What if 3D printing was 100x faster? | Joseph DeSimone

Prevoditelj: Marija Saric Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

I'm thrilled to be here tonight

Jako mi je drago što sam večeras ovdje

to share with you something we've been working on

kako bih podijelio s vama nešto na čemu radimo

for over two years,

već duže od dvije godine,

and it's in the area of additive manufacturing,

u području aditivne proizvodnje,

also known as 3D printing.

poznatijem kao 3D printanje.

You see this object here.

Pogledajte ovaj predmet.

It looks fairly simple, but it's quite complex at the same time.

Izgleda poprilično jednostavno, ali je istodobno vrlo kompliciran.

It's a set of concentric geodesic structures

Sastoji se od niza koncentričnih geodetskih struktura

with linkages between each one.

s međusobnim poveznicama.

In its context, it is not manufacturable by traditional manufacturing techniques.

U ovom kontekstu, ne može se izraditi tradicionalnim tehnikama proizvodnje.

It has a symmetry such that you can't injection mold it.

Ima takvu simetriju da se ne može izraditi injekcijskim prešanjem.

You can't even manufacture it through milling.

Ne možete ga izraditi čak niti glodanjem.

This is a job for a 3D printer,

Ovo je zadatak za 3D printer,

but most 3D printers would take between three and 10 hours to fabricate it,

no većini bi 3D printera trebalo između tri do deset sati za izradu,

and we're going to take the risk tonight to try to fabricate it onstage

a večeras ćemo riskirati i pokušati izraditi jedan na pozornici

during this 10-minute talk.

tijekom ovog desetominutnog govora.

Wish us luck.

Poželite nam sreću.

Now, 3D printing is actually a misnomer.

3D printanje je zapravo netočan naziv.

It's actually 2D printing over and over again,

To je zapravo kontinuirano 2D printanje

and it in fact uses the technologies associated with 2D printing.

i zapravo koristi tehnologije povezane s 2D printanjem.

Think about inkjet printing where you lay down ink on a page to make letters,

Zamislite printanje tintom gdje se tinta polaže na papir i stvara slova

and then do that over and over again to build up a three-dimensional object.

i zatim ponovite to mnogo puta da izradite trodimenzionalni predmet.

In microelectronics, they use something

U mikroelektronici, koriste

called lithography to do the same sort of thing,

litografiju kako bi napravili nešto slično,

to make the transistors and integrated circuits

za izradu tranzistora i integriranih krugova

and build up a structure several times.

te nekoliko puta izgrađuju strukturu.

These are all 2D printing technologies.

Ovo su sve tehnologije 2D printanja.

Now, I'm a chemist, a material scientist too,

Ja sam kemičar i materijalni znanstvenik

and my co-inventors are also material scientists,

i moji suradnici su također materijalni znanstvenici,

one a chemist, one a physicist,

jedan je kemičar, drugi fizičar

and we began to be interested in 3D printing.

i zainteresiralo nas je 3D printanje.

And very often, as you know, new ideas are often simple connections

Vrlo često, kao što znate, nove ideje su samo jednostavne veze

between people with different experiences in different communities,

između ljudi s različitim iskustvima u različitim zajednicama,

and that's our story.

a to je i naša priča.

Now, we were inspired

Inspirirala nas je

by the "Terminator 2" scene for T-1000,

scena s T-1000 iz "Terminatora 2"

and we thought, why couldn't a 3D printer operate in this fashion,

i pomislili smo: zašto ne bi 3D printer mogao funkcionirati na ovaj način,

where you have an object arise out of a puddle

da se predmet uzdiže iz lokve

in essentially real time

u stvarnom vremenu

with essentially no waste

bez otpada

to make a great object?

kako bi se izradio odličan predmet?

Okay, just like the movies.

OK, isto kao u filmovima.

And could we be inspired by Hollywood

Može li nas Hollywood inspirirati

and come up with ways to actually try to get this to work?

u smišljanju načina na koji bi ovo funkcioniralo?

And that was our challenge.

Ovo je bio naš izazov.

And our approach would be, if we could do this,

Naš pristup bio bi, kada bismo mogli to učiniti,

then we could fundamentally address the three issues holding back 3D printing

mogli bismo preispitati tri problema koja sprječavaju to da 3D printanje

from being a manufacturing process.

bude proizvodni proces.

One, 3D printing takes forever.

Prvo, 3D printanje je sporo.

There are mushrooms that grow faster than 3D printed parts. (Laughter)

Postoje gljive koje rastu brže od printanih 3D dijelova. (Smijeh)

The layer by layer process

Proces sloja na sloj

leads to defects in mechanical properties,

dovodi do pogrešaka u mehaničkim značajkama,

and if we could grow continuously, we could eliminate those defects.

a kada se nešto razvija u kontinuitetu, ove pogreške se mogu eliminirati.

And in fact, if we could grow really fast, we could also start using materials

Kada bismo mogli ubrzano razvijati, mogli bismo početi koristiti materijale

that are self-curing, and we could have amazing properties.

koji se sami polimeriziraju i dobili bismo nevjerojatne značajke.

So if we could pull this off, imitate Hollywood,

Kada bismo mogli ovo napraviti, oponašati Hollywood,

we could in fact address 3D manufacturing.

mogli bismo se okrenuti 3D proizvodnji.

Our approach is to use some standard knowledge

Naš pristup sastoji se od upotrebe nekih standardnih saznanja

in polymer chemistry

iz kemije polimera

to harness light and oxygen to grow parts continuously.

kako bismo iskoristili svjetlo i kisik za kontinuirani razvoj dijelova.

Light and oxygen work in different ways.

Svjetlo i kisik djeluju na različite načine.

Light can take a resin and convert it to a solid,

Svjetlo može pretvoriti smolu u kruto stanje,

can convert a liquid to a solid.

može pretvoriti tekućinu u kruto stanje.

Oxygen inhibits that process.

Kisik sprječava taj proces.

So light and oxygen are polar opposites from one another

Tako su svjetlo i kisik potpuno suprotni jedno od drugoga

from a chemical point of view,

iz kemijske perspektive

and if we can control spatially the light and oxygen,

i kada bismo prostorno mogli kontrolirati svjetlo i kisik,

we could control this process.

mogli bismo kontrolirati ovaj proces.

And we refer to this as CLIP. [Continuous Liquid Interface Production.]

Ovo nazivamo CLIP. [Continuous Liquid Interface Production.]

It has three functional components.

Ima tri operativne komponente.

Prvo, ima rezervoar koji sadrži tekućinu,

One, it has a reservoir that holds the puddle,

just like the T-1000.

baš kao T-1000.

At the bottom of the reservoir is a special window.

Na dnu rezervoara je poseban prozor.

I'll come back to that.

Vratit ću se na ovo.

In addition, it has a stage that will lower into the puddle

Također, ima stalak koji se spušta u tekućinu

and pull the object out of the liquid.

i vadi predmet iz tekućine.

The third component is a digital light projection system

Treća komponenta je sustav digitalne projekcije svjetla

underneath the reservoir,

ispod rezervoara,

illuminating with light in the ultraviolet region.

koji svijetli svjetlom iz ultraljubičastog raspona.

Now, the key is that this window in the bottom of this reservoir,

Ključno je to da je prozor koji je u donjem dijelu rezervoara

it's a composite, it's a very special window.

kompozitan, to je vrlo poseban prozor.

It's not only transparent to light but it's permeable to oxygen.

Ne samo da je proziran za svjetlo, nego propušta i kisik.

It's got characteristics like a contact lens.

Ima karakteristike kontaktne leće.

So we can see how the process works.

Vidimo kako proces funkcionira.

You can start to see that as you lower a stage in there,

Možete vidjeti da spuštanjem stalka,

in a traditional process, with an oxygen-impermeable window,

u tradicionalnom procesu s prozorom koji ne propušta kisik,

you make a two-dimensional pattern

radite dvodimenzionalni uzorak

and you end up gluing that onto the window with a traditional window,

te lijepite to na prozor, s tradicionalnim prozorom,

and so in order to introduce the next layer, you have to separate it,

a kako biste uveli sljedeći sloj, morate ga razdvojiti,

introduce new resin, reposition it,

uvesti novu smolu, ponovno ga pozicionirati

and do this process over and over again.

i neprestano ponavljati ovaj proces.

But with our very special window,

Ali s našim posebnim prozorom,

what we're able to do is, with oxygen coming through the bottom

možemo napraviti to da kada kisik dolazi od ispod

as light hits it,

i kada ga svjetlo udari

that oxygen inhibits the reaction,

taj kisik sprječava reakciju

and we form a dead zone.

i stvaramo mrtvu zonu.

This dead zone is on the order of tens of microns thick,

Ova mrtva zona je debljine od otprilike desetak mikrona,

so that's two or three diameters of a red blood cell,

što je dva ili tri promjera crvene krvne stanice,

točno na prozoru sučelja koji ostaje tekućina

right at the window interface that remains a liquid,

and we pull this object up,

i podižemo ovaj predmet

and as we talked about in a Science paper,

i kako smo naveli u znanstvenoj studiji,

as we change the oxygen content, we can change the dead zone thickness.

mijenjanjem sadržaja kisika možemo promijeniti debljinu mrtve zone.

And so we have a number of key variables that we control: oxygen content,

Tako imamo nekoliko ključnih varijabli koje kontroliramo: sadržaj kisika,

svjetlo, jačinu svjetla, dozu polimerizacije,

the light, the light intensity, the dose to cure,

the viscosity, the geometry,

viskoznost, geometriju

and we use very sophisticated software to control this process.

i koristimo vrlo sofisticirani softver za kontrolu ovog procesa.

The result is pretty staggering.

Rezultat je doista zapanjujuć.

It's 25 to 100 times faster than traditional 3D printers,

Ovo je 25 do 100 puta brže od tradicionalnih 3D printera,

which is game-changing.

što sve mijenja.

In addition, as our ability to deliver liquid to that interface,

Također, sa sposobnošću dovođenja tekućine do sučelja,

we can go 1,000 times faster I believe,

možemo biti i 1000 puta brži,

and that in fact opens up the opportunity for generating a lot of heat,

a to otvara mogućnost zagrijavanja

and as a chemical engineer, I get very excited at heat transfer

i kao inženjer kemije vrlo sam uzbuđen radi prijenosa topline

and the idea that we might one day have water-cooled 3D printers,

i ideje da bi jednog dana mogli imati 3D printere hlađene vodom

because they're going so fast.

jer su toliko brzi.

In addition, because we're growing things, we eliminate the layers,

Također, zbog razvijanja predmeta, uklanjamo slojeve

te su dijelovi monolitni.

and the parts are monolithic.

You don't see the surface structure.

Ne vidite površinu strukture.

You have molecularly smooth surfaces.

Dobivate molekularno glatke površine.

And the mechanical properties of most parts made in a 3D printer

Mehaničke značajke većine dijelova izrađenih 3D printerima su

na zlu glasu jer imaju značajke koje ovise o orijentaciji

are notorious for having properties that depend on the orientation

with which how you printed it, because of the layer-like structure.

samog printanja, zbog slojevite strukture.

But when you grow objects like this,

No, kada ovako razvijate predmete,

the properties are invariant with the print direction.

značajke se ne mijenjaju u odnosu na smjer printanja.

These look like injection-molded parts,

Ovo izgleda poput injekcijskog prešanja

which is very different than traditional 3D manufacturing.

što je vrlo drugačije od tradicionalne 3D prozivodnje.

In addition, we're able to throw

Također, možemo ubaciti

the entire polymer chemistry textbook at this,

cijeli udžbenik o kemiji polimera u ovo

and we're able to design chemistries that can give rise to the properties

i možemo stvoriti kemije koje stvaraju značajke

you really want in a 3D-printed object.

koje doista želite u isprintanom 3D objektu.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

There it is. That's great.

Evo ga. Odlično.

You always take the risk that something like this won't work onstage, right?

Uvijek riskirate da ovakvo nešto neće uspjeti na pozornici, zar ne?

But we can have materials with great mechanical properties.

Možemo imati materijale s odličnim mehaničkim značajkama.

For the first time, we can have elastomers

Po prvi puta, možemo imati elastomere

that are high elasticity or high dampening.

koji imaju visoku elastičnost ili visoko prigušenje.

Think about vibration control or great sneakers, for example.

Zamislite vibracijsku kontrolu ili odlične tenisice, na primjer.

We can make materials that have incredible strength,

Možemo napraviti materijale koji su nevjerojatno čvrsti,

high strength-to-weight ratio, really strong materials,

imaju visok omjer čvrstoće u odnosu na težinu, doista čvrste materijale,

really great elastomers,

doista odlične elastomere,

so throw that in the audience there.

tako da ćemo ovo baciti u publiku.

So great material properties.

Odlične materijalne značajke.

And so the opportunity now, if you actually make a part

Mogućnost koja se javlja jest da ako možete napraviti dio

that has the properties to be a final part,

koji ima značajke finalnog dijela

and you do it in game-changing speeds,

i pravite ga ovom brzinom,

you can actually transform manufacturing.

moguće je transformirati proizvodnju.

Right now, in manufacturing, what happens is,

Trenutno se u proizvodnji odvija

the so-called digital thread in digital manufacturing.

takozvana digitalna nit u digitalnoj proizvodnji.

We go from a CAD drawing, a design, to a prototype to manufacturing.

Kreće se od crteža u CAD-u, dizajna, do prototipa i proizvodnje.

Often, the digital thread is broken right at prototype,

Često se digitalna nit razbija već kod prototipa

because you can't go all the way to manufacturing

jer se ne može nastaviti do proizvodnje

because most parts don't have the properties to be a final part.

pošto većina dijelova nema značajku finalnog dijela.

We now can connect the digital thread

Sada možemo povezati digitalnu nit

all the way from design to prototyping to manufacturing,

sve od dizajna do prototipa i proizvodnje,

and that opportunity really opens up all sorts of things,

a ova mogućnost doista otvara razne prilike

from better fuel-efficient cars dealing with great lattice properties

od boljih, učinkovitijih auta, odličnih značajki rešetaka

with high strength-to-weight ratio,

s visokim omjerom čvrstoće i težine,

new turbine blades, all sorts of wonderful things.

novih turbinskih lopatica, svakakvih prekrasnih predmeta.

Think about if you need a stent in an emergency situation,

Zamislite da vam je hitno potreban stent,

umjesto da liječnik uzima jedan s police,

instead of the doctor pulling off a stent out of the shelf

that was just standard sizes,

koji je standardne veličine,

having a stent that's designed for you, for your own anatomy

imate stent koji je stvoren za vas, za vašu anatomiju

with your own tributaries,

s vlastitim protočnim svojstvima

printed in an emergency situation in real time out of the properties

koji se printa u hitnoj situaciji u stvarnom vremenu sa značajkom

such that the stent could go away after 18 months: really-game changing.

razgradnje nakon 18 mjeseci: to doista mijenja sve.

Or digital dentistry, and making these kinds of structures

Ili digitalna stomatologija i izrada ovakvih struktura

even while you're in the dentist chair.

čak dok sjedite u stomatološkom stolcu.

And look at the structures that my students are making

Pogledajte strukture koje izrađuju moji studenti

at the University of North Carolina.

na Sveučilištu u Sjevernoj Karolini.

These are amazing microscale structures.

Ovo su nevjerojatne strukture na mikro razini.

Svijet je jako dobar u nano proizvodnji.

You know, the world is really good at nano-fabrication.

Moore's Law has driven things from 10 microns and below.

Mooreov zakon je gurnuo stvari od 10 mikrona na niže.

We're really good at that,

Doista smo dobri u tome,

but it's actually very hard to make things from 10 microns to 1,000 microns,

ali je iznimno teško izraditi stvari veličine od 10 do 1000 mikrona,

na mezorazini.

the mesoscale.

And subtractive techniques from the silicon industry

Suptraktivne tehnike silicijske industrije

ne mogu ovo dobro učiniti.

can't do that very well.

They can't etch wafers that well.

Ne mogu urezivati tanke pločice tako dobro.

But this process is so gentle,

Ovaj proces je tako nježan

we can grow these objects up from the bottom

da možemo razvijati predmete od dna u visinu

using additive manufacturing

upotrebom aditivne proizvodnje

and make amazing things in tens of seconds,

te napraviti nevjerojatne stvari u desetinkama sekunde

opening up new sensor technologies,

što otvara nove senzorske tehnologije,

new drug delivery techniques,

nove tehnike ubrizgavanja lijekova,

new lab-on-a-chip applications, really game-changing stuff.

nove primjene minijaturnih analitičkih sustava, doista velike promjene.

So the opportunity of making a part in real time

Mogućnost izrade dijela u stvarnom vremenu,

that has the properties to be a final part

koji ima značajke finalnog dijela,

really opens up 3D manufacturing,

doista otvara mogućnost 3D proizvodnje,

and for us, this is very exciting, because this really is owning

a za nas je ovo vrlo uzbudljivo jer je ovo doista

the intersection between hardware, software and molecular science,

križanje između hardvera, softvera i molekularne znanosti

and I can't wait to see what designers and engineers around the world

i jedva čekam vidjeti što će dizajneri i inženjeri diljem svijeta

are going to be able to do with this great tool.

napraviti s ovim odličnim alatom.

Thanks for listening.

Hvala na pažnji.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)