Nate Silver: How does race affect votes?

38,975 views ใƒป 2009-04-24

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jinju Namgung ๊ฒ€ํ† : Do Eon Lee
00:18
I want to talk about the election.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
For the first time in the United States, a predominantly white group of voters
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค์ด
00:24
voted for an African-American candidate for President.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ‘์ธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ํ›„๋ณด์— ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
And in fact Barack Obama did quite well.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฒ„๋ฝ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:29
He won 375 electoral votes.
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๊ทธ๋Š” 375๋ช…์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋‹จ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
And he won about 70 million popular votes
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ธ์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹น์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ํ›„๋ณด๋ณด๋‹ค
00:34
more than any other presidential candidate --
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๋งŽ์€ 7์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜
00:36
of any race, of any party -- in history.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
If you compare how Obama did against how John Kerry had done four years earlier --
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4๋…„ ์ „์— ์กด ์ผ€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด
00:43
Democrats really like seeing this transition here,
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์›๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ดํ–‰์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
00:46
where almost every state becomes bluer, becomes more democratic --
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ(ๅทž)๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๋ž—๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๊ณ 
00:50
even states Obama lost, like out west,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ ์„œ๋ถ€์ชฝ๋„ ํŒŒ๋ž—๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
those states became more blue.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ(ๅทž)๋“ค์ด ๋”์šฑ ํŒŒ๋ž—๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
In the south, in the northeast, almost everywhere
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๋‚จ๋ถ€๋‚˜ ๋ถ๋™๋ถ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
00:57
but with a couple of exceptions here and there.
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๋ช‡ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
One exception is in Massachusetts.
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๋ฉ”์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์™ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
That was John Kerry's home state.
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์€ ์กด ์ผ€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ด์ฃ .
01:04
No big surprise, Obama couldn't do better than Kerry there.
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์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜๋Œ€๋กœ, ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ผ€๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
Or in Arizona, which is John McCain's home,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์กด ๋งค์ผ€์ธ์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ธ ์• ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜์—์„œ
01:08
Obama didn't have much improvement.
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์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๋Š” ํฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
But there is also this part of the country, kind of in the middle region here.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ํ•ด๋‹น๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
This kind of Arkansas, Tennessee, Oklahoma, West Virginia region.
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์•„์นธ์†Œ, ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ, ์˜คํด๋ผํ˜ธ๋งˆ, ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ์„œ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
Now if you look at '96, Bill Clinton --
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๋นŒ ํด๋ฆฐํ„ด์˜ 96๋…„๋„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
01:18
the last Democrat to actually win -- how he did in '96,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒผ์ฃ , ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ 96๋…„๋„์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
01:21
you see real big differences in this part of the country right here,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
the kind of Appalachians, Ozarks, highlands region, as I call it:
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์• ํŒ”๋ž˜์น˜์•„๋‚˜ ์˜ค์žํฌ, ์‚ฐ์•… ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ
01:28
20 or 30 point swings
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96๋…„์— ๋นŒ ํด๋ฆฐํ„ด์—์„œ
01:30
from how Bill Clinton did in '96 to how Obama did
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2008๋…„์— ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์„  ๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
01:32
in 2008.
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20~30ํฌ์ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
Yes Bill Clinton was from Arkansas, but these are very, very profound differences.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋นŒ ํด๋ฆฐํ„ด์€ ์•„์นธ์†Œ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
So, when we think about parts of the country like Arkansas, you know.
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์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์นธ์†Œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ,
01:41
There is a book written called, "What's the Matter with Kansas?"
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'์บ”์ž์Šค์— ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๊ผฌ์˜€๊ธฐ์—(What's the Matter with Kansas?)'๋ผ๋Š” ์ฑ…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์—ญ์ฃผ: ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์บ”์ž์Šค์—์„œ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์ด ์ด๊ธด ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.)
01:44
But really the question here -- Obama did relatively well in Kansas.
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์ •์ž‘ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์บ”์ž์Šค์—์„œ ์ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
He lost badly but every Democrat does.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์›๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋“ฏ์ด ๊ทธ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
He lost no worse than most people do.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
But yeah, what's the matter with Arkansas?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„์นธ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:56
And when we think of Arkansas we tend to have pretty negative connotations.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์นธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ๋•Œ, ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
We think of a bunch of rednecks, quote, unquote, with guns.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ์ด์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ณจ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
And we think people like this probably don't want to vote
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
02:05
for people who look like this and are named Barack Obama.
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๋ฒ„๋ฝ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฝ‘์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
We think it's a matter of race. And is this fair?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ์ข… ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:11
Are we kind of stigmatizing people from Arkansas, and this part of the country?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์นธ์†Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋‚™์ธ์„ ์ฐ์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:14
And the answer is: it is at least partially fair.
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
We know that race was a factor, and the reason why we know that
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์ธ์ข…์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:19
is because we asked those people.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
Actually we didn't ask them, but when they conducted
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
02:23
exit polls in every state,
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์ถœ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ,
02:25
in 37 states, out of the 50,
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50๊ฐœ ์ฃผ(ๅทž) ์ค‘์—์„œ 37๊ฐœ ์ฃผ(ๅทž)๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
they asked a question, that was pretty direct, about race.
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์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ธ์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์„ค์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ์ฃ .
02:30
They asked this question.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
In deciding your vote for President today, was the race
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ,
02:34
of the candidate a factor?
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ํ›„๋ณด์ž์˜ ์ธ์ข…์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:36
We're looking for people that said, "Yes, race was a factor;
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ข…์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:39
moreover it was an important factor, in my decision,"
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์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
and people who voted for John McCain
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์š”์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ
02:44
as a result of that factor,
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์กด ๋งค์ผ€์ธ์„ ๋ฝ‘์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
02:46
maybe in combination with other factors, and maybe alone.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ธ์ข…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์š”์ธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
We're looking for this behavior among white voters
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์ธ ํˆฌํ‘œ์ž๋‚˜ ํ‘์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํˆฌํ‘œ์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ
02:51
or, really, non-black voters.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณด์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ ์‹ฌํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
So you see big differences in different parts
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค์—์„œ
02:56
of the country on this question.
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ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
In Louisiana, about one in five white voters
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๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์• ๋‚˜์—์„œ๋Š” 5๋ช… ์ค‘ 1๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ํˆฌํ‘œ์ž๊ฐ€
03:01
said, "Yes, one of the big reasons why I voted against Barack Obama
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๋ฒ„๋ฝ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ‘์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:04
is because he was an African-American."
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๋ฝ‘์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
If those people had voted for Obama,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:08
even half of them, Obama would have won Louisiana safely.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์— ๋ฐ˜๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋„ ํˆฌํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์• ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
Same is true with, I think, all of these states you see on the top of the list.
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๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ(ๅทž)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
Meanwhile, California, New York, we can say, "Oh we're enlightened"
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„๋‚˜ ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ๋Š” "์˜ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
but you know, certainly a much lower incidence of this
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ,
03:20
admitted, I suppose,
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์ธ์ข…์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ํˆฌํ‘œ ์ง•ํ›„๋ฅผ
03:22
manifestation of racially-based voting.
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์•Œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
Here is the same data on a map.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
You kind of see the relationship between
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด "๋„ค, ๋ฒ„๋ฝ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ์˜ ์ธ์ข…์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ 
03:29
the redder states of where more people responded and said,
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๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ‰์˜ ์ฃผ(ๅทž)๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—
03:31
"Yes, Barack Obama's race was a problem for me."
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๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
You see, comparing the map to '96, you see an overlap here.
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96๋…„๋„ ์ง€๋„์™€ ๊ฒน์ณ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
This really seems to explain
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋ฝ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๊ฐ€
03:39
why Barack Obama did worse
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์™œ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
03:41
in this one part of the country.
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
So we have to ask why.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:45
Is racism predictable in some way?
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์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๋Š” ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
03:47
Is there something driving this?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๊ณ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
03:49
Is it just about some weird stuff that goes on in Arkansas
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์•„์นธ์†Œ๋‚˜ ์ผ„ํ„ฐํ‚ค์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
03:51
that we don't understand, and Kentucky?
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:53
Or are there more systematic factors at work?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋” ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
03:55
And so we can look at a bunch of different variables.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
These are things that economists and political scientists look at all the time --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๋“, ์ข…๊ต, ๊ต์œก ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
04:00
things like income, and religion, education.
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •์น˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ค„๊ณง ์ฃผ์‹œํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
Which of these seem to drive
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11์›” 4์ผ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ํฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜(๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ)์—์„œ
04:05
this manifestation of racism
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์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง•ํ›„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด
04:07
in this big national experiment we had on November 4th?
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:10
And there are a couple of these that have
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ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘์—
04:12
strong predictive relationships,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
04:14
one of which is education,
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'๊ต์œก' ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
where you see the states with the fewest years of schooling
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๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์น ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ(ๅทž)๋Š”
04:19
per adult are in red,
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์„ฑ์ธ ํ•œ ๋ช…๋‹น ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์€ ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
and you see this part of the country, the kind of Appalachians region,
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๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์• ํŒ”๋ž˜์น˜์•„ ์‚ฐ๋งฅ ์ง€์—ญ์€
04:24
is less educated. It's just a fact.
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๋œ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
And you see the relationship there
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๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์ € ๊ณณ๊ณผ ์ธ์ข…์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ํˆฌํ‘œ ํŒจํ„ด์ด
04:28
with the racially-based voting patterns.
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๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
The other variable that's important is
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š”
04:33
the type of neighborhood that you live in.
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์ด์›ƒ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
States that are more rural --
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์ข€ ๋” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ(ๅทž)์ธ
04:38
even to some extent of the states like New Hampshire and Maine --
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๋‰ด ํ–„ํ”„์…”๋‚˜ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์€
04:40
they exhibit a little bit of
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๋ฒ„๋ฝ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š”
04:42
this racially-based voting against Barack Obama.
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์ธ์ข…์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ํˆฌํ‘œ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
So it's the combination of these two things: it's education
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ธ
04:47
and the type of neighbors that you have,
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์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
which we'll talk about more in a moment.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ„์† ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด๋ณผํ…๋ฐ์š”.
04:51
And the thing about states like Arkansas and Tennessee
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์•„์นธ์†Œ์™€ ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์€
04:53
is that they're both very rural,
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ณจ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ฉด์„œ
04:55
and they are educationally impoverished.
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๊ต์œก์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
So yes, racism is predictable.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ์˜ ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์€ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
These things, among maybe other variables,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ
05:03
but these things seem to predict it.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
We're going to drill down a little bit more now,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” '์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์กฐ์‚ฌ'(General Social Survey)๋ฅผ
05:07
into something called the General Social Survey.
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์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•  ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
05:09
This is conducted by the University of Chicago
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ
05:11
every other year.
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๋งค๋…„ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
And they ask a series of really interesting questions.
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๊ทธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
In 2000 they had particularly interesting questions
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2000๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ
05:17
about racial attitudes.
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๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
One simple question they asked is,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค๋˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
05:21
"Does anyone of the opposite race live in your neighborhood?"
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"๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ด์›ƒ ์ค‘์— ๋‹น์‹ ๊ณผ ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ธ์ข…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?" ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
We can see in different types of communities that the results are quite different.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
In cites, about 80 percent of people
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๋„์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ 80%์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
05:31
have someone whom they consider a neighbor of another race,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข…์˜ ์ด์›ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
but in rural communities, only about 30 percent.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ 30%๋งŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
Probably because if you live on a farm, you might not have a lot of neighbors, period.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋†์žฅ์—์„œ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์›ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
But nevertheless, you're not having a lot of interaction with people
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ๋Š”
05:43
who are unlike you.
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๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
So what we're going to do now is take the white people in the survey
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ผ์€
05:48
and split them between those who have black neighbors --
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์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค์„
05:51
or, really, some neighbor of another race --
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ํ‘์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข…์˜ ์ด์›ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ
05:53
and people who have only white neighbors.
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๋ฐฑ์ธ ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
And we see in some variables
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ํƒœ๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ
05:58
in terms of political attitudes, not a lot of difference.
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ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
This was eight years ago, some people were more Republican back then.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 8๋…„ ์ „ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”, ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์ง€์ง€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
But you see Democrats versus Republican,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น๊ณผ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์ง€์ง€์ž๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
06:05
not a big difference based on who your neighbors are.
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์ด์›ƒ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์–ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
And even some questions about race -- for example
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์ธ์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค,
06:10
affirmative action, which is kind of a political question,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์šฐ๋Œ€์ •์ฑ…'(Affirmative action) ๊ฐ™์€
06:12
a policy question about race, if you will --
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์ธ์ข…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋„
06:14
not much difference here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
Affirmative action is not very popular frankly, with white voters, period.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค '์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์šฐ๋Œ€์ •์ฑ…'(Affirmative action)์ด ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
But people with black neighbors and people with mono-racial neighborhoods
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ‘์ธ ์ด์›ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ•œ ์ธ์ข… ์ด์›ƒ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
06:22
feel no differently about it really.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
But if you probe a bit deeper and get a bit more personal if you will,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ข€ ๋” ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
"Do you favor a law banning interracial marriage?"
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"๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข… ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
06:31
There is a big difference.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
People who don't have neighbors of a different race
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข…์˜ ์ด์›ƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
06:35
are about twice as likely
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข…์˜ ์ด์›ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด
06:37
to oppose interracial marriage as people who do.
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์ธ์ข… ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด 2๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
Just based on who lives in your immediate neighborhood around you.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ด์›ƒ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
And likewise they asked, not in 2000, but in the same survey in 1996,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ 1996๋…„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
"Would you not vote for a qualified black president?"
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"๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‘์ธ์„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌํ‘œํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
06:51
You see people without neighbors who are African-American who
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๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ด์›ƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
06:53
were much more likely to say, "That would give me a problem."
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๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ "๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ " ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
So it's really not even about urban versus rural.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์‹œ๊ณจ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ
06:58
It's about who you live with.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์™€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
Racism is predictable. And it's predicted by
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์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„์€ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
07:02
interaction or lack thereof with people unlike you, people of other races.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข…๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
So if you want to address it,
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ํ˜น์‹œ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
07:08
the goal is to facilitate interaction with people of other races.
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๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
I have a couple of very obvious, I suppose,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
07:13
ideas for maybe how to do that.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
I'm a big fan of cities.
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์ €๋Š” ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
Especially if we have cites that are diverse and sustainable,
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ
07:21
and can support people of different ethnicities and different income groups.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
I think cities facilitate more of the kind of networking,
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ‰์†Œ์— ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
07:27
the kind of casual interaction than you might have on a daily basis.
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๋„์‹œ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ํŽธํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
But also not everyone wants to live in a city, certainly not a city like New York.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‰ด์š• ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„์‹œ์— ์‚ด๊ธธ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
So we can think more about things like street grids.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„๋กœ ๊ฒฉ์ž ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ข€ ๋” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
This is the neighborhood where I grew up in East Lansing, Michigan.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž๋˜ ๋ฏธ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฃผ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ๋žœ์‹ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
It's a traditional Midwestern community, which means you have real grid.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง„์งœ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
You have real neighborhoods and real trees, and real streets you can walk on.
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์ง„์งœ ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋“ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ฑธ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
And you interact a lot with your neighbors --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์›ƒ์ด๋‚˜
07:47
people you like, people you might not know.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด์›ƒ๊ณผ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
And as a result it's a very tolerant community,
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ณณ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
which is different, I think, than something like this,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด์ฃผ์˜ ์ƒค์›€๋ฒ„๊ทธ์™€๋Š”
07:54
which is in Schaumburg, Illinois,
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๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
where every little set of houses has their own cul-de-sac
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ง‘๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ง‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ(cul-de-sac)์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:59
and drive-through Starbucks and stuff like that.
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์ฐจ์— ํƒ„ ์ฑ„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€๋ฒ…์Šค ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
I think that actually this type of urban design,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด 1970๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 80๋…„๋Œ€์— ์œ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜
08:04
which became more prevalent in the 1970s and 1980s --
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๋„์‹œ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
I think there is a relationship between that and the country becoming
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ถ€ ์•„๋ž˜
08:10
more conservative under Ronald Reagan.
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๋” ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
But also here is another idea we have --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:15
is an intercollegiate exchange program
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•™์ƒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ
08:17
where you have students going from New York abroad.
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๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
But frankly there are enough differences within the country now
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‰ด์š•๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ
08:22
where maybe you can take a bunch of kids from NYU,
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์•„์นธ์†Œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋กœ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•™์ƒ์„ ์˜ค๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉด
08:25
have them go study for a semester at the University of Arkansas,
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ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
and vice versa. Do it at the high school level.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๊ณ ์š”.
08:30
Literally there are people who might be in school in Arkansas or Tennessee
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•„์นธ์†Œ๋‚˜ ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ ์ฃผ์˜ ํ•™๊ต์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€,
08:33
and might never interact in a positive affirmative way
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข… ์ง‘๋‹จ์„
08:36
with someone from another part of the country, or of another racial group.
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ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
I think part of the education variable we talked about before
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์ €๋Š” ์•ž์—์„œ ์–˜๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ต์œก์ด๋ž€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ค‘์— ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
08:43
is the networking experience you get when you go to college
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํ‚น ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด
08:45
where you do get a mix of people that you might not interact with otherwise.
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๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์–ด์šธ๋ ค๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง€๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:49
But the point is, this is all good news,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์š”์ ์€, ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
because when something is predictable,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๋•Œ,
08:54
it is what I call designable.
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๊ณ„ํšํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
You can start thinking about solutions to solving that problem,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
even if the problem is pernicious and as intractable as racism.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋”๋ผ๋„
09:01
If we understand the root causes of the behavior
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ 
09:03
and where it manifests itself and where it doesn't,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณณ๊ณผ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ณณ์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:05
we can start to design solutions to it.
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๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
So that's all I have to say. Thank you very much.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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