Nate Silver: How does race affect votes?

39,006 views ใƒป 2009-04-24

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: ADEL IBRAHIM ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:18
I want to talk about the election.
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ุฃูˆุฏ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนู† ุฅู„ุฅู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช.
00:21
For the first time in the United States, a predominantly white group of voters
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ู„ุงูˆู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉุŒุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ู…ู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุน ุงู„ู†ุงุฎุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจูŠุถ
00:24
voted for an African-American candidate for President.
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ุตูˆุชุช ู„ู…ุฑุดุญ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠ-ุงู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ู„ู„ุฑุฆุงุณุฉ.
00:27
And in fact Barack Obama did quite well.
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ูˆุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุจุงุฑุงูƒ ุงูˆุจุงู…ุง ุงุจู„ูŠ ุจู„ุงุกู‹ ุญุณู†ุงู‹.
00:29
He won 375 electoral votes.
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ูƒุณุจ 375 ุตูˆุชุง ุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุงู‹
00:31
And he won about 70 million popular votes
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ูˆูƒุณุจ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 70 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ู† ุงุตูˆุงุช ุงู„ุดุนุจ
00:34
more than any other presidential candidate --
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงูŠ ู…ุฑุดุญ ุฑุฆุงุณุฉ ุขุฎุฑุŒ
00:36
of any race, of any party -- in history.
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ู…ู† ุงูŠ ุนุฑู‚ุŒ ุงูŠ ุญุฒุจุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ
00:39
If you compare how Obama did against how John Kerry had done four years earlier --
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ุฅุฐุง ู‚ุงุฑู†ุช ู…ุง ูุนู„ ุงูˆุจุงู…ุง ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ู…ุง ูุนู„ ุฌูˆู† ูƒูŠุฑูŠ ู‚ุจู„ ุงุฑุจุนุฉ ุณู†ูˆุงุช --
00:43
Democrats really like seeing this transition here,
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ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ูˆู‚ุฑุงุทูŠูˆู† ุญู‚ุงู‹ ูŠูุญุจูˆู† ุฑุคูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุฅู„ุฅู†ุชู‚ุงู„ ู‡ูู†ุง.
00:46
where almost every state becomes bluer, becomes more democratic --
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ุญูŠุซ ุบุงู„ุจุงู‹ ูƒู„ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ุชุตูŠุฑ ุฒุฑู‚ุงุกุŒ ุชุตูŠุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ --
00:50
even states Obama lost, like out west,
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ูˆุญุชูŠ ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุฎุณุฑู‡ุง ุงูˆุจุงู…ุงุŒ ูƒุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุบุฑุจ.
00:52
those states became more blue.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุชุตุจุญ ุงูƒุซุฑ ุฒุฑู‚ุฉ
00:54
In the south, in the northeast, almost everywhere
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุดุฑู‚ูŠุŒ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†
00:57
but with a couple of exceptions here and there.
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ู…ุน ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฅุณุชุซู†ุงุกุงุช ู‡ู†ุงูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
01:00
One exception is in Massachusetts.
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ุฃุญุฏู‡ู… ููŠ ู…ุงุณุงุดูˆุณุชุณ.
01:02
That was John Kerry's home state.
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ุชู„ูƒ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ุฌูˆู† ูƒูŠุฑูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒูŠุฉ.
01:04
No big surprise, Obama couldn't do better than Kerry there.
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ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ูุงุฌุฃุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑู‡ุŒ ุงูˆุจุงู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠูุนู„ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ูƒูŠุฑูŠ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
01:06
Or in Arizona, which is John McCain's home,
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ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุงุฑูŠุฒูˆู†ุงุŒ ุญูŠุซ ู…ุนู‚ู„ ุฌูˆู† ู…ุงูƒูŠู†ุŒ
01:08
Obama didn't have much improvement.
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ุฃูˆุจุงู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุชุญุณู† ูƒุซูŠุฑ.
01:10
But there is also this part of the country, kind of in the middle region here.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌูุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุณุทูŠ ู‡ู†ุง.
01:12
This kind of Arkansas, Tennessee, Oklahoma, West Virginia region.
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ูƒู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงุฑูƒู†ุณุงุณุŒ ุชู†ุณูŠุŒ ุงูˆูƒู„ุงู‡ูˆู…ุงุŒ ุบุฑุจ ููŠุฑุฌูŠู†ูŠุง.
01:16
Now if you look at '96, Bill Clinton --
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ุฃู„ุขู† ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ู„ู„ุนุงู… 96ุŒ ุจูŠู„ ูƒู„ูŠู†ุชูˆู†ุŒ
01:18
the last Democrat to actually win -- how he did in '96,
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ุงุฎุฑ ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠ ูุงุฒ ูุนู„ุงู‹ุŒ ูƒูŠู ูุนู„ ููŠ 96ุŒ
01:21
you see real big differences in this part of the country right here,
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ุชุฑูˆู† ูุฑู‚ ุดุงุณุน ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ู‡ูู†ุง --
01:24
the kind of Appalachians, Ozarks, highlands region, as I call it:
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ูƒุฃู„ุฃุจู„ุงุดูŠุงู†ุŒ ุฃู„ุฃูˆุฒุงุฑูƒุณุŒ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฑุชูุนุงุชุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃูุณู…ูŠู‡ุง.
01:28
20 or 30 point swings
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20 ุฃูˆ 30 ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุชูุฑุฌุญ
01:30
from how Bill Clinton did in '96 to how Obama did
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ู…ู† ูƒูŠู ูุนู„ ุจูŠู„ ูƒู„ูŠู†ุชูˆู† ููŠ 96 ุฅู„ูŠ ูƒูŠู ูุนู„ ุงูˆุจุงู…ุง
01:32
in 2008.
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ูู‰ 2008
01:34
Yes Bill Clinton was from Arkansas, but these are very, very profound differences.
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ู†ุนู… ุจูŠู„ ูƒู„ูŠู†ุชูˆู† ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงุฑูƒู†ุณุงุณุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ูุฑูˆู‚ุงุช ุนู…ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
01:39
So, when we think about parts of the country like Arkansas, you know.
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ุฅุฐุงุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ููƒุฑ ุญูˆู„ ุงุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ูƒุฃุฑูƒู†ุณุงุณุŒ ุฃุชุนู„ู….
01:41
There is a book written called, "What's the Matter with Kansas?"
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ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ูƒุชุงุจ ู…ุฎุทูˆุท ูŠุณู…ูŠุŒ ู…ุง ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ู…ุน ูƒู†ุณุงุณุŸ
01:44
But really the question here -- Obama did relatively well in Kansas.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ู‡ู†ุง -- ุฃูˆุจุงู…ุง ุงุจู„ูŠ ุจู„ุงุกู‹ ุญุณู†ุฃู‹ ููŠ ูƒู†ุณุงุณ.
01:47
He lost badly but every Democrat does.
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ูˆุฎุณุฑ ุจุดูƒู„ ุณุฆ ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ ุฏูŠู‚ุฑุงุทูŠ ูŠูุนู„.
01:49
He lost no worse than most people do.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฎุณุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ุฃุณูˆุฃ ู…ู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ.
01:51
But yeah, what's the matter with Arkansas?
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู†ุนู…ุŒ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ู…ุน ุงุฑูƒู†ุณุงุณุŸ
01:55
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
01:56
And when we think of Arkansas we tend to have pretty negative connotations.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ููƒุฑ ุจุงุฑูƒู†ุณุงุณ ู†ู…ูŠู„ ุฅู„ูŠ ุฅุญุชูˆุงุก ุฏู„ุงู„ุงุช ุณู„ุจูŠุฉ.
01:59
We think of a bunch of rednecks, quote, unquote, with guns.
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ู†ููƒุฑ ุจุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุชุฎู„ููŠู†ุŒ ุฃู‚ุชุจุงุณุŒ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุฅู‚ุชุจุงุณุŒ ูŠุญู…ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุจู†ุงุฏู‚.
02:02
And we think people like this probably don't want to vote
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู† ุฃูู†ุงุณ ูƒู‡ูˆู„ุงุก ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ุงูŠุฑุบุจูˆู† ุจุงู„ุชุตูˆูŠุช
02:05
for people who look like this and are named Barack Obama.
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ู„ุฅุดุฎุงุต ูŠุจุฏูˆู† ูƒู‡ุฐุงุŒ ูˆูŠุณู…ูˆู† ุจุงุฑุงูƒ ุงูˆุจุงู…ุง.
02:08
We think it's a matter of race. And is this fair?
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุงุนุฑุงู‚. ูˆู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุนุฏู„ุŸ
02:11
Are we kind of stigmatizing people from Arkansas, and this part of the country?
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ู‡ู„ ู†ุญู† ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ู†ูˆุตู… ุงู„ุงุดุฎุงุต ู…ู† ุงุฑูƒู†ุณุงุณุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏุŸ
02:14
And the answer is: it is at least partially fair.
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ูˆุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ู‡ูˆุŒ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ูŠ ุฃู„ุงู‚ู„ ุนุงุฏู„ ุฌุฒุฆูŠุงู‹
02:17
We know that race was a factor, and the reason why we know that
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ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุงู„ุนุฑูู‚ ูƒุงู† ุนุงู…ู„ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุณุจุจ ุนู„ู…ู†ุง ุจุฐู„ูƒ
02:19
is because we asked those people.
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ู„ุงู†ู†ุง ุณุฃู„ู†ุง ู‡ูˆู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต.
02:21
Actually we didn't ask them, but when they conducted
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู†ุญู† ู„ู… ู†ุณุฃู„ู‡ู…ุŒูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุฌุฑูˆู†
02:23
exit polls in every state,
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ุฅุณุชุทู„ุงุนุงุช ุขุฑุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุฎุจูŠู† ููŠ ูƒู„ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉุŒ
02:25
in 37 states, out of the 50,
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ููŠ 37 ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ู…ู† 50 ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉุŒ
02:27
they asked a question, that was pretty direct, about race.
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ุณุขู„ูˆุง ุณุคุงู„ุงู‹ุŒ ูƒุงู† ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุŒ ุนู† ุงู„ุนูุฑู‚.
02:30
They asked this question.
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ุณุฃู„ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„.
02:32
In deciding your vote for President today, was the race
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ู„ู„ุจุช ุจุตูˆุชูƒ ู„ู„ุฑุฆุงุณุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ู‡ู„ ูƒุงู† ู„ุนูุฑู‚
02:34
of the candidate a factor?
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ุงู„ู…ุฑุดุญ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุŸ
02:36
We're looking for people that said, "Yes, race was a factor;
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ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุงุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‚ุงู„ูˆ "ู†ุนู…ุŒ ุงู„ุนุฑู‚ ูƒุงู† ุนุงู…ู„ุงู‹;
02:39
moreover it was an important factor, in my decision,"
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ุจู„ ูƒุงู† ุนุงู…ู„ุงู‹ ู…ู‡ู…ุงู‹ุŒ ููŠ ู‚ุฑุงุฑูŠ".
02:41
and people who voted for John McCain
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ูˆุฃู„ุงุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุตูˆุชูˆุง ู„ุฌูˆู† ู…ุงูƒูŠู†
02:44
as a result of that factor,
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ูˆู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนุงู…ู„ุŒ
02:46
maybe in combination with other factors, and maybe alone.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุจุงู„ุฏู…ุฌ ู…ุน ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุงูุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ูˆุญุฏู‡.
02:48
We're looking for this behavior among white voters
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณู„ูˆูƒ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู†ุงุฎุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจูŠุถุŒ
02:51
or, really, non-black voters.
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ุฃูˆ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉู‹ุŒ ุงู„ู†ุงุฎุจูŠู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุณูˆุฏ.
02:54
So you see big differences in different parts
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู†ุŒ ุฅุฎุชู„ุงูุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู…ุฎุชู„ูู‡
02:56
of the country on this question.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏุŒ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„.
02:58
In Louisiana, about one in five white voters
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ููŠ ู„ูˆูŠุฒูŠุงู†ุงุŒ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 1 ู…ู† 5 ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูŠุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุฎุจูŠู†
03:01
said, "Yes, one of the big reasons why I voted against Barack Obama
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ู‚ุงู„ุŒ "ู†ุนู…ุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ ู„ุชุตูˆูŠุชูŠ ุถุฏ ุจุงุฑุงูƒ ุงูˆุจุงู…ุง
03:04
is because he was an African-American."
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงูุงุฑู‚ุฉ-ุงู„ุงู…ุฑูŠูƒุงู†".
03:06
If those people had voted for Obama,
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ู„ูˆ ุตูˆุช ู‡ูˆู„ุงุกู ู„ุงูˆุจุงู…ุงุŒ
03:08
even half of them, Obama would have won Louisiana safely.
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ุฃูˆ ุญุชูŠ ู†ุตูู‡ู…ุŒ ู„ูƒุงู† ู„ุฃูˆุจุงู…ุง ุงู† ูŠูƒุณุจ ู„ูˆูŠุฒูŠุงู†ุง ุจุงู…ุงู†.
03:12
Same is true with, I think, all of these states you see on the top of the list.
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ูŠู†ุทุจู‚ ุงู„ุดูŠ ู†ูุณู‡ุŒ ุจุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏูŠุŒ ุนู„ูŠ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฑูˆู† ุจุฃุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ.
03:14
Meanwhile, California, New York, we can say, "Oh we're enlightened"
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู†ูุณู‡ุŒ ูƒุงู„ูŠููˆุฑู†ูŠุงุŒ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ. ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ุŒ "ุงูˆู‡ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฅุณุชู†ุฑู†ุงุŒ"
03:18
but you know, certainly a much lower incidence of this
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ุจุงู„ุชุงูƒูŠุฏ ุฃุญุฏุงุซ ุงู‚ู„ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡
03:20
admitted, I suppose,
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ุงุนุชุฑูุŒ ูˆุงูุชุฑุถุŒ
03:22
manifestation of racially-based voting.
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ู…ู† ู…ุธุงู‡ุฑ ุฅุณุชู†ุงุฏ ุงู„ุชุตูˆูŠุช ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุนูุฑู‚
03:25
Here is the same data on a map.
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ู‡ู†ุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุนู„ูŠ ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ.
03:27
You kind of see the relationship between
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ู‡ ุจูŠู†
03:29
the redder states of where more people responded and said,
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ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก ุญูŠุซ ุงูƒุซุฑุงู„ุงุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุงุฌุงุจูˆ ูˆู‚ุงู„ูˆุงุŒ
03:31
"Yes, Barack Obama's race was a problem for me."
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"ู†ุนู…ุŒ ุนูุฑู‚ ุจุงุฑุงูƒ ุงูˆุจุงู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู„ูŠ"
03:34
You see, comparing the map to '96, you see an overlap here.
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ุฃุชุฑูˆู†ุŒ ุจู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ุจุงู„ุนุงู… 1996ุŒ ุณุชุฑูŠ ุชุฏุงุฎู„ ู‡ู†ุง.
03:37
This really seems to explain
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูŠูˆุถุญ
03:39
why Barack Obama did worse
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุจุงุฑุงูƒ ุงูˆุจุงู…ุง ุณูŠุฆุงู‹
03:41
in this one part of the country.
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ.
03:43
So we have to ask why.
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ูˆู„ุฐุง ูŠุชุนูŠู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู† ู†ุณุฃู„ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง.
03:45
Is racism predictable in some way?
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ู‡ู„ ุงู„ุนู†ุตุฑูŠุฉ ู…ุชูˆู‚ุนุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูˆ ุขุฎุฑุŸ
03:47
Is there something driving this?
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดุฆ ูŠู‚ูˆุฏ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
03:49
Is it just about some weird stuff that goes on in Arkansas
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ุงู… ูู‚ุท ุญูˆู„ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุฃุฑูƒู†ุณุงุณ
03:51
that we don't understand, and Kentucky?
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ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ู„ุงู†ูู‡ู…ู‡ุŒ ูˆูƒู†ุชุงูƒูŠุŸ
03:53
Or are there more systematic factors at work?
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ุฃู… ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุงูƒุซุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุŸ
03:55
And so we can look at a bunch of different variables.
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ูˆู„ุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชุบูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
03:57
These are things that economists and political scientists look at all the time --
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฅู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฑุงู‡ุง ุงู„ุฅู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠูˆู† ูˆุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ูˆู‚ุช --
04:00
things like income, and religion, education.
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ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูƒู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุฏุฎู„ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠุงู†ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู….
04:03
Which of these seem to drive
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ูˆุงูŠ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูƒุฏุงูุน
04:05
this manifestation of racism
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุธุงู‡ุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู†ุตุฑูŠุฉ
04:07
in this big national experiment we had on November 4th?
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุน ู…ู† ู†ูˆูู…ุจุฑุŸ
04:10
And there are a couple of these that have
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู‡ุง
04:12
strong predictive relationships,
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ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ุชู†ุจุค --
04:14
one of which is education,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู….
04:17
where you see the states with the fewest years of schooling
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ุญูŠุซ ุชุฑูˆู† ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุฃู„ุงู‚ู„ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฏุฑุงุณูŠุฉ
04:19
per adult are in red,
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ู„ู„ุจุงู„ุบูŠู†ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑุŒ
04:21
and you see this part of the country, the kind of Appalachians region,
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ูˆู†ุฑูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏุŒ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุงุจู„ุงู†ุดูŠุงุŒ
04:24
is less educated. It's just a fact.
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ุฃู‚ู„ ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุงู‹. ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
04:26
And you see the relationship there
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ูˆู†ุฑูŠ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
04:28
with the racially-based voting patterns.
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ู…ุน ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ุงู„ุชุตูˆูŠุช ุงู„ู…ุจู†ูŠ ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุนูุฑู‚.
04:31
The other variable that's important is
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ุงู„ู…ูุงุฑู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑู‰ ู‡ูŠ
04:33
the type of neighborhood that you live in.
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ู†ูˆุนูŠุฉ ุฃู„ุงุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนูŠุด ููŠู‡ุง.
04:36
States that are more rural --
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ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฑูŠููŠุฉุŒ
04:38
even to some extent of the states like New Hampshire and Maine --
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ูˆุญุชูŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ู…ุซู„ ู†ูŠูˆู‡ุงู…ุดูŠุฑ ูˆ ู…ุงูŠู†ุŒ
04:40
they exhibit a little bit of
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ุนุฑุถุช ุจุนุถ ู…ู†
04:42
this racially-based voting against Barack Obama.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุตูˆูŠุช ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณ ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุนุฑูู‚ ุถุฏ ุจุขุฑุงูƒ ุฃูˆุจุงู…ุง.
04:45
So it's the combination of these two things: it's education
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌู…ุน ุจูŠู† ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุงู…ุฑูŠู†. ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…
04:47
and the type of neighbors that you have,
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ูˆู†ูˆุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุงุŒ
04:49
which we'll talk about more in a moment.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุณูˆู ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุจุนุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„.
04:51
And the thing about states like Arkansas and Tennessee
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ุจุฎุตูˆุต ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ูƒุฃุฑูƒู†ุณุงุณ ูˆุชู†ูŠุณูŠ
04:53
is that they're both very rural,
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ูุฃู† ูƒู„ุงู‡ู…ุง ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุฑูŠููŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ
04:55
and they are educationally impoverished.
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ูˆู‡ู… ู‚ู„ูŠู„ูˆ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…
04:59
So yes, racism is predictable.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู†ุนู…ุŒ ุงู„ุนู†ุตุฑูŠุฉ ู…ุชูˆู‚ุนุฉ.
05:01
These things, among maybe other variables,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุกุŒ ุฑุจู…ุง ุจูŠู† ู…ูุงุฑู‚ุงุช ุฃูุฎุฑูŠุŒ
05:03
but these things seem to predict it.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุชุจุฏูˆ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุชู†ุจูŠ ุจู‡.
05:05
We're going to drill down a little bit more now,
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ุณู†ุชุนู…ู‚ ู„ู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ุงู†ุŒ
05:07
into something called the General Social Survey.
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ููŠ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ูŠุณู…ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุญ ุงู„ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ุงู„ุนุงู….
05:09
This is conducted by the University of Chicago
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุชูุฌุฑูŠ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุดูŠูƒุงุบูˆ
05:11
every other year.
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ูƒู„ ุนุงู…ูŠู†
05:13
And they ask a series of really interesting questions.
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ูˆูŠุณุฃู„ูˆู† ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุดู‘ูˆู‚ุฉ ุญู‚ุงู‹.
05:15
In 2000 they had particularly interesting questions
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ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู… 2000 ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ู…ุดู‘ูˆู‚ุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ
05:17
about racial attitudes.
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ุนู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ู ุงู„ุนูุฑู‚ูŠุฉ.
05:19
One simple question they asked is,
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ุณุฃู„ูˆุง ุณุคุงู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุณูŠุท ู‡ูˆุŒ
05:21
"Does anyone of the opposite race live in your neighborhood?"
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"ู‡ู„ ูŠุนูŠุด ููŠ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุชูƒู… ุงุนุฑุงู‚ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŸ"
05:25
We can see in different types of communities that the results are quite different.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ู†ุฑูŠ ู†ูˆุนูŠุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ุจู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹.
05:28
In cites, about 80 percent of people
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูุฏู†ุŒ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 80 ู…ู† ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ุงุดุฎุงุต
05:31
have someone whom they consider a neighbor of another race,
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุดุฎุต ูŠุนุชุจุฑูˆู†ู‡ ุฌุงุฑุŒ ู…ู† ุนุฑู‚ ู…ุฎุชู„ู.
05:34
but in rural communities, only about 30 percent.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ุงู„ุฑูŠููŠู‡ุŒ ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ูู‚ุท ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 30.
05:37
Probably because if you live on a farm, you might not have a lot of neighbors, period.
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ู„ุงู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุงุฐุง ุนุดุช ููŠ ู…ุฒุฑุนุฉุŒ ู„ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูŠุฑุงู†ุŒ ุงุจุฏุงู‹
05:40
But nevertheless, you're not having a lot of interaction with people
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ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฃู†ุช ู„ูŠุณ ู„ูƒ ุชุฏุงุฎู„ ู…ุน ุฃุดุฎุงุต
05:43
who are unlike you.
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ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ู…ุซู„ูƒ.
05:45
So what we're going to do now is take the white people in the survey
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ุฅูุฐุงู‹ ู…ุง ุณู†ูุนู„ู‡ ุงู† ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ุงุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุจููŠุถ ููŠ ุฅุณุชุทู„ุงุน
05:48
and split them between those who have black neighbors --
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ูˆู†ู‚ุณู…ู‡ู… ุจูŠู† ู‡ูˆู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฌูŠุฑุงู† ุณููˆุฏ
05:51
or, really, some neighbor of another race --
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ุฃูˆ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉู‹ุŒ ุฌูŠุฑุงู† ู…ู† ุฃุนุฑุงู‚ ุฃูุฎุฑูŠ.
05:53
and people who have only white neighbors.
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ูˆุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ูู‚ุท ุฌูŠุฑุงู† ุจูŠุถ.
05:56
And we see in some variables
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุฑูŠ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠู‘ุฑุงุช
05:58
in terms of political attitudes, not a lot of difference.
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ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ู ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุฑู‚
06:00
This was eight years ago, some people were more Republican back then.
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‚ุจู„ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃุนูˆุงู… ู…ุถุชุŒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ูƒุงู† ุฃูƒุซุฑู‡ู… ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑูŠูŠู† ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง.
06:03
But you see Democrats versus Republican,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุชุฑูŠ ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠูŠู† ูˆ ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑูŠูŠู†ุŒ
06:05
not a big difference based on who your neighbors are.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฎู„ุงู ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุญูˆู„ ู‡ูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠุฑุงู†.
06:08
And even some questions about race -- for example
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ูˆุญุชูŠ ุฅุณุฆู„ุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุฑูู‚ุŒ ู…ุซุงู„
06:10
affirmative action, which is kind of a political question,
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ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุฅู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุณุคุงู„ ุณูŠุงุณูŠุŒ
06:12
a policy question about race, if you will --
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ุณุคุงู„ ุณูŠุงุณูŠ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุฑู‚ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุตุญ ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ.
06:14
not much difference here.
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ู„ุง ูุฑู‚ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู‡ูู†ุง.
06:16
Affirmative action is not very popular frankly, with white voters, period.
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ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุฅู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠ ู„ุง ูŠุญุธูŠ ุจุดู‡ุฑุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ุตุฑุงุญุฉ ููŠ ุงูˆุณุงุท ุงู„ู†ุงุฎุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจูŠุถุŒ ุฃุจุฏุงู.
06:19
But people with black neighbors and people with mono-racial neighborhoods
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุงุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุฌุงูˆุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุณูˆุฏ ูˆุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุขุญุงุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุนุฑุงู‚
06:22
feel no differently about it really.
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ู„ุง ูŠุดุนุฑูˆู† ุจูุฑู‚ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ุญูˆู„ู‡.
06:25
But if you probe a bit deeper and get a bit more personal if you will,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ุจุญุซู†ุง ุนู…ูŠู‚ุงู‹ุŒ ุดุฎุตูŠ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ุŒ ูู„ู†ู‚ู„ุŒ
06:29
"Do you favor a law banning interracial marriage?"
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"ู‡ู„ ุชุคูŠุฏ ู‚ุฑุงุฑ ูŠู…ู†ุน ุฒูˆุงุฌ ุงู„ุงุนุฑุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŸ"
06:31
There is a big difference.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูุฑู‚ ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
06:33
People who don't have neighbors of a different race
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ุงู„ุงุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุงุฌูŠุฑุงู† ู…ู„ูˆู†ูŠู† ู„ู‡ู…
06:35
are about twice as likely
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ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ ุถูุนูู‡ู… ุงู‚ุฑุจ
06:37
to oppose interracial marriage as people who do.
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ุฃู† ูŠุนุชุฑุถ ุนู„ูŠ ุฒูˆุงุฌ ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุคูŠุฏูŠู† ู„ู‡.
06:40
Just based on who lives in your immediate neighborhood around you.
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ูู‚ุท ุฅุณุชู†ุงุฏุงู‹ ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ุจุฌูˆุงุฑู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุญูŠ.
06:43
And likewise they asked, not in 2000, but in the same survey in 1996,
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ูˆุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ู…ุงุซู„ุฉ ุณุฃู„ูˆุงุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู… 2000ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ู…ุณุญ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู… 1996ุŒ
06:47
"Would you not vote for a qualified black president?"
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"ุฃูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชู†ุชุฎุจ ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุฃุณูˆุฏ ู…ุคู‡ู„ ุŸ"
06:51
You see people without neighbors who are African-American who
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ู†ู„ุงุญุธ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฌูŠุฑุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูุงุฑู‚ุฉ-ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุงู†
06:53
were much more likely to say, "That would give me a problem."
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ุงู„ุฑุงุฌุญ ุงู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ู…ุŒ "ู‡ุฐุง ุณูŠุณุจุจ ู„ูŠ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ."
06:56
So it's really not even about urban versus rural.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ู„ูŠุณุช ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุญุถุฑ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุงู„ุงุฑูŠุงู.
06:58
It's about who you live with.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ู…ุนูƒ.
07:00
Racism is predictable. And it's predicted by
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ุงู„ุนู†ุตุฑูŠุฉ ู…ุชูˆู‚ุนุฉ.ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุชูˆู‚ุนุฉ
07:02
interaction or lack thereof with people unlike you, people of other races.
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ุจุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ุฃูˆ ุฅู†ุนุฏุงู…ู‡ ู…ุน ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ู…ุซู„ูƒุŒ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู…ู† ุฃุนุฑุงู‚ ุขูุฎุฑูŠ.
07:06
So if you want to address it,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏุช ุงู„ุชุตุฏูŠ ู„ู‡
07:08
the goal is to facilitate interaction with people of other races.
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ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ู‡ูˆ ุชุณู‡ูŠู„ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุงุดุฎุงุต ู…ู† ุฃุนุฑุงู‚ ุขูุฎุฑูŠ.
07:11
I have a couple of very obvious, I suppose,
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ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู†ู‚ุงุท ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ ุฃูุชุฑุถุŒ
07:13
ideas for maybe how to do that.
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ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุฑุจู…ุง ููŠ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
07:16
I'm a big fan of cities.
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ุฃู†ุง ู‡ุงูˆู ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู„ู„ู…ุฏู†.
07:18
Especially if we have cites that are diverse and sustainable,
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ู„ุฃุณูŠู…ุง ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ู…ู„ูƒ ุดูˆุงู‡ุฏ ุนู„ูŠ ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุชู†ูˆุนุฉ ูˆ ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉุŒ
07:21
and can support people of different ethnicities and different income groups.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ุชุฏุนู… ุงุดุฎุงุต ู…ู† ุฃุนุฑุงู‚ ู…ุฎุชู„ูู‡ ูˆ ูุฆุงุช ุฏุฎู„ ู…ุชูุงูˆุชุฉ.
07:24
I think cities facilitate more of the kind of networking,
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุชุณู‡ู„ ุชุฑุงุจุท ุงูƒุซุฑุŒ
07:27
the kind of casual interaction than you might have on a daily basis.
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ูˆุชูุงุนู„ ุนููˆูŠ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ุจุดูƒู„ ูŠูˆู…ูŠ.
07:30
But also not everyone wants to live in a city, certainly not a city like New York.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจู„ุง ุดูƒ ู„ูŠุณ ูƒู„ ุดุฎุต ูŠูˆุฏ ุงู„ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉุŒ ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู„ูŠุณ ููŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ูƒู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ.
07:33
So we can think more about things like street grids.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุจู…ูƒู† ุงู† ู†ููƒุฑ ุงูƒุซุฑ ุจุฃุดูŠุงุก ูƒุดุจูƒุงุช ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฑุน.
07:36
This is the neighborhood where I grew up in East Lansing, Michigan.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุดุฃุช ููŠู‡ ููŠ ุดุฑู‚ ู„ุงู†ุณูŠู†ู‚ุŒ ู…ูŠุชุดูŠุบุงู†.
07:38
It's a traditional Midwestern community, which means you have real grid.
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ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุบุฑุจ ูˆุณุทูŠ ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุŒ ู…ู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุดุจูƒุฉ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ.
07:41
You have real neighborhoods and real trees, and real streets you can walk on.
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ุญูŠุซ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ูˆุฃุดุฌุงุฑ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุทุฑู‚ุงุช ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุณูŠุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง.
07:44
And you interact a lot with your neighbors --
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ูˆุชุชูุงุนู„ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฌูŠุฑุงู†ุŒ
07:47
people you like, people you might not know.
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ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุชูุนุฌุจ ุจู‡ู…ุŒ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ุงุชุนุฑูู‡ู….
07:49
And as a result it's a very tolerant community,
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ูˆุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ู…ุชุณุงู…ุญ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ
07:52
which is different, I think, than something like this,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฎุชู„ูุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏุŒ ุนู† ุดุฆ ูƒู‡ุฐุงุŒ
07:54
which is in Schaumburg, Illinois,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุดุงูˆู…ุจูŠุฑู‚ุŒ ุฅู„ูŠู†ูˆูŠุณ.
07:56
where every little set of houses has their own cul-de-sac
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุช ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุดูˆุงุฑุนู‡ุง ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ
07:59
and drive-through Starbucks and stuff like that.
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ูˆู…ุฏุฎู„ ุฎูู„ุงู„ ุณุชุงุฑุจุงูƒุณ ูˆุฃุดูŠุงุก ูƒู‡ุฐู‡.
08:01
I think that actually this type of urban design,
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ูุนู„ุงู‹ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุชุตุงู…ูŠู… ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ุŒ
08:04
which became more prevalent in the 1970s and 1980s --
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุตุจุญ ุดุงุฆุนุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุจุนูŠู†ูŠุงุช ูˆุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุงุชุŒ
08:07
I think there is a relationship between that and the country becoming
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุจูŠู† ุฃู† ุชุตุจุญ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ
08:10
more conservative under Ronald Reagan.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุญูุธุงู‹ุŒ ุชุญุช ุญูƒู… ุฑูˆู†ุงู„ุฏ ุฑูŠุบุงู†.
08:12
But also here is another idea we have --
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ููƒุฑู‡ ุขุฎุฑูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง --
08:15
is an intercollegiate exchange program
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ู‡ูˆ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ
08:17
where you have students going from New York abroad.
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ุญูŠุซ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทู„ุจุฉ ุจุฐู‡ุจูˆู† ู…ู† ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ ุฅู„ูŠ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏุŒ
08:20
But frankly there are enough differences within the country now
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุตุฑุงุญุฉ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููˆุงุฑู‚ ูƒุงููŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ุงู„ุขู†
08:22
where maybe you can take a bunch of kids from NYU,
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ุญูŠุซ ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃุฎุฐ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทู„ุจุฉ ู…ู† ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒุŒ
08:25
have them go study for a semester at the University of Arkansas,
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ูˆู†ู„ุญู‚ู‡ู… ุจุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู„ูุตู„ ุฏุฑุงุณูŠ ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนู‡ ุฃุฑูƒู†ุณุงุณุŒ
08:27
and vice versa. Do it at the high school level.
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ูˆุงู„ุนูƒุณ ุจุงู„ุนูƒุณ. ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ูŠ ู…ุณุชูˆูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุฉ.
08:30
Literally there are people who might be in school in Arkansas or Tennessee
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ุญุฑููŠุงู‹ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ููŠ ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ููŠ ุงุฑูƒู†ุณุงุณ ุฃูˆ ุชูŠู†ูŠุณูŠุŒ
08:33
and might never interact in a positive affirmative way
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ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠุชูุงุนู„ูˆุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠุฉ
08:36
with someone from another part of the country, or of another racial group.
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ู…ุน ุดุฎุต ู…ู† ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุขุฎุฑูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฌู…ุงุนุฉ ุนุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ุขูุฎุฑู‰.
08:40
I think part of the education variable we talked about before
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุฅุฎุชู„ุงู ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุฏุซู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ ุณุงุจู‚ุงู‹
08:43
is the networking experience you get when you go to college
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฎุจุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุงุจุท ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชููƒุณุชุจ ุนู†ุฏ ุฅู„ุงู„ุชุญุงู‚ ุจุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุฉ
08:45
where you do get a mix of people that you might not interact with otherwise.
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ุญูŠุซ ุชุฎุชู„ุท ุจุงุดุฎุงุต ู„ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ู† ุชุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุนู‡ู… ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑูŠ.
08:49
But the point is, this is all good news,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู‡ู‰ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ.
08:51
because when something is predictable,
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ู„ุฃู† ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดุฆ ู…ุชูˆู‚ุนุŒ
08:54
it is what I call designable.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุง ุฃุณู…ูŠู‡ ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ุชุตู…ูŠู….
08:56
You can start thinking about solutions to solving that problem,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุจุฏุก ุจุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจุญู„ูˆู„ ู„ุญู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ.
08:58
even if the problem is pernicious and as intractable as racism.
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ุญุชูŠ ูˆุฅู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุฎุจูŠุซุฉ ูˆ ู…ุณุชุนุตูŠุฉ ูƒู…ุง ุงู„ุนูู†ุตูุฑูŠุฉ.
09:01
If we understand the root causes of the behavior
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ุฅุฐุง ูู‡ู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุงุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ุฌุฐุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุณู„ูˆูƒ
09:03
and where it manifests itself and where it doesn't,
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ูˆุงูŠู† ุชุชุฌู„ูŠ ูˆุงูŠู† ู„ุง.
09:05
we can start to design solutions to it.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุจุฏุก ุจุชุตู…ูŠู… ุญู„ูˆู„ ู„ู‡.
09:08
So that's all I have to say. Thank you very much.
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ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุฃูˆุฏ ู‚ูˆู„ู‡. ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฒูŠู„ุงู‹ ู„ูƒู…
09:10
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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