What will humans look like in 100 years? | Juan Enriquez

Translator: Sandra Peiró Reviewer: Juan Miguel Asins Ferrandiz

Here's a question that matters.

Una pregunta important.

[Is it ethical to evolve the human body?]

[És ètic evolucionar el cos humà?]

Because we're beginning to get all the tools together to evolve ourselves.

Perquè ja quasi comptem amb les eines per fer-ho.

And we can evolve bacteria and we can evolve plants

Podem evolucionar bactèries i també plantes

and we can evolve animals,

i podem evolucionar animals,

and we're now reaching a point where we really have to ask,

i estem arribant a un punt en el qual ens hem de preguntar,

is it really ethical and do we want to evolve human beings?

és ètic i ens interessa evolucionar éssers humans?

And as you're thinking about that,

I mentre penseu en això,

let me talk about that in the context of prosthetics,

us en parlaré en el context dels prostètics,

prosthetics past, present, future.

en el passat, el present i el futur.

So this is the iron hand

Açò és la mà de ferro

that belonged to one of the German counts.

que va gastar un dels comtes alemanys.

Loved to fight, lost his arm in one of these battles.

Li agradava la brega, va perdre el braç a una batalla.

No problem, he just made a suit of armor,

Cap problema, es va fer una nova armadura,

put it on,

se la va posar,

perfect prosthetic.

pròtesi perfecta.

That's where the concept of ruling with an iron fist comes from.

D'aquí ve la dita "governar amb mà de ferro".

And of course these prosthetics have been getting more and more useful,

Naturalment eixes pròtesis són cada vegada més funcionals,

more and more modern.

s'han anat modernitzant.

You can hold soft-boiled eggs.

Ja pots subjectar ous durs.

You can have all types of controls, and as you're thinking about that,

Podeu fer tota mena de coses, i mentre penseu en això,

there are wonderful people like Hugh Herr

hi ha gent meravellosa com Hugh Herr

who have been building absolutely extraordinary prosthetics.

que ha estat construint protèsis extraordinàries.

So the wonderful Aimee Mullins will go out and say,

Així que Aimee Mullins un dia qualsevol pot dir,

how tall do I want to be tonight?

quant vull medir avui?

Or Hugh will say what type of cliff do I want to climb?

O Hugh dirà quin tipus de penya-segat escalaré avui?

Or does somebody want to run a marathon, or does somebody want to ballroom dance?

I si algú vol córrer una marató, o algú vol anar a ballar?

And as you adapt these things,

I mentre adaptem aquestes coses,

the interesting thing about prosthetics is they've been coming inside the body.

les pròtesis han anat introduïnt-se dins del cos.

So these external prosthetics have now become artificial knees.

Estes pròtesis externes s'han convertit en genolls artificials.

They've become artificial hips.

S'han convertit en malucs artificials.

And then they've evolved further

I han seguit evolucionant més encara

to become not just nice to have

i ja no són només un accessori útil

but essential to have.

sinó una part essencial.

So when you're talking about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic,

Quan parlem d'un marcapassos com a prostètic,

you're talking about something that isn't just, "I'm missing my leg,"

no estem dient només "em falta una cama",

it's, "if I don't have this, I can die."

sinó, "ho necessite per a viure".

And at that point, a prosthetic becomes a symbiotic relationship

I en aquest punt, la pròtesi entra en una relació simbiòtica

with the human body.

amb el cos humà.

And four of the smartest people that I've ever met --

Quatre de les persones més intel·ligents que conec --

Ed Boyden, Hugh Herr, Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander --

Ed Boyden, Hugh Herr, Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander --

are working on a Center for Extreme Bionics.

treballen en un Centre de Biònica Extrema.

And the interesting thing of what you're seeing here is

I el que fa interessant aquest projecte

these prosthetics now get integrated into the bone.

és que ara les pròtesis s'intengren dins de l'òs.

They get integrated into the skin.

S'integren a la pell.

They get integrated into the muscle.

S'integren al múscul.

And one of the other sides of Ed

I una altra cosa en la que treballa Ed

is he's been thinking about how to connect the brain

és en trobar una forma de connectar el cervell

using light or other mechanisms

amb l'ajuda de la llum o altres mecanismes

directly to things like these prosthetics.

a coses com estes pròtesis.

And if you can do that,

I si podem fer això,

then you can begin changing fundamental aspects of humanity.

podem canviar aspectes fonamentals de la humanitat.

So how quickly you react to something depends on the diameter of a nerve.

La nostra velocitat de reacció depén del diàmetre del nervi.

And of course, if you have nerves that are external or prosthetic,

I si tenim nervis externs o prostètics,

say with light or liquid metal,

fets de llum o de metall líquid,

then you can increase that diameter

podríem incrementar eixe diàmetre

and you could even increase it theoretically to the point where,

i podríem incrementar-lo fins al punt en que,

as long as you could see the muzzle flash, you could step out of the way of a bullet.

si veiessis la flamarada del canó, podries esquivar la bala.

Those are the order of magnitude of changes you're talking about.

Aquesta és la magnitud dels canvis de què parlem.

This is a fourth sort of level of prosthetics.

Açò és com un quart nivell de pròtesis.

These are Phonak hearing aids,

Estos són els audiòfons Phonak,

and the reason why these are so interesting

i la raó per la que són tan interessants

is because they cross the threshold from where prosthetics are something

és que creuen la barrera entre les pròtesis com una cosa

for somebody who is "disabled"

per als "discapacitats"

and they become something that somebody who is "normal"

i es converteixen en coses que una persona "normal"

might want to actually have,

podria voler tindre,

because what this prosthetic does, which is really interesting,

perquè el que fa aquesta pròtesi i que és molt interessant,

is not only does it help you hear,

és que no només t'ajuda a sentir,

you can focus your hearing,

sinó que pot enfocar l'oïda,

so it can hear the conversation going on over there.

podries escoltar aquella conversa.

You can have superhearing.

Pots tindre superoïda.

You can have hearing in 360 degrees. You can have white noise.

Podries escoltar en 360 graus. Podries sentir soroll blanc.

You can record, and oh, by the way, they also put a phone into this.

Podries gravar i, per cert, també porten telèfon.

So this functions as your hearing aid and also as your phone.

Així que fan la funció d'audiòfon i de telèfon.

And at that point, somebody might actually want to have a prosthetic voluntarily.

I en aquest cas, algú podria posar-se una pròtesi voluntàriament.

All of these thousands of loosely connected little pieces

Totes aquestes xicotetes parts amb gairebé cap relació

are coming together,

comencen a ajuntar-se

and it's about time we ask the question,

i va sent hora que ens preguntem,

how do we want to evolve human beings over the next century or two?

com volem evolucionar l'ésser humà en els segles vinents?

And for that we turn to a great philosopher

I recorrem a un gran filòsof,

who was a very smart man despite being a Yankee fan.

que era un home molt intel·ligent malgrat ser fan dels Yankees.

(Laughter)

(Riures)

And Yogi Berra used to say, of course, that it's very tough to make predictions,

I el que Yogi Berra deia és que costa molt fer prediccions,

especially about the future.

sobretot respecte al futur.

(Laughter)

(Riures)

So instead of making a prediction about the future to begin with,

Així que en lloc de començar fent una predicció del futur,

let's take what's happening in the present with people like Tony Atala,

parlem del que està passant al present amb gent com Tony Atala,

who is redesigning 30-some-odd organs.

que està redissenyant uns 30 òrgans.

And maybe the ultimate prosthetic isn't having something external, titanium.

I potser la pròtesi definitiva no siga un aparell extern de titani.

Maybe the ultimate prosthetic is take your own gene code,

Potser es tracte de prendre el teu codi genètic,

remake your own body parts,

i reconstruir les parts del teu cos,

because that's a whole lot more effective than any kind of a prosthetic.

perquè això és molt més efectiu que qualsevol pròtesi.

But while you're at it, then you can take the work of Craig Venter and Ham Smith.

Però mentrestant, mirem el treball de Craig Venter i Ham Smith.

And one of the things that we've been doing

I una de les coses que han estat fent

is trying to figure out how to reprogram cells.

és intentar descobrir com reprogramar cèl·lules.

And if you can reprogram a cell,

I en cas de poder reprogramar una cèl·lula,

then you can change the cells in those organs.

podríem canviar les cèl·lules dels órgans.

So if you can change the cells in those organs,

I si poguérem canviar eixes cèl·lules,

maybe you make those organs more radiation-resistant.

podríem fer els órgans resistents a la radiació.

Maybe you make them absorb more oxygen.

Podríem fer que absorbiren més oxígen.

Maybe you make them more efficient

Podríem fer-los més eficients

to filter out stuff that you don't want in your body.

a l'hora de filtrar coses que no volem al cos.

And over the last few weeks, George Church has been in the news a lot

I estes setmanes George Church ha eixit molt a les notícies

because he's been talking about taking one of these programmable cells

perquè parla d'agafar una d'eixes cèl·lules programables

and inserting an entire human genome

i insertar un genoma humà

into that cell.

dins d'eixa cèl·lula.

And once you can insert an entire human genome into a cell,

I una volta podem fer això,

then you begin to ask the question,

ens comencem a fer la pregunta,

would you want to enhance any of that genome?

volem millorar alguna part d'aquest genoma?

Do you want to enhance a human body?

Volem millorar el cos humà?

How would you want to enhance a human body?

Com voldríem millorar el cos humà?

Where is it ethical to enhance a human body

Quan és étic millorar un cos humà

and where is it not ethical to enhance a human body?

i quan no és ètic millorar un cos humà?

And all of a sudden, what we're doing

I de sobte, el que ha passat

is we've got this multidimensional chess board

és que ens trobem amb aquest tauler d'escacs multidimensional

where we can change human genetics by using viruses

on podem canviar la genètica humana amb l'ajuda de virus

to attack things like AIDS,

que ataquen el sida, per exemple,

or we can change the gene code through gene therapy

o podem canviar el codi genètic mitjançant teràpia genètica

to do away with some hereditary diseases,

per desfer-nos d'enfermetats hereditàries,

or we can change the environment,

o podem canviar l'entorn,

and change the expression of those genes in the epigenome

i canviar l'expressió d'eixos gens a l'epigenoma

and pass that on to the next generations.

i passar-ho a les següents generacions.

And all of a sudden, it's not just one little bit,

I de sobte, ja no parlem d'una part xicoteta,

it's all these stacked little bits

són totes aquestes parts una damunt l'altra

that allow you to take little portions of it

que et permeten prendre porcions menudes

until all the portions coming together

fins que aquestes porcions es junten

lead you to something that's very different.

i resulten en una cosa molt distinta.

And a lot of people are very scared by this stuff.

I a molts això els fa molta por.

And it does sound scary, and there are risks to this stuff.

I la veritat és que fa por, i correm molts riscos amb açò.

So why in the world would you ever want to do this stuff?

I per què caram voldríem clavar-nos a fer açò?

Why would we really want to alter the human body

Per què voldríem alterar el cos humà

in a fundamental way?

d'una forma fonamental?

The answer lies in part

La resposta es troba en part

with Lord Rees,

amb Lord Rees,

astronomer royal of Great Britain.

astrònom reial de Gran Bretanya.

And one of his favorite sayings is the universe is 100 percent malevolent.

I el que deia era que l'univers és 100 per cent malèvol.

So what does that mean?

Què vol dir això?

It means if you take any one of your bodies at random,

Significa que si agafem qualsevol dels vostres cossos,

drop it anywhere in the universe,

i els soltem a qualsevol part de l'univers,

drop it in space, you die.

si el soltem a l'espai, morim.

Drop it on the Sun, you die.

Si el soltem al sol, morim.

A la superfície de Mercuri, morim.

Drop it on the surface of Mercury, you die.

Drop it near a supernova, you die.

Prop d'una supernova, morim.

But fortunately, it's only about 80 percent effective.

Per sort açò només es compleix en un 80 per cent.

So as a great physicist once said,

Com deia un gran físic,

there's these little upstream eddies of biology

hi ha uns xicotets remolins de la biologia

that create order in this rapid torrent of entropy.

que creen ordre dins del torrent de l'entropia.

So as the universe dissipates energy,

Així que mentre l'univers dissipa l'energia,

there's these upstream eddies that create biological order.

aquests remolins creen ordre biològic.

Now, the problem with eddies is,

El problema amb els remolins és

they tend to disappear.

que solen desaparèixer.

They shift. They move in rivers.

Canvien. Es mouen en rius.

And because of that, when an eddy shifts,

I per això, quan un remolí canvia,

when the Earth becomes a snowball, when the Earth becomes very hot,

quan la Terra es congela o s'escalfa molt,

when the Earth gets hit by an asteroid, when you have supervolcanoes,

quan rep l'impacte d'un asteroid o quan tenim supervolcans,

when you have solar flares,

quan hi han flamarades solars,

when you have potentially extinction-level events

quan ocórren esdeveniments que amenacen amb l'extinció

like the next election --

com les properes eleccions --

(Laughter)

(Riures)

then all of a sudden, you can have periodic extinctions.

De sobte, podem trobar-nos amb extincions periòdiques.

And by the way, that's happened five times on Earth,

Per cert, açò ja ha passat cinc vegades a la Terra,

and therefore it is very likely

i per tant és molt probable

that the human species on Earth is going to go extinct someday.

que la raça humana desapareixi un dia.

Not next week,

No la propera setmana,

not next month,

ni tampoc el més vinent,

maybe in November, but maybe 10,000 years after that.

potser a novembre, però pot ser d'ací 10,000 anys.

As you're thinking of the consequence of that,

Mentre penseu en les consequències d'açò,

if you believe that extinctions are common and natural

si creieu que les extincions són fets comuns i naturals

and normal and occur periodically,

i que ocorren periòdicament,

it becomes a moral imperative to diversify our species.

és un imperatiu moral diversificar la nostra espècie.

And it becomes a moral imperative

I és un imperatiu moral

because it's going to be really hard to live on Mars

perquè serà molt difícil viure a Mart

if we don't fundamentally modify the human body.

si no modifiquem els fonaments del cos humà.

Right?

Val?

You go from one cell,

Partim d'una cèl·lula,

mom and dad coming together to make one cell,

el pare i la mare s'ajunten per fer una cèl·lula,

in a cascade to 10 trillion cells.

en una cascada de 10 bilions de cèl·lules.

We don't know, if you change the gravity substantially,

No sabem, si al variar la gravetat de forma substancial,

if the same thing will happen to create your body.

el mateix passarà quan creem un cos.

We do know that if you expose our bodies as they currently are

No sabem si al exposar el nostre cos tal com es troba

to a lot of radiation, we will die.

a nivells alts de radiació, morirem.

So as you're thinking of that, you have to really redesign things

Així que considerant açò, és precís redissenyar les coses

just to get to Mars.

per arribar a Mart.

Forget about the moons of Neptune or Jupiter.

Ni parlar de les llunes de Neptú o Júpiter.

And to borrow from Nikolai Kardashev,

I com deia Nikolai Kardashev,

let's think about life in a series of scales.

pensem en la vida com una sèrie d'escales.

So Life One civilization

La civilització de primer nivell

is a civilization that begins to alter his or her looks.

comença a alterar la seua aparença.

And we've been doing that for thousands of years.

I portem fent-ho durant milers d'anys.

You've got tummy tucks and you've got this and you've got that.

Tenim liposuccions i tal i qual.

You alter your looks, and I'm told

Canviem d'aparença i pel que tinc entés

that not all of those alterations take place for medical reasons.

no totes estes alteracions es deuen a raons mèdiques.

(Laughter)

(Riures)

Seems odd.

És estrany.

A Life Two civilization is a different civilization.

La civilització de segon nivell és diferent a la primera.

A Life Two civilization alters fundamental aspects of the body.

Aquesta altera aspectes fonamentals del cos.

So you put human growth hormone in, the person grows taller,

Li posem hormones de creixement i la persona és més alta,

or you put x in and the person gets fatter or loses metabolism

o posem tal cosa i la persona es fa més grossa o perd metabolisme

or does a whole series of things,

o fa tota mena de coses,

but you're altering the functions in a fundamental way.

però el que fem és alterar les funcions a nivell fonamental.

To become an intrasolar civilization,

Per convertir-nos en una civilització intrasolar,

we're going to have to create a Life Three civilization,

necessitem crear una civilització de tercer nivell,

and that looks very different from what we've got here.

i esta no es pareix en res al que veieu ací.

Maybe you splice in Deinococcus radiodurans

Pot ser ens dividim en Deinococcus radiodurans

so that the cells can resplice after a lot of exposure to radiation.

i així les cèl·lules poden dividir-se quan s'exposen a molta radiació.

Maybe you breathe by having oxygen flow through your blood

Potser respirem i l'oxígen passa per la sang

instead of through your lungs.

en lloc de pels pulmons.

But you're talking about really radical redesigns,

Però parlem de redissenys radicals,

and one of the interesting things that's happened in the last decade

i una de les coses interessants que han passat esta última dècada

is we've discovered a whole lot of planets out there.

és que hem descobert un bon garbó de planetes.

And some of them may be Earth-like.

I alguns podrien ser similars a la Terra.

The problem is, if we ever want to get to these planets,

El problema és que si volem arribar a ells,

the fastest human objects --

els objectes humans més ràpids --

Juno and Voyager and the rest of this stuff --

com ara la Juno i la Voyager i la resta d'aparells --

take tens of thousands of years

tarden desenes de milers d'anys

to get from here to the nearest solar system.

en anar d'ací al sistema solar més proper.

So if you want to start exploring beaches somewhere else,

Així que si volem explorar platges en altres llocs,

or you want to see two-sun sunsets,

o si volem veure capvespres de dos sols,

then you're talking about something that is very different,

aleshores necessitem quelcom totalment diferent,

because you have to change the timescale and the body of humans

perquè hauríem de canviar l'escala temporal i el nostre cos

in ways which may be absolutely unrecognizable.

de forma totalment irreconeixible.

I açò seria una civilització de quart nivell.

And that's a Life Four civilization.

Now, we can't even begin to imagine what that might look like,

De moment no podem ni imaginar quin aspecte tindria,

but we're beginning to get glimpses

però comencem a rebre indicis

of instruments that might take us even that far.

d'instruments que podrien portar-nos allà.

And let me give you two examples.

I us mostraré dos exemples.

So this is the wonderful Floyd Romesberg,

Aquest és el meravellós Floyd Romesberg,

and one of the things that Floyd's been doing

i una de les coses que Floyd ha estat fent

is he's been playing with the basic chemistry of life.

és jugar amb la química bàsica de la vida.

So all life on this planet is made in ATCGs, the four letters of DNA.

Tota la vida d'aquest planeta està feta de ATCG, les lletres de l'ADN.

All bacteria, all plants, all animals, all humans, all cows,

Les bactèries, les plantes, els animals, els humans, les vaques,

everything else.

i tota la resta.

And what Floyd did is he changed out two of those base pairs,

I el que Floyd ha fet és canviar dos de les parelles bàsiques,

so it's ATXY.

i les ha convertit en ATXY.

And that means that you now have a parallel system to make life,

I això significa que ara tenim un sistema paral·lel per fer vida,

to make babies, to reproduce, to evolve,

per fer nadons, reproduir-nos, evolucionar,

that doesn't mate with most things on Earth

que no encaixa amb la majoria de coses de la Terra

or in fact maybe with nothing on Earth.

o potser en res del que hi ha a la Terra.

Maybe you make plants that are immune to all bacteria.

Podríem fer plantes immunes a les bactèries.

Maybe you make plants that are immune to all viruses.

O plantes immunes als virus.

But why is that so interesting?

Però per què és tan interessant?

It means that we are not a unique solution.

Açò significa que no sóm una solució única.

It means you can create alternate chemistries to us

Significa que podem crear químiques alternatives a la nostra

that could be chemistries adaptable to a very different planet

que podrien adaptar-se a un planeta diferent

that could create life and heredity.

i que podrien crear vida.

The second experiment,

El segon experiment,

or the other implication of this experiment,

o l'altra implicació d'aquest experiment,

is that all of you, all life is based on 20 amino acids.

és que tot ésser viu està basat en 20 amino àcids.

If you don't substitute two amino acids,

Si no substituïm dos amino àcids,

if you don't say ATXY, if you say ATCG + XY,

si no diem ATXY, si diem ATCG + XY,

then you go from 20 building blocks to 172,

aleshores passem de 20 blocs de construcció a 172,

and all of a sudden you've got 172 building blocks of amino acids

i de sobte tenim 172 blocs d'amino àcids

to build life-forms in very different shapes.

per construir formes de vida d'aspectes molt diferents.

The second experiment to think about is a really weird experiment

El segon experiment que cal tenir en compte és molt estrany

that's been taking place in China.

i està desenvolupant-se a la Xina.

So this guy has been transplanting hundreds of mouse heads.

Este senyor ha estat transplantant centenars de caps de ratolí.

Right?

Val?

And why is that an interesting experiment?

I per què és interessant?

Well, think of the first heart transplants.

Penseu en els primers transplants de cor.

One of the things they used to do

Una de les proves que feien

is they used to bring in the wife or the daughter of the donor

era que portaven a la dona o la filla del donant

so the donee could tell the doctors,

i els metges li preguntaven al receptor,

"Do you recognize this person? Do you love this person?

"Reconeixes esta persona? T'estimes esta persona?

Do you feel anything for this person?"

Sents cap cosa per esta persona?"

We laugh about that today.

Hui açò ens fa riure.

We laugh because we know the heart is a muscle,

Riem perquè sabem que el cor és un múscul,

but for hundreds of thousands of years, or tens of thousands of years,

però durant centenars de milers d'anys, o desenes de milers d'anys deiem,

"I gave her my heart. She took my heart. She broke my heart."

"M'ha robat el cor. M'ha trencat el cor."

We thought this was emotion

Pensàvem que era emoció

and we thought maybe emotions were transplanted with the heart. Nope.

i que potser les emocions podien transplantar-se amb el cor. Però no.

So how about the brain?

I què passa amb el cervell?

Two possible outcomes to this experiment.

L'experiment té dos resultats possibles.

If you can get a mouse

Si aconsegueixes un ratolí

that is functional,

que siga funcional

then you can see,

aleshores podrem veure

is the new brain a blank slate?

si el nou cervell és una pissarra en blanc.

And boy, does that have implications.

Ostres, això té moltes implicacions.

Second option:

Segona opció:

the new mouse recognizes Minnie Mouse.

el nou ratolí reconeix a Minnie Mouse.

The new mouse remembers what it's afraid of,

El nou ratolí recorda les coses que li fan por,

remembers how to navigate the maze,

recorda com recórrer el laberint,

and if that is true,

i si açò es compleix,

then you can transplant memory and consciousness.

llavors podem transplantar la memòria i la consciència.

And then the really interesting question is,

I la pregunta vertaderament interessant és,

if you can transplant this, is the only input-output mechanism

si podem transplantar això, significa que l'únic mecanisme

this down here?

d'entrada i eixida és açò?

Or could you transplant that consciousness into something

O podríem transplantar eixa consciència

that would be very different,

a alguna cosa molt diferent,

that would last in space,

que sobreviuria a l'espai

that would last tens of thousands of years,

que podria durar desenes de milers d'anys,

that would be a completely redesigned body

que seria un cos completament redissenyat

that could hold consciousness for a long, long period of time?

que podria retindre la consciència durant un llarg període de temps?

And let's come back to the first question:

I tornem a la primera pregunta:

Why would you ever want to do that?

Per què voldríem fer això?

Well, I'll tell you why.

Jo us ho diré.

Because this is the ultimate selfie.

Perquè esta és la selfie definitiva.

(Laughter)

(Riures)

This is taken from six billion miles away,

Esta fotografía s'ha fet a sis mil milions de kilòmetres,

and that's Earth.

i això és la Terra.

And that's all of us.

I aquí estem tots nosaltres.

And if that little thing goes, all of humanity goes.

I si eixe puntet s'apaga, l'humanitat sencera també.

And the reason you want to alter the human body

I la raó per la qual ens interessa alterar el cos humà

is because you eventually want a picture that says,

és perquè en algún moment voldrem tenir una foto que diga,

that's us, and that's us,

eixos som nosaltres, i eixos,

and that's us,

i eixos també,

because that's the way humanity survives long-term extinction.

perquè així és com la humanitat sobreviurà l'extinció.

And that's the reason why it turns out

I per esta raó resulta que

it's actually unethical not to evolve the human body

no seria ètic renunciar a evolucionar el cos humà

even though it can be scary, even though it can be challenging,

encara que ens faci por, encara que siga un repte,

but it's what's going to allow us to explore, live

però si ens permet explorar i viure

and get to places we can't even dream of today,

i arribar a llocs que encara no podem ni somiar,

but which our great-great-great-great- grandchildren might someday.

però que siguen una realitat pels nostres re-re-re-rebesnets.

Thank you very much.

Moltes gràcies.

(Applause)

(Aplaudiments)