What will humans look like in 100 years? | Juan Enriquez

1,164,090 views ・ 2016-12-15

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: SORA LEE κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:14
Here's a question that matters.
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
00:16
[Is it ethical to evolve the human body?]
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[인체λ₯Ό μ§„ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것은 μœ€λ¦¬μ μΈκ°€?]
00:18
Because we're beginning to get all the tools together to evolve ourselves.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§„ν™”ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 온 νž˜μ„ λ‹€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
And we can evolve bacteria and we can evolve plants
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό μ§„ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 있고 식물도 μ§„ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 있으며
00:24
and we can evolve animals,
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동물도 μ§„ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
and we're now reaching a point where we really have to ask,
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μ΄μ œλŠ” 이 문제λ₯Ό 생각해볼 λ•Œκ°€ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
is it really ethical and do we want to evolve human beings?
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인간을 μ§„ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것이 κ³Όμ—° 윀리적인 μΌμΌκΉŒμš”?
00:33
And as you're thinking about that,
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ν•œ 번 κ³ λ―Όν•΄λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄μ„œ
00:35
let me talk about that in the context of prosthetics,
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λ³΄μ² ν•™μ˜ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λ”°μ Έλ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
00:39
prosthetics past, present, future.
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λ³΄μ² ν•™μ˜ κ³Όκ±°, ν˜„μž¬, 미래λ₯Ό κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œμš”.
00:42
So this is the iron hand
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이것은 μ²  μ˜μˆ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
that belonged to one of the German counts.
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ν•œ 독일 λ°±μž‘μ˜ 물건이죠.
00:46
Loved to fight, lost his arm in one of these battles.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 결투λ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν–ˆλŠ”λ° νŒ”μ„ κ²°νˆ¬μ—μ„œ μžƒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
No problem, he just made a suit of armor,
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별 λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
κ°‘μ˜·μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ 걸치면 λμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
00:53
put it on,
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00:55
perfect prosthetic.
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μ™„λ²½ν•œ 보철술이죠.
00:56
That's where the concept of ruling with an iron fist comes from.
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철의 μ†μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€μŠ€λ¦°λ‹€λŠ” ν‘œν˜„μ΄ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μœ λž˜λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
And of course these prosthetics have been getting more and more useful,
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λ³΄μ² μˆ μ€ 날이 갈수둝 μœ μš©ν•΄μ‘Œκ³ 
01:05
more and more modern.
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μ„Έλ ¨λ˜κ²Œ λ³€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
You can hold soft-boiled eggs.
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뜨거운 달걀도 μž‘μ„ 수 있고
01:08
You can have all types of controls, and as you're thinking about that,
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무엇이든 ν•  수 있죠.
01:12
there are wonderful people like Hugh Herr
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휴 ν—ˆκ°™μ€ 재λŠ₯μžˆλŠ” 이듀이
01:14
who have been building absolutely extraordinary prosthetics.
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λ†€λΌμš΄ 인곡 μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
So the wonderful Aimee Mullins will go out and say,
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에이미 λ©€λ¦°μŠ€λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•˜κ² μ£ .
01:20
how tall do I want to be tonight?
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ°€μ—” ν‚€λ₯Ό μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ ν‚€μ›Œλ³ΌκΉŒ?
01:23
Or Hugh will say what type of cliff do I want to climb?
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μ–΄λ–€ μ ˆλ²½μ„ 올라볼까?
01:25
Or does somebody want to run a marathon, or does somebody want to ballroom dance?
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ λ§ˆλΌν†€μ„ ν• κΉŒ, λ¬΄λ„νšŒμ—μ„œ 좀을 좜까?
01:30
And as you adapt these things,
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이런 것에 μ΅μˆ™ν•΄μ§€λ©΄μ„œ
01:32
the interesting thing about prosthetics is they've been coming inside the body.
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λͺΈ 속에도 λ³΄μ² μˆ μ„ μ μš©ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
So these external prosthetics have now become artificial knees.
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μ΄μ œλŠ” 인곡 무릎 κ΄€μ ˆμ„ μ‚½μž…ν•˜κ³ 
01:39
They've become artificial hips.
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인곡 κ³¨λ°˜λ„ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
And then they've evolved further
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λ°œμ „ν• μˆ˜λ‘
01:43
to become not just nice to have
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이왕 있으면 쒋은 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
01:46
but essential to have.
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μ—†μœΌλ©΄ μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” 것이 λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
So when you're talking about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic,
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심박 μ‘°μœ¨κΈ°κ°™μ€ 물건이 λŒ€ν‘œμ μ΄μ£ .
01:51
you're talking about something that isn't just, "I'm missing my leg,"
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"닀리 ν•œ μͺ½μ΄ μ—†μ–΄μš”." ν•˜λŠ” 그런 물건이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
01:55
it's, "if I don't have this, I can die."
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"이게 μ—†μœΌλ©΄, μ „ μ£½μ–΄μš”." ν•˜λŠ” 물건이죠.
01:57
And at that point, a prosthetic becomes a symbiotic relationship
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보철 μž₯λΉ„κ°€ 인체와 κ³΅μƒν•˜λŠ” μ‹œλŒ€κ°€ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
with the human body.
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02:04
And four of the smartest people that I've ever met --
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μ œκ°€ λ§Œλ‚¬λ˜ 4λͺ…μ˜ 지성인
02:07
Ed Boyden, Hugh Herr, Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander --
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μ—λ“œ 보이든, 휴 ν—ˆ, μ‘° 제이μ½₯슨, λ°₯ λžœλ”
02:12
are working on a Center for Extreme Bionics.
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λͺ¨λ‘ 읡슀트림 λ°”μ΄μ˜€λ‹‰μŠ€ μ„Όν„°μ—μ„œ μΌν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
And the interesting thing of what you're seeing here is
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이듀은 ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κ²Œλ„
02:17
these prosthetics now get integrated into the bone.
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인곡 μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό λΌˆμ™€ μœ΅ν•©ν•˜κ³ 
02:20
They get integrated into the skin.
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피뢀와 μœ΅ν•©ν•˜κ³ 
02:21
They get integrated into the muscle.
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근윑과 μœ΅ν•©ν•˜λŠ” 법을 κΆλ¦¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
And one of the other sides of Ed
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κ·Έ μ€‘μ—μ„œλ„ μ—λ“œ 보이든은
02:27
is he's been thinking about how to connect the brain
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„ ν™œμš©ν•΄μ„œ λ‡Œμ™€ 보철듀을 직접 μ—°κ²°ν•  방법을 μƒκ°μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
using light or other mechanisms
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02:33
directly to things like these prosthetics.
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02:36
And if you can do that,
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그것이 μ‹€ν˜„λœλ‹€λ©΄
02:37
then you can begin changing fundamental aspects of humanity.
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μΈκ°„μ˜ 근간을 뒀흔듀어 놓겠죠.
02:41
So how quickly you react to something depends on the diameter of a nerve.
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λ°˜μ‘ μ†λ„λŠ” μ‹ κ²½μ˜ 직경과 관련이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
And of course, if you have nerves that are external or prosthetic,
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인곡적으둜 κ·Έ 직경을 ν‚€μšΈ 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
02:51
say with light or liquid metal,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λΉ›μ΄λ‚˜ μ•‘μ²΄κΈˆμ†μœΌλ‘œ 직경을 ν‚€μš΄λ‹€λ©΄
02:54
then you can increase that diameter
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02:56
and you could even increase it theoretically to the point where,
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μ΄λ‘ μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 것이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
as long as you could see the muzzle flash, you could step out of the way of a bullet.
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총ꡬ가 λΆˆμ„ λΏœλŠ” 것을 보고 μ΄μ•Œμ„ ν”Όν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
03:03
Those are the order of magnitude of changes you're talking about.
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μ•„μ£Ό ꡉμž₯ν•œ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μƒκΈ°λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
03:08
This is a fourth sort of level of prosthetics.
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이것은 λ³΄μ² ν•™μ˜ 4단계쯀 λ˜λŠ”
03:10
These are Phonak hearing aids,
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포낙 λ³΄μ²­κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
and the reason why these are so interesting
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이 물건의 ν₯미둜운 점은
03:15
is because they cross the threshold from where prosthetics are something
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κΈ°μ‘΄ 보철 μž₯λΉ„κ°€ "μž₯애인"을 μœ„ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄
03:18
for somebody who is "disabled"
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03:21
and they become something that somebody who is "normal"
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이것은 "λΉ„μž₯애인"도 탐낼 λ¬Όκ±΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
might want to actually have,
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03:27
because what this prosthetic does, which is really interesting,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 이 μž₯λΉ„λ‘œ 더 잘 듀을 수 μžˆμ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
03:30
is not only does it help you hear,
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포컀슀λ₯Ό 맞좜 수 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
03:32
you can focus your hearing,
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03:33
so it can hear the conversation going on over there.
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λ¨Ό 곳의 λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό 듀을 수 μžˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
초λŠ₯λ ₯같은 κ±°μ£ .
03:36
You can have superhearing.
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03:37
You can have hearing in 360 degrees. You can have white noise.
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360λ„λ‘œ 듀을 수 있고 백색 μ†ŒμŒλ„ 듀을 수 있고
03:40
You can record, and oh, by the way, they also put a phone into this.
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λ…ΉμŒλ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ©° ν•Έλ“œν°λ„ 연동할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
So this functions as your hearing aid and also as your phone.
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λ³΄μ²­κΈ°μ΄λ©΄μ„œ ν•Έλ“œν°μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•œκ±°μ£ .
03:47
And at that point, somebody might actually want to have a prosthetic voluntarily.
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ νƒλ‚Όλ§Œν•œ 물건이 λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
All of these thousands of loosely connected little pieces
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이런 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 퍼즐듀이 합쳐지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
are coming together,
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03:59
and it's about time we ask the question,
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이제 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ 던질 λ•Œμ£ .
04:01
how do we want to evolve human beings over the next century or two?
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 인간을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ§„ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ³  싢은 κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
04:05
And for that we turn to a great philosopher
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μœ„λŒ€ν•œ μ² ν•™μžμ—κ²Œμ„œ 닡을 μ°Ύμ•„λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
04:08
who was a very smart man despite being a Yankee fan.
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μ–‘ν‚€ νŒ¬μ΄μ§€λ§Œ κ½€ λ˜‘λ˜‘ν–ˆλ˜ μ‚¬λžŒ λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
04:12
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:14
And Yogi Berra used to say, of course, that it's very tough to make predictions,
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μš”κΈ° λ² λΌλŠ” 미래λ₯Ό μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜λŠ” 것이 맀우 μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
especially about the future.
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물둠 그랬겠죠.
04:20
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:21
So instead of making a prediction about the future to begin with,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ 미래λ₯Ό μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜μ§€ 말고
04:24
let's take what's happening in the present with people like Tony Atala,
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ν˜„μž¬λΆ€ν„° μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
ν† λ‹ˆ μ•„νƒˆλΌλŠ” 30가지 μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
who is redesigning 30-some-odd organs.
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04:31
And maybe the ultimate prosthetic isn't having something external, titanium.
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ꢁ극적 λ³΄μ² μ΄λž€ ν‹°νƒ€λŠ„μ„ λͺΈμ— λΆ™μ΄λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:34
Maybe the ultimate prosthetic is take your own gene code,
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μœ μ „μž μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄
04:37
remake your own body parts,
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신체 λΆ€μœ„λ₯Ό 직접 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
because that's a whole lot more effective than any kind of a prosthetic.
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κ·Έ μ–΄λ–€ 인곡 μž₯비도 μ§„μ§œλ³΄λ‹¨ λͺ»ν• ν…Œλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
04:44
But while you're at it, then you can take the work of Craig Venter and Ham Smith.
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크레이그 벀터와 ν–„ μŠ€λ―ΈμŠ€λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
And one of the things that we've been doing
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬νƒœκ»
04:50
is trying to figure out how to reprogram cells.
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세포λ₯Ό μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λ €κ³  λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
And if you can reprogram a cell,
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세포λ₯Ό μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
04:55
then you can change the cells in those organs.
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μž₯κΈ° 세포λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
So if you can change the cells in those organs,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, μž₯κΈ°κ°€ 방사λŠ₯에 κ°•ν•˜λ„λ‘
05:01
maybe you make those organs more radiation-resistant.
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세포λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ€ 수 있겠죠.
05:04
Maybe you make them absorb more oxygen.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό 더 많이 ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜λ„λ‘
05:06
Maybe you make them more efficient
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ν˜Ήμ€ λͺΈμ΄ μ›μΉ˜ μ•ŠλŠ” νŠΉμ • μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό κ±ΈλŸ¬λ‚΄λŠ” κΈ°λŠ₯이 ν–₯μƒλ˜λ„λ‘ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
to filter out stuff that you don't want in your body.
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05:11
And over the last few weeks, George Church has been in the news a lot
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μš”μƒˆ 쑰지 μ²˜μΉ˜κ°€ λ‰΄μŠ€μ— 많이 λ‚˜μ™”μ£ .
05:15
because he's been talking about taking one of these programmable cells
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ꡬ성 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 세포λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έλ‹€κ°€
05:18
and inserting an entire human genome
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κ·Έ 세포 μ•ˆμ— 인간 κ²Œλ†ˆμ„
05:20
into that cell.
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μ‚½μž…ν•˜μžκ³  ν–ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
05:22
And once you can insert an entire human genome into a cell,
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인간 κ²Œλ†ˆμ„ 세포에 μ‚½μž…ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
05:26
then you begin to ask the question,
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ꢁ금증이 μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:28
would you want to enhance any of that genome?
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정말 κ²Œλ†ˆμ„ λ°œμ „μ‹œν‚€κ³  싢은가?
05:33
Do you want to enhance a human body?
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인체λ₯Ό λ°œμ „μ‹œν‚€κ³  싢은가?
05:35
How would you want to enhance a human body?
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ꡬ체적으둜 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ?
05:38
Where is it ethical to enhance a human body
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신체λ₯Ό ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€λŠ” 게 μœ€λ¦¬μ μΈκ°€?
05:40
and where is it not ethical to enhance a human body?
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λΉ„μœ€λ¦¬μ μΈκ°€?
05:43
And all of a sudden, what we're doing
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 일은
05:45
is we've got this multidimensional chess board
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마치 닀차원 체슀판 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
where we can change human genetics by using viruses
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ‘œ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λ°”κΏ”μ„œ
05:51
to attack things like AIDS,
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μ—μ΄μ¦ˆλ₯Ό κ³΅κ²©ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³ 
05:54
or we can change the gene code through gene therapy
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μœ μ „ μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό 치료λ₯Ό 톡해 λ°”κΏ”
05:56
to do away with some hereditary diseases,
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μœ μ „λ³‘μ„ μ—†μ• κ³ 
05:59
or we can change the environment,
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ν™˜κ²½μ„ λ°”κΎΈκ³ 
06:01
and change the expression of those genes in the epigenome
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ν›„μ„± μœ μ „ν•™μœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΏ”
06:03
and pass that on to the next generations.
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λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈλŒ€μ— λ¬Όλ €μ£ΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
06:07
And all of a sudden, it's not just one little bit,
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이런 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄
06:10
it's all these stacked little bits
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μž‘μ€ 것듀이 μŒ“μ΄κ³  μŒ“μ—¬
06:12
that allow you to take little portions of it
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‘°κΈˆμ”© μ·¨ν•  수 있게 되고
06:15
until all the portions coming together
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κ·Έ 쑰각듀이 λͺ¨μ—¬
06:18
lead you to something that's very different.
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κ²°κ΅­ 큰 λ³€ν™”κ°€ λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:21
And a lot of people are very scared by this stuff.
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이것을 λ‘λ €μ›Œν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
And it does sound scary, and there are risks to this stuff.
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듣기에 무섭기도 ν•˜κ³  μœ„ν—˜μ„±μ΄ μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
06:28
So why in the world would you ever want to do this stuff?
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그런데 λˆ„κ°€ ꡳ이 이런 κ±Έ ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν• κΉŒμš”?
06:30
Why would we really want to alter the human body
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μ™œ 인체의 근간을 λ°”κΎΈκ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ ν• κΉŒμš”?
06:33
in a fundamental way?
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06:37
The answer lies in part
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정닡을 이 μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ 찾아보죠.
06:39
with Lord Rees,
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리슀 κ²½μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:41
astronomer royal of Great Britain.
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영ꡭ μ™•μ‘± μ²œλ¬Έν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:44
And one of his favorite sayings is the universe is 100 percent malevolent.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "μš°μ£ΌλŠ” 100% μœ ν•΄ν•˜λ‹€"
06:48
So what does that mean?
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무슨 λœ»μΌκΉŒμš”?
06:49
It means if you take any one of your bodies at random,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 쀑 λ¬΄μž‘μœ„λ‘œ ν•œ λͺ…을 골라
06:52
drop it anywhere in the universe,
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우주 μ–΄λ”˜κ°€μ— λ–¨μ–΄λœ¨λ¦¬λ©΄ μ£½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:54
drop it in space, you die.
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06:56
Drop it on the Sun, you die.
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νƒœμ–‘μ— λ–¨μ–΄λœ¨λ €λ„ μ£½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:58
Drop it on the surface of Mercury, you die.
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μˆ˜μ„± ν‘œλ©΄μ— λ–¨μ–΄λœ¨λ €λ„ μ£½κ³ 
07:00
Drop it near a supernova, you die.
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μ΄ˆμ‹ μ„± κ·Όμ²˜μ— 가도 μ£½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:02
But fortunately, it's only about 80 percent effective.
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λ˜ν•œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„, 80%λŠ” μœ νš¨ν•˜λ‹€."
07:06
So as a great physicist once said,
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μœ„λŒ€ν•œ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžκ°€ λ§ν–ˆλ“―
07:10
there's these little upstream eddies of biology
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μƒλ¬Όν•™μ—λŠ” μž‘μ€ μ†Œμš©λŒμ΄κ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°
07:14
that create order in this rapid torrent of entropy.
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κΈ‰κ²©ν•œ μ—”νŠΈλ‘œν”Όμ˜ 흐름에 μ§ˆμ„œλ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:20
So as the universe dissipates energy,
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μš°μ£Όκ°€ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό λΆ„μ‚°ν•˜λŠ” 와쀑
07:23
there's these upstream eddies that create biological order.
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생물학적 μ§ˆμ„œλ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ” μ†Œμš©λŒμ΄.
07:27
Now, the problem with eddies is,
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κ·Έ μ†Œμš©λŒμ΄μ˜ λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
07:30
they tend to disappear.
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κ²°κ΅­ μ‚¬λΌμ§„λ‹€λŠ” 데 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:31
They shift. They move in rivers.
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λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ 흐름에 νœ©μ“Έλ¦¬λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
07:34
And because of that, when an eddy shifts,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ†Œμš©λŒμ΄κ°€ 사라지면
07:36
when the Earth becomes a snowball, when the Earth becomes very hot,
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즉, 지ꡬ가 λͺΉμ‹œ μ°¨κ°€μ›Œμ§ˆ λ•Œ 지ꡬ가 λͺΉμ‹œ λœ¨κ±°μ›Œμ§ˆ λ•Œ
07:40
when the Earth gets hit by an asteroid, when you have supervolcanoes,
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지ꡬ가 μ†Œν–‰μ„±μ— λΆ€λ”ͺ치고 화산이 ν­λ°œν•  λ•Œ
07:43
when you have solar flares,
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νƒœμ–‘μ΄ ν­λ°œν•  λ•Œ
07:45
when you have potentially extinction-level events
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λ‹€μŒ λŒ€μ„ μ²˜λŸΌ
07:48
like the next election --
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μ’…λ§μ˜ λ•Œκ°€ 올 λ•Œ
07:50
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:53
then all of a sudden, you can have periodic extinctions.
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그럼 쒅말을 λ§žμ΄ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:57
And by the way, that's happened five times on Earth,
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지ꡬ에 이미 λ‹€μ„― 번 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:00
and therefore it is very likely
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ
08:02
that the human species on Earth is going to go extinct someday.
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μ–Έμ  κ°€ 인λ₯˜κ°€ λ©Έμ’…ν•  것은 λΆ„λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:06
Not next week,
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λ‹€μŒμ£ΌλŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆκ² μ§€λ§Œ
08:07
not next month,
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λ‹€μŒλ‹¬λ„ μ•„λ‹ˆκ² μ§€λ§Œ
08:09
maybe in November, but maybe 10,000 years after that.
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 11월일 μˆ˜λ„ 있고 10,000λ…„ ν›„ μΌμˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
08:13
As you're thinking of the consequence of that,
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μƒκ°ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
08:16
if you believe that extinctions are common and natural
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멸쒅이 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ³  ν”ν•œ 것, λ‹Ήμ—°ν•œ 것
08:20
and normal and occur periodically,
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주기적으둜 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄λΌκ³  λ―ΏλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
08:22
it becomes a moral imperative to diversify our species.
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μ’…μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„  λ„λ•μ μœΌλ‘œ ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ 것이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:26
And it becomes a moral imperative
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λ˜ν•œ ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ κ±°κ² μ£ .
08:28
because it's going to be really hard to live on Mars
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ν™”μ„±μ—μ„œ μ‚΄ μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μž–μ•„μš”.
08:31
if we don't fundamentally modify the human body.
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인체λ₯Ό 근본적으둜 바꾸지 μ•ŠλŠ” μ΄μƒμš”.
08:34
Right?
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맞죠?
ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•΄
08:36
You go from one cell,
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08:37
mom and dad coming together to make one cell,
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λͺ¨μ™€ λΆ€κ°€ 합쳐 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 세포λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
08:39
in a cascade to 10 trillion cells.
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10쑰개둜 λΆˆμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:41
We don't know, if you change the gravity substantially,
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쀑λ ₯을 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μˆ˜μ •ν•˜λ©΄
08:46
if the same thing will happen to create your body.
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우리 λͺΈμ—λ„ 그와 같은 일이 일어날지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:50
We do know that if you expose our bodies as they currently are
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μ§€κΈˆ 이 μƒνƒœλ‘œ 방사λŠ₯에 계속 λ…ΈμΆœλ˜λ©΄
08:53
to a lot of radiation, we will die.
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μ–Έμ  κ°€ 죽을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:57
So as you're thinking of that, you have to really redesign things
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그런 κ±Έ 고렀해보면 화성에 λ°œμ΄λΌλ„ 딛어보렀면
09:00
just to get to Mars.
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μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•΄μ•Όν•  게 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
Forget about the moons of Neptune or Jupiter.
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달, ν•΄μ™•μ„±, λͺ©μ„±μ€ μžŠμœΌμ„Έμš”.
09:05
And to borrow from Nikolai Kardashev,
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λ‹ˆμ½œλΌμ΄ μΉ΄λ‹€μ…°λΈŒμ˜ λ§λŒ€λ‘œ
09:07
let's think about life in a series of scales.
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생λͺ…을 λ‹¨κ³„λ‘œ μƒκ°ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
09:09
So Life One civilization
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1μ°¨ λ¬Έλͺ…은
09:12
is a civilization that begins to alter his or her looks.
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μ™Έν˜•μ„ λ°”κΏ‰λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:16
And we've been doing that for thousands of years.
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λͺ‡μ²œλ…„ λ™μ•ˆ ν•΄μ˜¨ 일이죠.
09:18
You've got tummy tucks and you've got this and you've got that.
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볡뢀 μ„±ν˜•λ„ ν•˜κ³  이것도 ν•˜κ³  저것도 ν•˜κ³ 
09:22
You alter your looks, and I'm told
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μ™Έν˜•μ„ λ°”κΎΈμ£ .
09:24
that not all of those alterations take place for medical reasons.
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μˆœμ „νžˆ 치료 λͺ©μ λ§Œμ€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:28
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
09:30
Seems odd.
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μ΄μƒν•œ 일이죠.
09:32
A Life Two civilization is a different civilization.
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2μ°¨ λ¬Έλͺ…은 μ’€ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
A Life Two civilization alters fundamental aspects of the body.
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인체의 근본적인 뢀뢄을 λ°”κΎΈμ£ .
09:41
So you put human growth hormone in, the person grows taller,
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μ„±μž₯ 호λ₯΄λͺ¬μ„ μ£Όμž…ν•΄ ν‚€λ₯Ό ν‚€μšΈ μˆ˜λ„ 있고
09:44
or you put x in and the person gets fatter or loses metabolism
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xλ₯Ό μ£Όμž…ν•΄ μ‹ μ§„λŒ€μ‚¬λ₯Ό λŠ¦μΆ”κ±°λ‚˜ 살을 찌울 수 있고
09:48
or does a whole series of things,
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 것을 ν•  수 있죠.
09:50
but you're altering the functions in a fundamental way.
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근본적인 κΈ°λŠ₯κΉŒμ§€ λ°”κΏ‰λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:53
To become an intrasolar civilization,
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νƒœμ–‘κ³„ λ¬Έλͺ…이 되기 μœ„ν•΄μ„ 
09:55
we're going to have to create a Life Three civilization,
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3μ°¨ λ¬Έλͺ…을 μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
and that looks very different from what we've got here.
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여지껏 λͺ¨μŠ΅κ³ΌλŠ” μ „ν˜€ λ”΄νŒμ΄μ£ .
10:02
Maybe you splice in Deinococcus radiodurans
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λ°μ΄λ…Έμ½”μΏ μŠ€ λΌλ””μ˜€λ‘λž€μŠ€μ— 우리λ₯Ό μ ‘λͺ©μ‹œμΌœ
10:05
so that the cells can resplice after a lot of exposure to radiation.
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방사λŠ₯을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ 세포λ₯Ό 늘릴 수 있겠죠.
10:10
Maybe you breathe by having oxygen flow through your blood
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핏속에 μ‚°μ†Œκ°€ 흐λ₯΄λ„둝 ν•΄ ν˜Έν‘ν•  μˆ˜λ„ 있겠죠.
10:13
instead of through your lungs.
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폐둜 ν˜Έν‘ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ μš”.
10:15
But you're talking about really radical redesigns,
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λͺΉμ‹œ κΈ‰κ²©ν•œ 변화일 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:19
and one of the interesting things that's happened in the last decade
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μ§€λ‚œ μ‹­λ…„λ™μ•ˆ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ λ³€ν™” 쀑 κ°€μž₯ ν₯미둜운 것은
10:22
is we've discovered a whole lot of planets out there.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 행성을 많이 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:25
And some of them may be Earth-like.
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지ꡬ와 λͺΉμ‹œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 것듀도 있죠.
10:29
The problem is, if we ever want to get to these planets,
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λ¬Έμ œλŠ”, 그런 행성에 가보렀면
10:33
the fastest human objects --
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κ°€μž₯ λΉ λ₯Έ μΈκ°„μ˜ 물체
10:34
Juno and Voyager and the rest of this stuff --
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즉 μ£Όλ…Έ, 보이저 같은 κ±Έλ‘œλ„
10:37
take tens of thousands of years
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κ°€μž₯ κ°€κΉŒμš΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ νƒœμ–‘κ³„λ‘œ κ°€λ €λ©΄ λͺ‡λ§Œ 년이 κ±Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:39
to get from here to the nearest solar system.
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10:42
So if you want to start exploring beaches somewhere else,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ λ‹€λ₯Έ 별에 μžˆλŠ” ν•΄λ³€μ—μ„œ λ†€κ³ μ‹Άκ±°λ‚˜
10:46
or you want to see two-sun sunsets,
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두 개의 νƒœμ–‘μ΄ λœ¨λŠ” κ±Έ 보렀면
10:49
then you're talking about something that is very different,
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μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ°¨μ›μ˜ μ–˜κΈ°λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
10:53
because you have to change the timescale and the body of humans
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μ‹œκ°„μ˜ 척도와 μΈκ°„μ˜ λͺΈμ„
10:58
in ways which may be absolutely unrecognizable.
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생각도 λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΏ”μ•Ό ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
11:02
And that's a Life Four civilization.
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그것이 4μ°¨ λ¬Έλͺ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:05
Now, we can't even begin to imagine what that might look like,
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어떨지 상상도 ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:08
but we're beginning to get glimpses
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ°©λ²•μ˜ μ‹€λ§ˆλ¦¬λ₯Ό
11:11
of instruments that might take us even that far.
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μ‘°κΈˆμ”© μž‘μ•„λ‚˜κ°€κ³  있죠.
11:14
And let me give you two examples.
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두 가지 예λ₯Ό 듀어보죠.
11:16
So this is the wonderful Floyd Romesberg,
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ν”Œλ‘œμ΄λ“œ λ‘¬μŠ€λ²„κ·Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:19
and one of the things that Floyd's been doing
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κ·ΈλŠ” ν™”ν•™μ˜ 기본을 가지고 μž‘μ—…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:21
is he's been playing with the basic chemistry of life.
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μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ”
11:23
So all life on this planet is made in ATCGs, the four letters of DNA.
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DNA의 4가지 염기인 ATCG둜 이루어져 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:28
All bacteria, all plants, all animals, all humans, all cows,
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„, 식물, 동물, 인간, μ†Œ
11:31
everything else.
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λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…μ²΄κ°€μš”.
11:34
And what Floyd did is he changed out two of those base pairs,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 이 쀑 두 가지λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:38
so it's ATXY.
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즉, ATXYλ‘œμš”.
11:41
And that means that you now have a parallel system to make life,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 생λͺ… 생성 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ λ§Œλ“  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:47
to make babies, to reproduce, to evolve,
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μ•„κΈ°λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³ , λ²ˆμ‹ν•˜κ³ , μ§„ν™”ν•˜λŠ”
11:51
that doesn't mate with most things on Earth
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κΈ°μ‘΄ 지ꡬ 생λͺ…체와 λ”΄νŒμΈ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:54
or in fact maybe with nothing on Earth.
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11:56
Maybe you make plants that are immune to all bacteria.
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λͺ¨λ“  λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ— 면역인 식물을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 있고
11:59
Maybe you make plants that are immune to all viruses.
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λͺ¨λ“  λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— 면역인 식물도 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:01
But why is that so interesting?
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이것이 μ‹œμ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” λ°”λŠ”
12:03
It means that we are not a unique solution.
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인간은 μœ μΌν•œ 해결책이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:07
It means you can create alternate chemistries to us
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³ μžˆλ˜ ν™”ν•™μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜
12:11
that could be chemistries adaptable to a very different planet
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 행성에 μ ν•©ν•œ 생λͺ…, μœ μ „ν˜•μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€
12:16
that could create life and heredity.
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ν™”ν•™ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:20
The second experiment,
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두 번째 μ‹€ν—˜
12:22
or the other implication of this experiment,
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ν˜Ήμ€ 첫 번째 μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ”
12:25
is that all of you, all life is based on 20 amino acids.
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λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…은 20가지 아미노산에 κΈ°μ΄ˆν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:29
If you don't substitute two amino acids,
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두 가지 아미노산을 λŒ€μ²΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
12:32
if you don't say ATXY, if you say ATCG + XY,
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즉, AXTYκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ATCG + XY라고 ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
12:37
then you go from 20 building blocks to 172,
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20가지 경우의 μˆ˜κ°€ 172κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λΆˆμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:41
and all of a sudden you've got 172 building blocks of amino acids
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μ–΄λŠ μˆœκ°„ 172가지 경우의 수λ₯Ό κ°–κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄
12:44
to build life-forms in very different shapes.
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μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ 생λͺ… ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:49
The second experiment to think about is a really weird experiment
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두 번째 μ‹€ν—˜μ€ ꡉμž₯히 κΈ°λ¬˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:52
that's been taking place in China.
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μ€‘κ΅­μ—μ„œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘Œμ£ .
12:55
So this guy has been transplanting hundreds of mouse heads.
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이 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ λͺ‡ λ°± 개의 μ₯λ¨Έλ¦¬λ₯Ό μ΄μ‹ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:00
Right?
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κΈ°λ¬˜ν•˜λ‹€ 그랬죠?
13:02
And why is that an interesting experiment?
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ νŠΉμ΄μ μ€ 뭘까?
13:05
Well, think of the first heart transplants.
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심μž₯ 이식 초창기λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
13:07
One of the things they used to do
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λ‹Ήμ‹œμ— 뭘 ν–ˆλƒλ©΄
13:09
is they used to bring in the wife or the daughter of the donor
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μ˜μ‚¬κ°€ 기증자의 아내와 딸을 λ°λ €μ™€μ„œ
13:12
so the donee could tell the doctors,
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기증받은 ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ μ§ˆλ¬Έν–ˆμ£ .
13:16
"Do you recognize this person? Do you love this person?
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"이 뢄을 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄μ‹œκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ? 이 뢄을 μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜μ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ?"
13:19
Do you feel anything for this person?"
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"μ–΄λ–€ 감정을 λŠλΌμ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ?"
13:21
We laugh about that today.
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이제 μ™€μ„œ 보면 웃긴 일이죠.
13:23
We laugh because we know the heart is a muscle,
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ μ§€κΈˆμ€ 심μž₯이 근윑일 λΏμ΄λž€ κ±Έ μ•„λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
13:25
but for hundreds of thousands of years, or tens of thousands of years,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 였랜 μ‹œκ°„λ™μ•ˆ
13:29
"I gave her my heart. She took my heart. She broke my heart."
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"λ‚΄ 심μž₯을 쀬어. λ‚΄ 심μž₯을 뺏겼어. λ‚΄ 심μž₯이 λΆ€μ„œμ‘Œμ–΄."
이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 심μž₯이 감정인 쀄 μ•Œμ•˜μ£ .
13:32
We thought this was emotion
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13:33
and we thought maybe emotions were transplanted with the heart. Nope.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 감정이 심μž₯κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ λ”Έλ €κ°€λŠ” 쀄 μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:38
So how about the brain?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ λ‡ŒλŠ” μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒ?
13:41
Two possible outcomes to this experiment.
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ μ˜ˆμƒ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 두 κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:43
If you can get a mouse
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μ₯μ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯에 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ—†μœΌλ©΄
13:46
that is functional,
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13:47
then you can see,
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그러면 μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό
13:50
is the new brain a blank slate?
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μƒˆ λ‡ŒλŠ” λ°±μ§€μΌκΉŒ?
13:53
And boy, does that have implications.
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그럴 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:57
Second option:
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두 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”
13:58
the new mouse recognizes Minnie Mouse.
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이 μ₯κ°€ 애인을 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:01
The new mouse remembers what it's afraid of,
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뭘 λ¬΄μ„œμ›Œν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ„ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜κ³ 
14:03
remembers how to navigate the maze,
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미둜 길도 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜κ³ 
14:05
and if that is true,
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λ§Œμ•½ 정말 κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄
14:08
then you can transplant memory and consciousness.
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κΈ°μ–΅κ³Ό μ˜μ‹μ„ μ΄μ‹ν–ˆλ‹¨ μ–˜κΈ°κ² μ£ .
14:13
And then the really interesting question is,
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정말 ν₯미둜운 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ μ΄κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:15
if you can transplant this, is the only input-output mechanism
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머리λ₯Ό μ΄μ‹ν•˜λ©΄ λͺΈμ—λ§Œ μž…μΆœλ ₯을 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 걸까?
14:19
this down here?
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14:21
Or could you transplant that consciousness into something
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ˜μ‹μ„ λ‹€λ₯Έ 무언가에 이식할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
14:24
that would be very different,
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생각도 λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ 무언가
14:26
that would last in space,
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μš°μ£Όμ— 남을 무언가
14:27
that would last tens of thousands of years,
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λͺ‡ λ§Œλ…„λ™μ•ˆ 남을 무언가
14:29
that would be a completely redesigned body
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μ˜μ‹μ„ μ•„μ£Ό 였래 μ§€λ‹ˆκ³  μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆλŠ”
14:31
that could hold consciousness for a long, long period of time?
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μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ μž¬κ΅¬μ„±λœ λͺΈμ΄λΌλ˜κ°€?
14:38
And let's come back to the first question:
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처음 질문으둜 λŒμ•„κ°‘μ‹œλ‹€.
14:40
Why would you ever want to do that?
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λŒ€μ²΄ μ™œ 그런 κ±Έ ν•˜κ³ μ‹Άμ–΄ ν• κΉŒ?
14:44
Well, I'll tell you why.
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λŒ€λ‹΅μ„ λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
14:45
Because this is the ultimate selfie.
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ꢁ극의 μ…€μΉ΄λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:48
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
14:50
This is taken from six billion miles away,
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60μ–΅λ§ˆμΌ κ±°λ¦¬μ—μ„œ 찍은 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:54
and that's Earth.
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μ €κ²Œ μ§€κ΅¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:56
And that's all of us.
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μ €κ²Œ 우리죠.
14:59
And if that little thing goes, all of humanity goes.
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μ € 쑰그만 게 사라지면 인λ₯˜κ°€ μ‚¬λΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:04
And the reason you want to alter the human body
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인체λ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈλ €λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
15:06
is because you eventually want a picture that says,
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κ²°κ΅­ 이런 사진을 μ›ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:09
that's us, and that's us,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ €κΈ°μžˆκ³ , μ €κΈ°μžˆκ³ ,
15:11
and that's us,
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저기도 μžˆκ΅¬λ‚˜.
15:12
because that's the way humanity survives long-term extinction.
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인λ₯˜κ°€ 멸쒅을 ν”Όν•  방법인 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:17
And that's the reason why it turns out
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제 결둠은
15:19
it's actually unethical not to evolve the human body
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인체λ₯Ό μ§„ν™”μ‹œν‚€μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 것이 였히렀 λΉ„μœ€λ¦¬μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:23
even though it can be scary, even though it can be challenging,
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무섭고 μ–΄λ €μš΄ 일일지라도
15:27
but it's what's going to allow us to explore, live
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상상도 λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ 곳에 κ°€κ³  자리작고
15:30
and get to places we can't even dream of today,
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νƒν—˜ν•  λ°©λ²•μ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
15:33
but which our great-great-great-great- grandchildren might someday.
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우리의 λ¨Ό 후손이 μ–Έμ  κ°€ μ‚΄ κ³³ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:37
Thank you very much.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:38
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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