

and you are accessories to it.

dan kalian adalah perangkatnya.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

Our parliament has been the first in the world

Parlemen kami menjadi yang pertama di dunia

to try to hold you to account,

untuk mencoba membuat kalian bertanggung jawa,

and it's failed.

dan mereka gagal.

You are literally beyond the reach of British law -- not just British laws,

Kalian sungguh berada di luar jangkauan hukum Britania -- bukan cuma Britania

this is nine parliaments, nine countries are represented here,

ini adalah sembilan parlemen, perwakilan sembilan negara,

who Mark Zuckerberg refused to come and give evidence to.

yang ditampik Mark Zuckerberg untuk datang dan memberi barang bukti.

And what you don't seem to understand is that this is bigger than you.

Yang tampak tidak kalian mengerti adalah hal ini lebih besar dari kalian.

And it's bigger than any of us.

Lebih besar dari kita semua.

And it is not about left or right or "Leave" or "Remain" or Trump or not.

Bukan tentang politik kiri atau kanan, "Keluar" atau "Tetap", Trump atau bukan.

It's about whether it's actually possible

Ini tentang apakah kita masih bisa

to have a free and fair election ever again.

mengadakan pemilu yang bebas dan adil.

Because as it stands, I don't think it is.

Karena dalam kondisi sekarang, saya pikir tidak.

And so my question to you is, is this what you want?

Maka pertanyaan saya bagi kalian, inikah yang kalian mau?

Is this how you want history to remember you:

Beginikah yang kalian ingin sejarah ingat tentang kalian:

as the handmaidens to authoritarianism

sebagai hamba dari kekuasaan otoriter

that is on the rise all across the world?

yang sedang bangkit di penjuru dunia?

Because you set out to connect people.

Kalian memulai dengan menghubungkan orang.

And you are refusing to acknowledge

Dan kalian menolak mengakui

that the same technology is now driving us apart.

bahwa kini teknologi yang sama sedang memecah belah kita semua.

And my question to everybody else is,

Dan pertanyaan saya bagi Anda yang lainnya,

is this what we want:

inikah yang kita inginkan:

to let them get away with it,

membiarkan mereka lari begitu saja,

and to sit back and play with our phones, as this darkness falls?

hanya duduk, bermain dengan ponsel, seiring dunia semakin gelap?

The history of the South Wales Valleys is of a fight for rights.

Sejarah Lembah Wales Selatan memuat perjuangan akan hak.

And this is not a drill -- it's a point of inflection.

Dan ini bukan latihan -- ini titik tolaknya.

Democracy is not guaranteed, and it is not inevitable,

Demokrasi tak lagi terjamin, dan bisa terhindarkan,

and we have to fight and we have to win

kita harus berjuang dan harus menang,

and we cannot let these tech companies have this unchecked power.

kita tak bisa membiarkan perusahaan teknologi memiliki kuasa tak terkendali.

It's up to us -- you, me and all of us.

Semua tergantung kita -- Anda, saya, kita semua.

We are the ones who have to take back control.

Kitalah yang harus mengambil kembali kendali itu.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

(Cheers)

(Sorak)

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)