What will humans look like in 100 years? | Juan Enriquez

1,164,641 views ใƒป 2016-12-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Roni Ravia
00:14
Here's a question that matters.
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
00:16
[Is it ethical to evolve the human body?]
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[ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื?]
00:18
Because we're beginning to get all the tools together to evolve ourselves.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
00:22
And we can evolve bacteria and we can evolve plants
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื
00:24
and we can evolve animals,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
00:26
and we're now reaching a point where we really have to ask,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•,
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื?
00:29
is it really ethical and do we want to evolve human beings?
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00:33
And as you're thinking about that,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”
00:35
let me talk about that in the context of prosthetics,
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืชื‘ื•ืช,
ืชื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
00:39
prosthetics past, present, future.
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00:42
So this is the iron hand
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ื–ืืช ื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ
00:44
that belonged to one of the German counts.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืจื•ื–ื ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื,
00:46
Loved to fight, lost his arm in one of these battles.
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ื”ื•ื ืื”ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช.
00:51
No problem, he just made a suit of armor,
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืœื™ืคืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ,
00:53
put it on,
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ืœื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื”,
ื”ืชื•ืชื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
00:55
perfect prosthetic.
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00:56
That's where the concept of ruling with an iron fist comes from.
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ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
01:01
And of course these prosthetics have been getting more and more useful,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืชื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช.
01:05
more and more modern.
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01:06
You can hold soft-boiled eggs.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืขื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืจื›ื•ืช.
01:08
You can have all types of controls, and as you're thinking about that,
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ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ื ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš,
01:12
there are wonderful people like Hugh Herr
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื™ื• ื”ืจ
01:14
who have been building absolutely extraordinary prosthetics.
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ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
01:17
So the wonderful Aimee Mullins will go out and say,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื™ืžื™ ืžื•ืœื™ื ืก ื”ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืชืืžืจ,
01:20
how tall do I want to be tonight?
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"ื›ืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘?"
ืื• ื™ื• ื™ืืžืจ "ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืžืฆื•ืง ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืคืก?"
01:23
Or Hugh will say what type of cliff do I want to climb?
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01:25
Or does somebody want to run a marathon, or does somebody want to ballroom dance?
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ืื• "ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจื•ืฅ ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ืื• ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืกืœื•ื ื™ื™ื?"
01:30
And as you adapt these things,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืœื•,
01:32
the interesting thing about prosthetics is they've been coming inside the body.
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ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
01:36
So these external prosthetics have now become artificial knees.
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ืื– ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
01:39
They've become artificial hips.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
01:41
And then they've evolved further
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:43
to become not just nice to have
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ืžืืžืฆืขื™ ื ื•ื—
ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.
01:46
but essential to have.
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01:47
So when you're talking about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic,
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ืื– ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ืฆื‘ ืœื‘ ื›ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื”,
01:51
you're talking about something that isn't just, "I'm missing my leg,"
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ืื– ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง, "ื—ืกืจื” ืœื™ ืจื’ืœ,"
01:55
it's, "if I don't have this, I can die."
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ืืœื "ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืžื•ืช."
01:57
And at that point, a prosthetic becomes a symbiotic relationship
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ื•ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื™ื—ืก ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™
ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
02:02
with the human body.
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02:04
And four of the smartest people that I've ever met --
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ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื™ ืคืขื --
ืื“ ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื™ื• ื”ืจ, ื’'ื• ื’'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื‘ ืœื ื“ืจ --
02:07
Ed Boyden, Hugh Herr, Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander --
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02:12
are working on a Center for Extreme Bionics.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืœื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื
02:15
And the interesting thing of what you're seeing here is
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02:17
these prosthetics now get integrated into the bone.
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ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืฆื.
ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืจ.
02:20
They get integrated into the skin.
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02:21
They get integrated into the muscle.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
02:24
And one of the other sides of Ed
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื“ ืขื•ืฉื”
02:27
is he's been thinking about how to connect the brain
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ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
02:30
using light or other mechanisms
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
02:33
directly to things like these prosthetics.
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02:36
And if you can do that,
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ื•ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
02:37
then you can begin changing fundamental aspects of humanity.
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ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
02:41
So how quickly you react to something depends on the diameter of a nerve.
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ืื–, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘.
02:46
And of course, if you have nerves that are external or prosthetic,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื•ืช,
02:51
say with light or liquid metal,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืœ ืื• ืžืชื›ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช,
02:54
then you can increase that diameter
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”,
02:56
and you could even increase it theoretically to the point where,
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื ื•ืจื” ืžืœื•ืข ื”ื ืฉืง, ืชืกืคื™ืงื• ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืกืœื•ืœื•.
02:59
as long as you could see the muzzle flash, you could step out of the way of a bullet.
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03:03
Those are the order of magnitude of changes you're talking about.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:08
This is a fourth sort of level of prosthetics.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื•ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช.
03:10
These are Phonak hearing aids,
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืขื–ืจื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืืง,
03:13
and the reason why these are so interesting
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ื•ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
03:15
is because they cross the threshold from where prosthetics are something
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืื“ื "ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ"
03:18
for somebody who is "disabled"
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03:21
and they become something that somebody who is "normal"
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• "ื ื•ืจืžืœื™" ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจืฆื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื•,
03:25
might want to actually have,
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03:27
because what this prosthetic does, which is really interesting,
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขื•ืฉื•ืช, ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
03:30
is not only does it help you hear,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข,
ืืœื ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžืžืงื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”,
03:32
you can focus your hearing,
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03:33
so it can hear the conversation going on over there.
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืฉื.
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืขืœ.
03:36
You can have superhearing.
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03:37
You can have hearing in 360 degrees. You can have white noise.
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืฉืœ 360 ืžืขืœื•ืช. ืžืืคืฉืจ ืจืขืฉ ืœื‘ืŸ.
03:40
You can record, and oh, by the way, they also put a phone into this.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜, ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ื ื’ื ืžืชืงื™ื ื™ื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ื›ื•.
03:44
So this functions as your hearing aid and also as your phone.
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ืื– ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืชืคืงื“ ื’ื ื›ืขื–ืจ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื•ื’ื ื›ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
03:47
And at that point, somebody might actually want to have a prosthetic voluntarily.
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ื•ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
03:54
All of these thousands of loosely connected little pieces
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ื›ืœ ืืœืคื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•,
03:57
are coming together,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
03:59
and it's about time we ask the question,
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื” ืื• ืžืืชื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช?
04:01
how do we want to evolve human beings over the next century or two?
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04:05
And for that we turn to a great philosopher
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ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืื ื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
04:08
who was a very smart man despite being a Yankee fan.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืื•ื”ื“ ืฉืœ ื”"ื™ืื ืงื™ื–".
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:12
(Laughter)
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04:14
And Yogi Berra used to say, of course, that it's very tough to make predictions,
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ื•ื™ื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืจื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช,
04:18
especially about the future.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืชื™ื“.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:20
(Laughter)
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืชื™ื“,
04:21
So instead of making a prediction about the future to begin with,
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04:24
let's take what's happening in the present with people like Tony Atala,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ื•ื ื™ ืื˜ืœื”,
04:27
who is redesigning 30-some-odd organs.
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ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:31
And maybe the ultimate prosthetic isn't having something external, titanium.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ื•ื.
04:34
Maybe the ultimate prosthetic is take your own gene code,
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ืืœื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื›ื,
04:37
remake your own body parts,
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ,
04:39
because that's a whole lot more effective than any kind of a prosthetic.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื”.
04:44
But while you're at it, then you can take the work of Craig Venter and Ham Smith.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ื’ ื•ื ื˜ืจ ื•ื”ืื ืกืžื™ืช'.
04:48
And one of the things that we've been doing
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
04:50
is trying to figure out how to reprogram cells.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืชื›ื ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืชืื™ื.
04:54
And if you can reprogram a cell,
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ื•ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื›ื ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืชื,
04:55
then you can change the cells in those organs.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
04:59
So if you can change the cells in those organs,
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ื•ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
05:01
maybe you make those organs more radiation-resistant.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืกื™ื ื™- ืงืจื™ื ื”.
ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
05:04
Maybe you make them absorb more oxygen.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:06
Maybe you make them more efficient
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05:07
to filter out stuff that you don't want in your body.
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ื‘ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
05:11
And over the last few weeks, George Church has been in the news a lot
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืฆ'ืจืฅ' ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช
05:15
because he's been talking about taking one of these programmable cells
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05:18
and inserting an entire human genome
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื’ื ื•ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœื
05:20
into that cell.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื”ื–ื”.
05:22
And once you can insert an entire human genome into a cell,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื’ื ื•ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ืœืชื•ืš ืชื,
05:26
then you begin to ask the question,
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ืื– ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
05:28
would you want to enhance any of that genome?
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ื”ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•?
05:33
Do you want to enhance a human body?
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ื”ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™?
05:35
How would you want to enhance a human body?
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ืื™ืš ืชืจืฆื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™?
ืžืชื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
05:38
Where is it ethical to enhance a human body
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05:40
and where is it not ethical to enhance a human body?
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ื•ืžืชื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™?
05:43
And all of a sudden, what we're doing
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื, ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•
05:45
is we've got this multidimensional chess board
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ืœื•ื— ืฉื—ืžื˜ ืจื‘ ืžื™ืžื“ื™
05:48
where we can change human genetics by using viruses
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ื‘ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื
05:51
to attack things like AIDS,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
ืื• ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื’ื ื™
05:54
or we can change the gene code through gene therapy
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05:56
to do away with some hereditary diseases,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช,
05:59
or we can change the environment,
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ืื• ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืืคื™ื’ื ื•ื,
06:01
and change the expression of those genes in the epigenome
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06:03
and pass that on to the next generations.
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
06:07
And all of a sudden, it's not just one little bit,
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืคืจื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ,
06:10
it's all these stacked little bits
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื—ื“
06:12
that allow you to take little portions of it
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
06:15
until all the portions coming together
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื™ื—ื“
ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืชื›ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”.
06:18
lead you to something that's very different.
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06:21
And a lot of people are very scared by this stuff.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ื”.
06:24
And it does sound scary, and there are risks to this stuff.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื ืฉืžืข ืžืคื—ื™ื“, ื•ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
ืื– ืœืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
06:28
So why in the world would you ever want to do this stuff?
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06:30
Why would we really want to alter the human body
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ืœืžื” ืฉื ืจืฆื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
06:33
in a fundamental way?
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช?
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื”
06:37
The answer lies in part
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06:39
with Lord Rees,
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ืืฆืœ ืœื•ืจื“ ืจื™ืก,
06:41
astronomer royal of Great Britain.
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
06:44
And one of his favorite sayings is the universe is 100 percent malevolent.
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื 100 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืจื•ืฉืข.
06:48
So what does that mean?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
06:49
It means if you take any one of your bodies at random,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืชืงื—ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื,
06:52
drop it anywhere in the universe,
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ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
06:54
drop it in space, you die.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ื”ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืช.
06:56
Drop it on the Sun, you die.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืช.
ืชื–ืจืงื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืช.
06:58
Drop it on the surface of Mercury, you die.
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ืชื–ืจืงื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ื“ ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืช.
07:00
Drop it near a supernova, you die.
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07:02
But fortunately, it's only about 80 percent effective.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื™ืขื™ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื›-80 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
07:06
So as a great physicist once said,
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ืื– ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืžืจ ืคืขื,
ื™ืฉ ืื“ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืขื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืจื,
07:10
there's these little upstream eddies of biology
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”.
07:14
that create order in this rapid torrent of entropy.
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
07:20
So as the universe dissipates energy,
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ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืื“ื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืขื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืจื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
07:23
there's these upstream eddies that create biological order.
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07:27
Now, the problem with eddies is,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืื“ื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื,
07:30
they tend to disappear.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืœื.
07:31
They shift. They move in rivers.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืช.
07:34
And because of that, when an eddy shifts,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืื“ื•ื•ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”,
07:36
when the Earth becomes a snowball, when the Earth becomes very hot,
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ื›ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื’, ื›ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชื—ืžื,
07:40
when the Earth gets hit by an asteroid, when you have supervolcanoes,
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ื›ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืคื’ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
07:43
when you have solar flares,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช,
07:45
when you have potentially extinction-level events
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ื›ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช
07:48
like the next election --
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช --
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:50
(Laughter)
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07:53
then all of a sudden, you can have periodic extinctions.
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ืื– ืคืชืื•ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื™ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช.
07:57
And by the way, that's happened five times on Earth,
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ืื’ื‘, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
08:00
and therefore it is very likely
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“
08:02
that the human species on Earth is going to go extinct someday.
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ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื•ืฉืžื“.
08:06
Not next week,
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ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื,
08:07
not next month,
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ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื,
08:09
maybe in November, but maybe 10,000 years after that.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ 10,000 ืฉื ื”.
08:13
As you're thinking of the consequence of that,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
08:16
if you believe that extinctions are common and natural
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ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื
ื•ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืื—ืช ืœื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ,
08:20
and normal and occur periodically,
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08:22
it becomes a moral imperative to diversify our species.
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ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื•ืจื— ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:26
And it becomes a moral imperative
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื•ืกืจื™
ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื
08:28
because it's going to be really hard to live on Mars
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ืื ืœื ื ืฉื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
08:31
if we don't fundamentally modify the human body.
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08:34
Right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ืืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื ืื—ื“,
08:36
You go from one cell,
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08:37
mom and dad coming together to make one cell,
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ืืžื ื•ืื‘ื ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ืื—ื“,
08:39
in a cascade to 10 trillion cells.
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ืœ-10 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชืื™ื.
08:41
We don't know, if you change the gravity substantially,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื ืฉื ื” ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™,
08:46
if the same thing will happen to create your body.
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ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืจื’ืข,
08:50
We do know that if you expose our bodies as they currently are
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08:53
to a lot of radiation, we will die.
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืจื™ื ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžื•ืช.
ืื– ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
08:57
So as you're thinking of that, you have to really redesign things
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืื“ื™ื.
09:00
just to get to Mars.
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09:01
Forget about the moons of Neptune or Jupiter.
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ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื“ืง.
ื•ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืงืจื“ืฉื‘,
09:05
And to borrow from Nikolai Kardashev,
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09:07
let's think about life in a series of scales.
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืœื™ื.
09:09
So Life One civilization
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ืื– ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช
09:12
is a civilization that begins to alter his or her looks.
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื”.
ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
09:16
And we've been doing that for thousands of years.
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09:18
You've got tummy tucks and you've got this and you've got that.
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ืขื ืฉืื™ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
09:22
You alter your looks, and I'm told
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™
09:24
that not all of those alterations take place for medical reasons.
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ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช.
09:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:30
Seems odd.
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ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื–ืจ.
09:32
A Life Two civilization is a different civilization.
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ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
09:36
A Life Two civilization alters fundamental aspects of the body.
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ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
09:41
So you put human growth hormone in, the person grows taller,
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ืื– ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ื”ืื“ื ื’ื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:44
or you put x in and the person gets fatter or loses metabolism
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ืื• ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื x ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืื“ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื,
09:48
or does a whole series of things,
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ืื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
09:50
but you're altering the functions in a fundamental way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
09:53
To become an intrasolar civilization,
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09:55
we're going to have to create a Life Three civilization,
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉืœื•ืฉ,
09:59
and that looks very different from what we've got here.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
10:02
Maybe you splice in Deinococcus radiodurans
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืงื•ืก ืจื“ื™ื•ื“ื•ืจื ืก
ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืœืงืจื™ื ื”.
10:05
so that the cells can resplice after a lot of exposure to radiation.
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10:10
Maybe you breathe by having oxygen flow through your blood
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื™ื–ืจื•ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื
10:13
instead of through your lungs.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช.
10:15
But you're talking about really radical redesigns,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื,
10:19
and one of the interesting things that's happened in the last decade
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
10:22
is we've discovered a whole lot of planets out there.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
10:25
And some of them may be Earth-like.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:29
The problem is, if we ever want to get to these planets,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื --
10:33
the fastest human objects --
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10:34
Juno and Voyager and the rest of this stuff --
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ืœื’'ื•ื ื• ื•ื•ื•ื™ืื’'ืจ ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ --
10:37
take tens of thousands of years
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ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
10:39
to get from here to the nearest solar system.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืคื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:42
So if you want to start exploring beaches somewhere else,
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ืื– ืื ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
10:46
or you want to see two-sun sunsets,
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ืื• ืฉื ืจืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืช,
10:49
then you're talking about something that is very different,
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ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”,
ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
10:53
because you have to change the timescale and the body of humans
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช.
10:58
in ways which may be absolutely unrecognizable.
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ื•ื–ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืืจื‘ืข.
11:02
And that's a Life Four civilization.
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11:05
Now, we can't even begin to imagine what that might look like,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืจืื”,
11:08
but we're beginning to get glimpses
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืฆื•ืช
ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื“ ืœืฉื.
11:11
of instruments that might take us even that far.
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11:14
And let me give you two examples.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
11:16
So this is the wonderful Floyd Romesberg,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืคืœื•ื™ื“ ืจื•ืžืกื‘ืจื’ ื”ื ืคืœื,
11:19
and one of the things that Floyd's been doing
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคืœื•ื™ื“ ืžืชืขืกืง ื‘ื”ื
11:21
is he's been playing with the basic chemistry of life.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:23
So all life on this planet is made in ATCGs, the four letters of DNA.
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืž-ATCG, ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”-DNA.
11:28
All bacteria, all plants, all animals, all humans, all cows,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช,
11:31
everything else.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
11:34
And what Floyd did is he changed out two of those base pairs,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืคืœื•ื™ื“ ืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืืœื”,
11:38
so it's ATXY.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ATXY.
11:41
And that means that you now have a parallel system to make life,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
11:47
to make babies, to reproduce, to evolve,
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœื”ืชืคืชื—,
11:51
that doesn't mate with most things on Earth
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ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ืช ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืขื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
11:54
or in fact maybe with nothing on Earth.
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11:56
Maybe you make plants that are immune to all bacteria.
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื—ืกื™ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
11:59
Maybe you make plants that are immune to all viruses.
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ืื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื—ืกื™ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื.
12:01
But why is that so interesting?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ?
12:03
It means that we are not a unique solution.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
12:07
It means you can create alternate chemistries to us
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืคืœื ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”
12:11
that could be chemistries adaptable to a very different planet
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจืฉื”.
12:16
that could create life and heredity.
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™,
12:20
The second experiment,
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12:22
or the other implication of this experiment,
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ืื• ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
12:25
is that all of you, all life is based on 20 amino acids.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ 20 ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•.
12:29
If you don't substitute two amino acids,
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ืื ืœื ื ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•,
ืืœื ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•,
12:32
if you don't say ATXY, if you say ATCG + XY,
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12:37
then you go from 20 building blocks to 172,
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ืื– ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืž-20 ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœ-172,
12:41
and all of a sudden you've got 172 building blocks of amino acids
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 172 ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•
12:44
to build life-forms in very different shapes.
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ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
12:49
The second experiment to think about is a really weird experiment
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื•ื–ืจ
12:52
that's been taking place in China.
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ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
12:55
So this guy has been transplanting hundreds of mouse heads.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ืžืื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.
13:00
Right?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
13:02
And why is that an interesting experiment?
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ื•ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ?
13:05
Well, think of the first heart transplants.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
13:07
One of the things they used to do
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืืฉืชื• ืื• ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื
13:09
is they used to bring in the wife or the daughter of the donor
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13:12
so the donee could tell the doctors,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฉืชืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื,
13:16
"Do you recognize this person? Do you love this person?
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"ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”? ื”ืื ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”?
13:19
Do you feel anything for this person?"
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”?"
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
13:21
We laugh about that today.
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13:23
We laugh because we know the heart is a muscle,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื™ืจ,
13:25
but for hundreds of thousands of years, or tens of thousands of years,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
13:29
"I gave her my heart. She took my heart. She broke my heart."
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"ื ืชืชื™ ืœื” ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื™. ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื™. ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื” ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื™."
ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืœื‘ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
13:32
We thought this was emotion
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13:33
and we thought maybe emotions were transplanted with the heart. Nope.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืœื‘. ืœื.
ืื– ืžื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ื—?
13:38
So how about the brain?
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ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
13:41
Two possible outcomes to this experiment.
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13:43
If you can get a mouse
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจ
13:46
that is functional,
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืชืคืงื“,
13:47
then you can see,
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ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช,
ืื ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื— ื—ืœืง.
13:50
is the new brain a blank slate?
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13:53
And boy, does that have implications.
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ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช.
ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื”:
13:57
Second option:
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13:58
the new mouse recognizes Minnie Mouse.
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ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืื•ืก.
14:01
The new mouse remembers what it's afraid of,
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ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืžืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืคื—ื“,
14:03
remembers how to navigate the maze,
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ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืื™ืš ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืš,
14:05
and if that is true,
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื”.
14:08
then you can transplant memory and consciousness.
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื,
14:13
And then the really interesting question is,
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14:15
if you can transplant this, is the only input-output mechanism
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ืฉืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ืื ืžื›ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืงืœื˜ ืคืœื˜ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
14:19
this down here?
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ื–ื” ืคื” ืœืžื˜ื”?
14:21
Or could you transplant that consciousness into something
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ืื• ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืชื•ืš ืžืฉื”ื•
ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”,
14:24
that would be very different,
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ืฉื™ืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
14:26
that would last in space,
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14:27
that would last tens of thousands of years,
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ืฉื™ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
14:29
that would be a completely redesigned body
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
14:31
that could hold consciousness for a long, long period of time?
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช?
ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”:
14:38
And let's come back to the first question:
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14:40
Why would you ever want to do that?
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ืœืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
14:44
Well, I'll tell you why.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืœืžื”.
14:45
Because this is the ultimate selfie.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืกืœืคื™ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:48
(Laughter)
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14:50
This is taken from six billion miles away,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืœืงื— ืžืžืจื—ืง ืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
ื•ื–ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
14:54
and that's Earth.
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14:56
And that's all of us.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
14:59
And if that little thing goes, all of humanity goes.
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ื•ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš, ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช.
15:04
And the reason you want to alter the human body
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
15:06
is because you eventually want a picture that says,
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืจืฆื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืื•ืžืจืช,
15:09
that's us, and that's us,
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ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื•, ื•ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื•,
15:11
and that's us,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื•.
15:12
because that's the way humanity survives long-term extinction.
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ื›ื™ ื–ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชืฉืจื•ื“ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.
15:17
And that's the reason why it turns out
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ,
15:19
it's actually unethical not to evolve the human body
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ืืชื™ ืฉืœื ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื,
15:23
even though it can be scary, even though it can be challenging,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžืืชื’ืจ,
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ, ืœื—ื™ื•ืช,
15:27
but it's what's going to allow us to explore, live
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15:30
and get to places we can't even dream of today,
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื™ื•ื,
15:33
but which our great-great-great-great- grandchildren might someday.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื.
15:37
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
15:38
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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