David Gallo: The deep oceans: a ribbon of life

104,567 views ใƒป 2008-09-16

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Abdulatif Mahgoub ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:12
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
00:13
David Gallo: This is Bill Lange. I'm Dave Gallo.
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ุฏูŠููŠุฏ ุฌุงู„ูˆ: ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠู„ ู„ูŠู†ุฌ. ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฏูŠููŠุฏ ุฌุงู„ูˆ.
00:16
And we're going to tell you some stories from the sea here in video.
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ูˆุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุฎุจุงุฑูƒู… ุจุจุนุถ ุงู„ู‚ุตุต ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ู‡ูู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.
00:19
We've got some of the most incredible video of Titanic that's ever been seen,
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุจุนุถ ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุชูŠุชุงู†ูŠูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ุชุตุฏู‚ ูˆู„ู… ูŠุฑู‡ุง ุฃุญุฏ ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ุงู‹,
00:24
and we're not going to show you any of it.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู„ู† ู†ุณุชุนุฑุถ ู„ูƒู… ุฃูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ุง
00:27
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
00:30
The truth of the matter is that the Titanic --
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ูˆุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุชูŠุชุงู†ูŠูƒ --
00:32
even though it's breaking all sorts of box office records --
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ุฑุบู… ุงู†ู‡ ูƒุณุฑ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุณุฌู„ุงุช ุดุจุงูƒ ุงู„ุชุฐุงูƒุฑ --
00:34
it's not the most exciting story from the sea.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ู…ู† ู‚ุตุต ุงู„ุจุญุฑ.
00:38
And the problem, I think, is that we take the ocean for granted.
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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏุŒ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ูƒุดุฆ ู…ุถู…ูˆู† .
00:41
When you think about it, the oceans are 75 percent of the planet.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชููƒุฑ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ุชู…ุซู„ ู†ุณุจุฉ 75% ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
00:43
Most of the planet is ocean water.
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ู…ุนุธู… ู…ูŠุงุฉ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช .
00:45
The average depth is about two miles.
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ู…ุชูˆุณุท ุนู…ู‚ู‡ุง ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ู…ูŠู„ูŠู†.
00:47
Part of the problem, I think, is we stand at the beach,
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ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏุŒ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ู‚ู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุงุทุฆ
00:49
or we see images like this of the ocean,
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ุฃูˆ ู†ุฑู‰ ุตูˆุฑ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ู„ู…ุญูŠุทุŒ
00:52
and you look out at this great big blue expanse, and it's shimmering
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ูˆุฃู†ุช ุชู†ุธุฑ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุณุญุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุงู„ุฒุฑู‚ุงุกุงู„ู…ุชู„ุฃู„ุฆุฉ
00:56
and it's moving and there's waves and there's surf and there's tides,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ูˆู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ู…ูˆุฌุงุช ูˆู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ู…ุฏ ูˆุฌุฒุฑุŒ
00:59
but you have no idea for what lies in there.
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ููƒุฑุฉ ุนู† ู…ุง ูŠูƒู…ู† ููŠ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ุง.
01:01
And in the oceans, there are the longest mountain ranges on the planet.
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฃุทูˆู„ ุฌุจู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
01:03
Most of the animals are in the oceans.
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ูˆู…ูุนุธู… ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช.
01:05
Most of the earthquakes and volcanoes are in the sea,
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ู…ูุนุธู… ุงู„ุฒู„ุงุฒู„ ูˆุงู„ุจุฑุงูƒูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ --
01:07
at the bottom of the sea.
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ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ุงู„ุจุญุฑ.
01:09
The biodiversity and the biodensity in the ocean is higher, in places,
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ูˆุงู„ุชู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ูˆุงู„ูƒุซุงููŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ู‡ูˆ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ูƒุงู†ุงู‹
01:12
than it is in the rainforests.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ู…ุทุฑุฉ.
01:14
It's mostly unexplored, and yet there are beautiful sights like this
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ูˆู…ุนุธู…ู‡ุง ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูƒุชุดูุฉุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู…ู†ุงุธุฑ ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ
01:16
that captivate us and make us become familiar with it.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุณุฑุชู†ุง ูˆุฌุนู„ุชู†ุง ู†ุตุจุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุงูŠุฉ ุจู‡ุง .
01:19
But when you're standing at the beach, I want you to think
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู†ุฏ ูˆู‚ูˆููƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุงุทุฆุŒ ุฃุฑูŠุฏูƒ ุฃู† ุชูููƒุฑ
01:21
that you're standing at the edge of a very unfamiliar world.
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ุงู†ูƒ ุชู‚ู ุนู„ู‰ ุญุงูุฉ ุนุงู„ู… ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฃู„ูˆู ู„ู„ุนุงุฏุฉ.
01:23
We have to have a very special technology
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ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ู…ุชู„ูƒ ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
01:25
to get into that unfamiliar world.
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ู„ู†ุฏุฎู„ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฃู„ูˆู.
01:27
We use the submarine Alvin and we use cameras,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฅุณุชุฎุฏู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุบูˆุงุตุฉ "ุงู„ููŠู†" ูˆุฃุณุชุฎุฏู…ู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุงู…ูŠุฑุงุชุŒ
01:30
and the cameras are something that Bill Lange has developed with the help of Sony.
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ูˆุงู„ูƒุงู…ูŠุฑุงุช ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุดุฆ ู‚ุงู… ุจูŠู„ ู„ุงู†ุฌ ุจุชุทูˆูŠุฑู‡ุงุจู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุณูˆู†ูŠ
01:34
Marcel Proust said, "The true voyage of discovery
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ู…ุงุฑุณูŠู„ ุจุฑูˆุณุช ู‚ุงู„, "ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุณูุฑ ุจุญุฑุงู‹ ุฅุณุชูƒุชุดุงู
01:36
is not so much in seeking new landscapes as in having new eyes."
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุธุฑ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ููŠ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนูŠูˆู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ"
01:41
People that have partnered with us have given us new eyes,
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ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฅุดุชุฑูƒูˆุง ู…ุนู†ุง ุฃุนุทูˆู†ุง ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ
01:43
not only on what exists --
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ --
01:45
the new landscapes at the bottom of the sea --
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ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุธุฑ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ููŠ ู‚ุงุน ุงู„ุจุญุฑ --
01:47
but also how we think about life on the planet itself.
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ู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุงูŽ ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ููŠ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู†ูุณู‡.
01:49
Here's a jelly.
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ู‡ูู†ุง ุฌูŠู„ูŠ.
01:51
It's one of my favorites, because it's got all sorts of working parts.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู…ูุถู„ุงุชูŠุŒ ู„ุงู†ู‡ุง ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู†ูˆุงุน ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุนู…ู„.
01:53
This turns out to be the longest creature in the oceans.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูˆุถุญ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฃุทูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎู„ูˆู‚ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช.
01:55
It gets up to about 150 feet long.
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ูŠุตู„ ุทูˆู„ู‡ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 150 ู‚ุฏู….
01:58
But see all those different working things?
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ู„ูƒู† ุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู„ูƒู„ ุฅุฎุชู„ุงูุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุชูุฑู‚ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŸ
02:00
I love that kind of stuff.
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃุญุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก.
02:02
It's got these fishing lures on the bottom. They're going up and down.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ุชูŽ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุตูŠุฏ ุงู„ุณุงุญุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุงุน. ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุตุนุฏูˆุง ูˆูŠู‡ุจุทูˆุง.
02:04
It's got tentacles dangling, swirling around like that.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฌุณุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุฏู„ูŠุฉ ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุดุฆ ู…ู† ุฐุงูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„.
02:05
It's a colonial animal.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุฅุณุชุนู…ุงุฑูŠ.
02:07
These are all individual animals
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ู…ูุฑุฏุฉ.
02:09
banding together to make this one creature.
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ุชุชูƒุงุชู ู…ุนุง ู„ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฎู„ูˆู‚ ูˆุงุญุฏ.
02:11
And it's got these jet thrusters up in front
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ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏูุงุนุงุช ุงู„ู†ูุงุซุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ
02:13
that it'll use in a moment, and a little light.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณูˆู ุชุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ููŠ ู„ุญุธุฉ ุŒ ูˆู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก.
02:17
If you take all the big fish and schooling fish and all that,
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ู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฐุช ุงู„ุณู…ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ุณู…ูƒ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠ ุŒ ูˆูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
02:20
put them on one side of the scale, put all the jelly-type of animals
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ูˆุถุนู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุงู†ุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู„ุŒ ูˆุถุน ูƒู„ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ู„ุงู…ูŠุฉ
02:22
on the other side, those guys win hands down.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุŒ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุณูŠูุฑุฌุญูˆู† ูƒูุชู‡ู… .
02:26
Most of the biomass in the ocean is made out of creatures like this.
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ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ูƒุชู„ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ู‡ูŠ ู…ุฎู„ูˆู‚ุฉ ูƒู‡ุฐุง.
02:28
Here's the X-wing death jelly.
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ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุฌู†ุงุญ- ุณ ุงู„ู‡ู„ุงู…ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุช .
02:30
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
02:34
The bioluminescence -- they use the lights for attracting mates
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ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฃู„ู‚ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ -- ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุถูˆุงุก ู„ุฌุฐุจ ุงู„ุฃุตุญุงุจ
02:37
and attracting prey and communicating.
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ูˆุฌุฐุจ ุงู„ูุฑูŠุณุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชูˆุงุตู„.
02:39
We couldn't begin to show you our archival stuff from the jellies.
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ู„ู… ู†ุณุชุทุน ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุจุนุฑุถ ู…ุง ู†ู…ู„ูƒู‡ ููŠ ุฃุฑุดูŠูู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ู„ุงู…ูŠุงุช.
02:43
They come in all different sizes and shapes.
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฃุชูˆู† ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุญุฌุงู… ูˆุงู„ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
02:45
Bill Lange: We tend to forget about the fact that the ocean is miles deep
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ุจูŠู„ ู„ุงู†ุฌ : ู†ุญู† ู†ู…ูŠู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ุณูŠุงู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ุนู…ู‚ู‡ุง ุฃู…ูŠุงู„
02:49
on average, and that we're real familiar with the animals
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท ุŒ ูˆุงู†ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุงูŠุฉ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช
02:52
that are in the first 200 or 300 feet, but we're not familiar
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ 200 ุฃูˆ 300 ู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ุฏุฑูŠ
02:56
with what exists from there all the way down to the bottom.
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ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„.
02:59
And these are the types of animals
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช
03:01
that live in that three-dimensional space,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญูŠุฒ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซูŠ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุŒ
03:03
that micro-gravity environment that we really haven't explored.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ู†ูƒุชุดูู‡ุง ุจุนุฏ.
03:06
You hear about giant squid and things like that,
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ูƒู†ุชู… ุชุณู…ุนูˆู† ุนู† ุงู„ุญุจู‘ุงุฑ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงู‚ ูˆุงุดูŠุงุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„ ุŒ
03:09
but some of these animals get up to be approximately 140, 160 feet long.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ 140 ูˆ160 ู‚ุฏู… ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹.
03:13
They're very little understood.
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ู‚ู„ูŠู„ูˆู† ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ูŠูู‡ู…ูˆู†ู‡ู….
03:15
DG: This is one of them, another one of our favorites, because it's a little octopod.
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ุฏูŠููŠุฏ ุฌุงู„ูˆ : ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุŒ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู† ู…ูุถู„ูŠู†ุงุŒ ๏ปทู†ู‡ ุฅุฎุทุจูˆุท ู…ุตุบุฑ.
03:18
You can actually see through his head.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฑุฃุณู‡.
03:20
And here he is, flapping with his ears and very gracefully going up.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ูŠุฑูุฑู ุจุฅุฐู†ูŠู‡ ุŒ ูˆุจุฑุดุงู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ุบุฉ.
03:22
We see those at all depths and even at the greatest depths.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุฑู‰ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู‚ ุŒ ุจู„ ูˆุญุชู‰ ููŠ ุฃุนู…ุงู‚ ุฃูƒุจุฑ.
03:25
They go from a couple of inches to a couple of feet.
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ุฃุญุฌุงู…ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุจุถุน ุจูˆุตุงุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุจุถุนุฉ ุฃู‚ุฏุงู….
03:27
They come right up to the submarine --
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ูˆู‡ู… ูŠุฃุชูˆู† ูŠู…ูŠู†ุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุบูˆุงุตุฉ --
03:29
they'll put their eyes right up to the window and peek inside the sub.
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ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุถุนูˆู† ุนูŠูˆู†ู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุนู„ูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุงูุฐุฉ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุบูˆุงุตุฉ .
03:31
This is really a world within a world,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุญู‚ุง ุนุงู„ู… ุฏุงุฎู„ ุนุงู„ู… ุŒ
03:33
and we're going to show you two.
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ูˆุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุนุฑุถ ุฃุซู†ูŠู† ู„ูƒู….
03:35
In this case, we're passing down through the mid-ocean and we see creatures like this.
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุŒ ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ู…ุฑ ู„ู„ุฃุณูู„ ุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ู†ุชุตู ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ูˆู†ุฑู‰ ู…ุฎู„ูˆู‚ุงุช ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡.
03:38
This is kind of like an undersea rooster.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู†ูˆุน ูƒุฃู†ู‡ ุฏูŠูƒ ุชุญุช ุงู„ุจุญุฑ.
03:40
This guy, that looks incredibly formal, in a way.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู„ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฑุณู…ูŠุงู‹ ุŒ ููŠ ุดูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูƒุงู„.
03:43
And then one of my favorites. What a face!
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ู…ูุถู„ุงุชูŠ. ูŠุง ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ูˆุฌู‡ !
03:47
This is basically scientific data that you're looking at.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงุณุงุณุง ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุจุญุซูˆู† ููŠ.
03:50
It's footage that we've collected for scientific purposes.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ู‚ุทุงุช ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฌู…ุนู‡ุง ู„ุฃุบุฑุงุถ ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ.
03:52
And that's one of the things that Bill's been doing,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุง ุจูŠู„ุŒ
03:54
is providing scientists with this first view of animals like this,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุฑุถ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡
03:56
in the world where they belong.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุชู…ูŠ ู„ุนุงู„ู…ู‡ุง.
03:58
They don't catch them in a net.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุฅู…ุณุงูƒ ุจู‡ุง ููŠ ุดุจูƒุฉ.
04:00
They're actually looking at them down in that world.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุจุญุซ ูุนู„ุงู‹ ุนู†ู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„ ููŠ ุนุงู„ู…ู‡ุง.
04:02
We're going to take a joystick,
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ู†ุญู† ุฐุงู‡ุจูˆู† ู„ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ู‚ุถูŠุจ ุงู„ุชุญูƒู… ุŒ
04:04
sit in front of our computer, on the Earth,
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ู†ุฌู„ุณ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ
04:06
and press the joystick forward, and fly around the planet.
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ูˆู†ุถุบุท ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ุชู†ู‚ู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู… ุŒ ูˆู†ุญู„ู‚ ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
04:08
We're going to look at the mid-ocean ridge,
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ูˆู†ุญู† ููŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู†ุง ู„ู„ุจุญุซ ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ุฃูˆุฌ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ุŒ
04:10
a 40,000-mile long mountain range.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ 40 ุฃู„ู ู…ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุฌุจู„ูŠุฉ.
04:12
The average depth at the top of it is about a mile and a half.
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ูˆูŠุจู„ุบ ู…ุชูˆุณุท ุนู…ู‚ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุนู„ูˆูŠ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ู…ูŠู„ ูˆู†ุตู.
04:14
And we're over the Atlantic -- that's the ridge right there --
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ูˆู†ุญู† ููˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ุฃุทู„ุณูŠ -- ูˆู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู‚ู…ุฉ ุฌุจู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† --
04:16
but we're going to go across the Caribbean, Central America,
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ุณู†ู…ุถูŠ ู‚ุฏู…ุง ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุงู„ูƒุงุฑูŠุจูŠ ูˆุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰ ุŒ
04:19
and end up against the Pacific, nine degrees north.
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ู‡ุงุฏุฆ ุŒ ุชุณุนุฉ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุดู…ุงู„ุง.
04:22
We make maps of these mountain ranges with sound, with sonar,
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุตู†ุน ุงู„ุฎุฑุงุฆุท ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู„ุงุณู„ ุงู„ุฌุจู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ุตูˆุช ุŒ ู…ุน ุงู„ุณูˆู†ุงุฑ ุŒ
04:25
and this is one of those mountain ranges.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃุญุฏ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณู„ุงุณู„ ุงู„ุฌุจู„ูŠุฉ.
04:27
We're coming around a cliff here on the right.
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ู†ุญู† ู‚ุงุฏู…ูˆู† ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ู‡ุงูˆูŠุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†.
04:29
The height of these mountains on either side of this valley
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ุฅู† ุฅุฑุชูุงุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุจุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุงู†ุจูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุงุฏูŠ
04:31
is greater than the Alps in most cases.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† ุฌุจุงู„ ุงู„ุฃู„ุจ ููŠ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช.
04:33
And there's tens of thousands of those mountains out there that haven't been mapped yet.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนุดุฑุงุช ุงู„ุขู„ุงู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุจุงู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ูŠุชู… ุชุฎุทูŠุทู‡ุง ุจุนุฏ.
04:36
This is a volcanic ridge.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ.
04:38
We're getting down further and further in scale.
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ู†ุญู† ู…ุง ุฒู„ู†ุง ู†ู†ุฎูุถ ูˆู†ู†ุฎูุถ.
04:40
And eventually, we can come up with something like this.
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ู†ุฎุฑุฌ ุจุดูŠุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„.
04:42
This is an icon of our robot, Jason, it's called.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฑู…ุฒ ุฑูˆุจูˆุชู†ุง-- ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠูุฏุนู‰ ุฌูŠุณูˆู†.
04:45
And you can sit in a room like this,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆุณ ููŠ ุบุฑูุฉ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡
04:47
with a joystick and a headset, and drive a robot like that
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ู…ุน ุนุตุง ุชุญูƒู… ูˆุณู…ุงุนุงุช ุฑุฃุณ ูˆู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉ ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ู…ุซู„ ุฐุงูƒ
04:50
around the bottom of the ocean in real time.
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ุญูˆู„ ู‚ุงุน ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ.
04:52
One of the things we're trying to do at Woods Hole with our partners
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ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุง ููŠ ูˆูˆุฏุฒ ู‡ูˆู„ ู…ุน ุดุฑูƒุงุฆู†ุง
04:55
is to bring this virtual world --
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ู‡ูˆ ุฌุนู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุงูุชุฑุงุถูŠ --
04:57
this world, this unexplored region -- back to the laboratory.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูƒุดูุฉ -- ู…ูุนุงุฏุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุนู…ู„.
05:00
Because we see it in bits and pieces right now.
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๏ปทู†ู†ุง ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง ููŠ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ูˆู‚ุทุน ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุขู†.
05:02
We see it either as sound, or we see it as video,
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง ุฅู…ุง ูƒุตูˆุช ุŒ ุฃูˆ ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง ูƒููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุŒ
05:05
or we see it as photographs, or we see it as chemical sensors,
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ุฃูˆ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง ูƒุตูˆุฑ ููˆุชูˆุบุฑุงููŠุฉ ุŒ ุฃูˆ ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง ูƒุญุณุงุณุงุช ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ
05:07
but we never have yet put it all together into one interesting picture.
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-- ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงุจุฏุง ู„ู… ู†ุถุน ูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุนุง ููŠ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ.
05:11
Here's where Bill's cameras really do shine.
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ู‡ู†ุง ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู…ูŠุฑุงุช ุจูŠู„ ุชู„ู…ุน .
05:13
This is what's called a hydrothermal vent.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุจุงู„ู…ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉ.
05:15
And what you're seeing here is a cloud of densely packed,
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ูˆู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู†ู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุณุญุงุจุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฒู… ุงู„ู…ูƒุซูุฉ
05:18
hydrogen-sulfide-rich water
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ูƒุจุฑูŠุชูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุบู†ูŠุฉ
05:20
coming out of a volcanic axis on the sea floor.
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ูŠุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ู…ุญูˆุฑ ุจุฑูƒุงู†ูŠ ููŠ ู‚ุงุน ุงู„ุจุญุฑ.
05:24
Gets up to 600, 700 degrees F, somewhere in that range.
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ุญุฑุงุฑุชู‡ ุชุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ 600, 700 ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ูู‡ุฑู†ู‡ุงูŠุช ุŒ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุทุงู‚.
05:27
So that's all water under the sea --
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุชุญุช ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ --
05:29
a mile and a half, two miles, three miles down.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ู…ูŠู„ ูˆู†ุตู ุงู„ู…ูŠู„ ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ู…ูŠู„ูŠู† ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃู…ูŠุงู„ ุฃุณูู„.
05:31
And we knew it was volcanic back in the '60s, '70s.
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ูˆูƒู†ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุงู†ู‡ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุจุฑูƒุงู†ูŠ ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุนุงู… 60ุŒ70.
05:34
And then we had some hint that these things existed
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชู„ู…ูŠุญ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ
05:37
all along the axis of it, because if you've got volcanism,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ู…ุญูˆุฑู‡ ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุดุงุท ุงู„ุจุฑูƒุงู†ูŠุŒ
05:39
water's going to get down from the sea into cracks in the sea floor,
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ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ูŠู†ุฒู„ูˆู† ู„ุฃุณูู„ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ููŠ ูƒุฑุงูƒุงุช ุฃุณูู„ ุงู„ุจุญุฑุŒ
05:43
come in contact with magma, and come shooting out hot.
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ูŠุฃุชูˆู† ู…ุน ุงู„ุญู…ู… ุงู„ุจุฑูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ ู…ู†ุฏูุนูŠู† ู„ู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุณุงุฎู†ูŠู† .
05:46
We weren't really aware that it would be so rich with sulfides, hydrogen sulfides.
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ู„ู… ู†ูƒู† ู†ุฏุฑูƒ ุญู‚ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุญุชู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุบู†ูŠุฉ ุจูƒุจุฑูŠุชูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†.
05:51
We didn't have any idea about these things, which we call chimneys.
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃูŠ ููƒุฑุฉ ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฎู†.
05:54
This is one of these hydrothermal vents.
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ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุชุญุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ.
05:56
Six hundred degree F water coming out of the Earth.
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600 ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ูุฑู†ู‡ุงูŠุช ุชุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
05:59
On either side of us are mountain ranges that are higher than the Alps,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุงู†ุจูŠู†ุง ุณู„ุงุณู„ ุงู„ุฌุจุงู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌุจุงู„ ุงู„ุฃู„ุจ ุŒ
06:03
so the setting here is very dramatic.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุถุน ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุฃุณุงูˆูŠ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
06:05
BL: The white material is a type of bacteria
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ุจูŠู„ ู„ูŠู†ุฌ: ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุจูŠุถุงุก ู‡ูŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูŠูƒุชุฑูŠุง
06:07
that thrives at 180 degrees C.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฒุฏู‡ุฑ ุนู„ู‰ 180 ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู…ุฆูˆูŠุฉ.
06:10
DG: I think that's one of the greatest stories right now
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ุฏูŠููŠุฏ ุฌุงู„ูˆ: ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุฃุนุธู… ุงู„ู‚ุตุต ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุขู†
06:12
that we're seeing from the bottom of the sea,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุงุน ุงู„ุจุญุฑุŒ
06:14
is that the first thing we see coming out of the sea floor
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ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก ู†ุฑุงู‡ ูŠุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ู‚ุงุน ุงู„ุจุญุฑ
06:16
after a volcanic eruption is bacteria.
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ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑูƒุงู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง.
06:18
And we started to wonder for a long time,
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ูˆุจุฏุฃู†ุง ู†ุชุณุงุกู„ ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉุŒ
06:20
how did it all get down there?
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ูƒูŠู ูƒุงู†ุช ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŸ
06:22
What we find out now is that it's probably coming from inside the Earth.
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ู…ุง ุนุซุฑู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
06:25
Not only is it coming out of the Earth --
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ --
06:27
so, biogenesis made from volcanic activity --
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุงู„ู†ุดุฃุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุดุงุท ุงู„ุจุฑูƒุงู†ูŠ --
06:29
but that bacteria supports these colonies of life.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฏุนู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุนู…ุฑุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ.
06:32
The pressure here is 4,000 pounds per square inch.
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ุงู„ุถุบุท ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ 4ุŒ000 ุฑุทู„ ู„ูƒู„ ุจูˆุตุฉ ู…ุฑุจุนุฉ.
06:36
A mile and a half from the surface to two miles to three miles --
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ู…ูŠู„ ูˆู†ุตู ู…ู† ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู…ูŠู„ูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃู…ูŠุงู„ --
06:38
no sun has ever gotten down here.
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ู„ู… ุชุตู„ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุทู„ู‚ุงู‹.
06:41
All the energy to support these life forms
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ูƒู„ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ู„ุฏุนู… ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡
06:43
is coming from inside the Earth -- so, chemosynthesis.
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ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ -- ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ.
06:46
And you can see how dense the population is.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ูƒูŠู ู‡ูŠ ูƒุซุงูุฉ ุงู„ุณูƒุงู†.
06:48
These are called tube worms.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูŠุฏุงู† ุงู„ุฃู†ุจูˆุจูŠุฉ.
06:50
BL: These worms have no digestive system. They have no mouth.
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ุจูŠู„ ู„ูŠู†ุฌ :ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏูŠุฏุงู† ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู‡ุถู…ูŠ. ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ูู….
06:53
But they have two types of gill structures.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู†ูˆุนูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูŠุงูƒู„ ุงู„ุฎูŠุดูˆู…ูŠุฉ.
06:55
One for extracting oxygen out of the deep-sea water,
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ุงุณุชุฎุฑุงุฌ ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณุฌูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ูŠู‚ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุฑุŒ
06:58
another one which houses this chemosynthetic bacteria,
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ูˆุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ูŠุถู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูƒุชุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุฎู„ู‚ุฉ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุง
07:02
which takes the hydrothermal fluid --
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ุณูˆุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉ --
07:05
that hot water that you saw coming out of the bottom --
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ุฅู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุณุงุฎู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฑุฃูŠุชู‡ ูŠุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุน --
07:08
and converts that into simple sugars that the tube worm can digest.
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ูˆูŠุญูˆู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุณูƒุฑูŠุงุช ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุงู„ูŠ ุจุฏูˆุฑู‡ุง ุชุณุชูˆุนุจู‡ุง ุฏูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ.
07:13
DG: You can see, here's a crab that lives down there.
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ุฏูŠููŠุฏ ุฌุงู„ูˆ: ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู† ุชุฑูˆุง -- ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุณุฑุทุงู† ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนูŠุด ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
07:15
He's managed to grab a tip of these worms.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุณุชูŠู„ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุบูŠุถ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏูŠุฏุงู†.
07:17
Now, they normally retract as soon as a crab touches them.
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุนุงุฏุฉ ู…ุง ุชุชุฑุงุฌุน ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู† ูŠู„ู…ุณู‡ุง ุงู„ุณุฑุทุงู† .
07:19
Oh! Good going.
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ุฃูˆู‡! ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฌูŠุฏ.
07:21
So, as soon as a crab touches them,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู„ู…ุณ ุงู„ุณุฑุทุงู† ู„ู‡ุง
07:23
they retract down into their shells, just like your fingernails.
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ูŠู†ุณุญุจูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุณูู„ ุฏุงุฎู„ ู‚ูˆุงู‚ุนู‡ู… ุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฃุธุงูุฑ.
07:25
There's a whole story being played out here
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ุชูˆุฌุฏ ู‚ุตุฉ ุชุฌุฑูŠ ู‡ู†ุง
07:27
that we're just now beginning to have some idea of
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู„ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ููƒุฑุฉ
07:29
because of this new camera technology.
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ุจุณุจุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ู„ุขู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุตูˆูŠุฑ.
07:31
BL: These worms live in a real temperature extreme.
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ุจูŠู„ ู„ูŠู†ุฌ : ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏูŠุฏุงู† ุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ.
07:34
Their foot is at about 200 degrees C
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ุฃู‚ุฏุงู…ู‡ุง ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 200 ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู…ุฆูˆูŠุฉ
07:38
and their head is out at three degrees C,
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ูˆุฑุฃุณู‡ุง ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุซู„ุงุซ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ู…ุฆูˆูŠุฉุŒ
07:41
so it's like having your hand in boiling water and your foot in freezing water.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฃุดุจู‡ ุจูˆุถุน ูŠุฏูƒ ููŠ ู…ุงุก ู…ุบู„ูŠ ูˆู‚ุฏู…ูŠูƒ ููŠ ู…ุงุก ู…ุชุฌู…ุฏ.
07:45
That's how they like to live.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุญุจูˆู† ุงู„ุนูŠุด ุจู‡ุง.
07:47
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
07:49
DG: This is a female of this kind of worm.
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ุฏูŠููŠุฏ ุฌุงู„ูˆ: ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ุซู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูŠุฏุงู†.
07:51
And here's a male.
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ูˆููŠู…ุง ูŠู„ู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ.
07:53
You watch. It doesn't take long before two guys here --
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ. ูุฅู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู…ุฑ ูˆู‚ุช ุทูˆูŠู„ ู‚ุจู„ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ู‡ู†ุง --
07:56
this one and one that will show up over here -- start to fight.
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ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ุณูˆู ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ู‡ู†ุง -- ุฅู†ู‡ ุฌุงู‡ุฒ ู„ุจุฏุก ุงู„ู‚ุชุงู„.
07:59
Everything you see is played out in the pitch black of the deep sea.
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ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุชุฑุงู‡ ู‡ูˆ ู„ุนุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุธู„ุงู… ุงู„ุฏุงู…ุณ ููŠ ุฃุนู…ุงู‚ ุงู„ุจุญุงุฑ.
08:02
There are never any lights there, except the lights that we bring.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠ ุฃุถูˆุงุก ุฃุจุฏุงู‹ ุฅู„ุง ุงู„ุฃุถูˆุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุทุฑุญู‡ุง.
08:05
Here they go.
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ู‡ู†ุง ูŠุฐู‡ุจูˆู†.
08:07
On one of the last dive series,
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ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุงู„ุบูˆุต ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ
08:09
we counted 200 species in these areas --
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ุงุญุตูŠู†ุง 200 ู†ูˆุน ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚.
08:11
198 were new, new species.
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198 ูƒุงู†ุช ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ -- ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
08:14
BL: One of the big problems is that for the biologists
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ุจูŠู„ ู„ูŠู†ุฌ: ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠูŠู†
08:16
working at these sites, it's rather difficult to collect these animals.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ุงู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุชุฌู…ูŠุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช.
08:19
And they disintegrate on the way up,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชูุชุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุŒ
08:21
so the imagery is critical for the science.
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ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู…ุฑ ุญุงุณู… ู„ู„ุนู„ู….
08:24
DG: Two octopods at about two miles depth.
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ุฏูŠููŠุฏ ุฌุงู„ูˆ: ุฅุซู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฎุทุจูˆุท ุงู„ู…ุตุบุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุนู…ู‚ ู…ูŠู„ูŠู†
08:26
This pressure thing really amazes me --
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ุดุฆ ุงู„ุถุบุท ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฐู‡ู„ู†ูŠ ุญู‚ุงู‹ุŒ
08:28
that these animals can exist there at a depth
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ุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุนู…ู‚
08:31
with pressure enough to crush the Titanic like an empty Pepsi can.
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ู…ุน ู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุถุบุท ู„ุณุญู‚ ุชูŠุชุงู†ูŠูƒ ู…ุซู„ ุจูŠุจุณูŠ ูุงุฑุบุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู†.
08:34
What we saw up till now was from the Pacific.
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ู…ุง ุดู‡ุฏู†ุงู‡ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ู‡ุงุฏุฆ.
08:36
This is from the Atlantic. Even greater depth.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ุฃุทู„ุณูŠ. ุจู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู‚.
08:38
You can see this shrimp is harassing this poor little guy here,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู† ุชุฑู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูŠุงู† ูŠุถุงูŠู‚ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณูƒูŠู† ู‡ู†ุง
08:40
and he'll bat it away with his claw. Whack!
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ุงู†ู‡ ุณูˆู ูŠุฒูŠุญู‡ุง ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ุจู…ุฎู„ุจู‡. ุถุฑุจุฉ ุนู†ูŠูุฉ!
08:43
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
08:44
And the same thing's going on over here.
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ูˆุงู„ุดูŠุก ู†ูุณู‡ ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุง.
08:46
What they're getting at is that -- on the back of this crab --
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ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุฎู„ููŠุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุฑุทุงู† ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ---
08:49
the foodstuff here is this very strange bacteria
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ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูŠ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
08:51
that lives on the backs of all these animals.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนูŠุด ุนู„ู‰ ุธู‡ุฑ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช.
08:53
And what these shrimp are trying to do
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠุญุงูˆู„ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูŠุงู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡
08:55
is actually harvest the bacteria from the backs of these animals.
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ู‡ูˆ ูุนู„ุง ุญุตุงุฏ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู…ู† ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช.
08:58
And the crabs don't like it at all.
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ูˆุงู„ุณุฑุทุงู†ุงุช ู„ุง ุชุญุจ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚.
09:00
These long filaments that you see on the back of the crab
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุนูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู„ุทุนูˆู†.
09:02
are actually created by the product of that bacteria.
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ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃูˆุฌุฏุชู‡ุง ู†ูˆุงุชุฌ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง.
09:06
So, the bacteria grows hair on the crab.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุช ุชู†ู…ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุดุนุฑ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุนูˆู†.
09:08
On the back, you see this again.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุธู‡ุฑู‡ ุŒ ู‡ู„ ุฑุฃูŠุชู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
09:10
The red dot is the laser light of the submarine Alvin
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ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก ู‡ูŠ ุถูˆุก ู„ูŠุฒุฑ ู…ู† ุบูˆุงุตุฉ ุงู„ููŠู†
09:12
to give us an idea about how far away we are from the vents.
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ู„ุชุนุทูŠู†ุง ููƒุฑุฉ ุนู† ู…ุฏู‰ ุจุนูŠุฏุง ูˆู†ุญู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุฑุฌ.
09:15
Those are all shrimp.
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ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูŠุงู†(ุงู„ุฌู…ุจุฑูŠ).
09:17
You see the hot water over here, here and here, coming out.
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ุชุดุงู‡ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุณุงุฎู† ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ุŒ ู‡ู†ุง ุŒ ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุŒ ูŠุฎุฑุฌูˆู†.
09:19
They're clinging to a rock face
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ุงู†ู‡ู… ูŠุชุดุจุซูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุตุฎุฑุฉ
09:22
and actually scraping bacteria off that rock face.
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ูˆุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชูƒุดุท ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุตุฎูˆุฑ.
09:25
Here's a tiny, little vent that's come out of the side of that pillar.
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ููŠู…ุง ูŠู„ู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุชู†ููŠุณ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู…ู† ุฌุงู†ุจ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฏุนุงู…ุฉ.
09:30
Those pillars get up to several stories.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฑูƒุงุฆุฒ ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุตุต ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉ.
09:32
So here, you've got this valley with this incredible alien landscape
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ู†ุง ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุณุญุฉ ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุบุฑูŠุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุง ูŠุตุฏู‚
09:35
of pillars and hot springs and volcanic eruptions and earthquakes,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑูƒุงุฆุฒ ูˆุงู„ูŠู†ุงุจูŠุน ุงู„ุณุงุฎู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุจุฑูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฒู„ุงุฒู„ุŒ
09:39
inhabited by these very strange animals
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ุทู†ู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ุฌุฏุง
09:41
that live only on chemical energy coming out of the ground.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุนูŠุด ูู‚ุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุจุงุทู† ุงู„ุงุฑุถ.
09:43
They don't need the sun at all.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุทู„ุงู‚.
09:45
BL: You see this white V-shaped mark on the back of the shrimp?
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ุจูŠู„ ู„ูŠู†ุฌ : ุฃู†ุชู… ุชุฑูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠุถุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ V ุชุดูƒู„ ุนู„ุงู…ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุธู‡ุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูŠุงู†ุŸ
09:48
It's actually a light-sensing organ.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุถูˆุก ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุงุณุชุดุนุงุฑ.
09:50
It's how they find the hydrothermal vents.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฌุฏ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ูุชุญุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ.
09:52
The vents are emitting a black body radiation -- an IR signature --
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ุงู„ูุชุญุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู†ุจุนุซ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฅุดุนุงุน ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฏ -- ุชูˆู‚ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ุชุญุช ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก --
09:56
and so they're able to find these vents at considerable distances.
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุชุญุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุงูุงุช ุดุงุณุนุฉ.
10:00
DG: All this stuff is happening along that 40,000-mile long mountain range
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ุฏูŠููŠุฏ ุฌุงู„ูˆ: ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู„ู‰ 40ุŒ000 ู…ูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุจู„ ุทูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏู‰
10:03
that we're calling the ribbon of life, because just even today,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฏุนูˆู‡ ุดุฑูŠุท ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุŒ
10:06
as we speak, there's life being generated there from volcanic activity.
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุŒ ุญูŠุงุชู‡ู… ูŠุฌุฑูŠ ุชูˆู„ูŠุฏู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุดุงุท ุงู„ุจุฑูƒุงู†ูŠ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
10:10
This is the first time we've ever tried this any place.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุญูˆู„ู†ุง ููŠู‡ุง ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุงูŠ ุฃูŠ ู…ูƒุงู†.
10:12
We're going to try to show you high definition from the Pacific.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ููŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู†ุง ู„ู†ุจูŠู† ู„ูƒู… ุฏู‚ุฉ ูˆูˆุถูˆุญ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ู‡ุงุฏุฆ.
10:15
We're moving up one of these pillars.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุญุฑูƒ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏุนุงุฆู….
10:17
This one's several stories tall.
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ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุนุฏุฉ ู‚ุตุต ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ.
10:19
In it, you'll see that it's a habitat for a lot of different animals.
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ููŠู‡ุง ุŒ ุณุชุฑู‰ ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ูˆุทู† ู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
10:23
There's a funny kind of hot plate here, with vent water coming out of it.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู†ูˆุน ู…ุถุญูƒ ู…ู† ุตููŠุญ ุณุงุฎู† ู‡ู†ุง ูŠุชู†ูุณ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡.
10:26
So all of these are individual homes for worms.
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ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจูŠูˆุช ูุฑุฏูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฏูŠุฏุงู†.
10:29
Now here's a closer view of that community.
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ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑ ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน.
10:31
Here's crabs here, worms here.
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ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณุฑุทุงู†ุงุช ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠุฏุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
10:33
There are smaller animals crawling around.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุฃุตุบุฑ ูŠุฒุญููˆู† ู†ุญูˆู‡ุง.
10:35
Here's pagoda structures.
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ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูŠุงูƒู„ ู…ุนุจุฏ.
10:37
I think this is the neatest-looking thing.
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฃุจุฑุน ุดุฆ ู†ุชุทู„ุน ุฅู„ูŠู‡.
10:39
I just can't get over this --
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง --
10:41
that you've got these little chimneys sitting here smoking away.
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ุฅู† ูƒู†ุชู… ู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ุชู… ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฎู† ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ูˆุฌู„ุณุชู… ู‡ู†ุง ุชุฏุฎู†ูˆู† ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹.
10:43
This stuff is toxic as hell, by the way.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ู‡ูŠ ุณุงู…ุฉ ูƒู…ุง ุงู„ุฌุญูŠู… ุŒ ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ.
10:45
You could never get a permit to dump this in the ocean,
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู… ุฃุจุฏุง ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุตุฑูŠุญ ู„ู„ุชูุฑูŠุบ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุŒ
10:47
and it's coming out all from it.
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ูˆูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง.
10:49
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
10:54
It's unbelievable. It's basically sulfuric acid,
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ุงู†ู‡ ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ุง ูŠุตุฏู‚. ุงู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณุงุณ ุญุงู…ุถ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑูŠุชูŠูƒ ุŒ
10:56
and it's being just dumped out, at incredible rates.
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ูˆูŠุฌุฑูŠ ุฅุฎุฑุงุฌู‡ ุจู…ุนุฏู„ุงุช ู„ุง ุชุตุฏู‚.
10:59
And animals are thriving -- and we probably came from here.
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ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุชุฒุฏู‡ุฑ -- ูˆู†ุญู† ุฑุจู…ุง ุฌุฆู†ุง ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง.
11:01
That's probably where we evolved from.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุชุทูˆุฑู†ุง ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง.
11:03
BL: This bacteria that we've been talking about
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ุจูŠู„ ู„ูŠู†ุฌ: ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒู†ุง ุชุญุฏุซู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ุง
11:05
turns out to be the most simplest form of life found.
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ูˆุชุจูŠู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจุณุงุทุฉ ุชู… ุฅูƒุชุดุงูู‡.
11:10
There are a number of groups that are proposing
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ุชุฑุญ
11:12
that life evolved at these vent sites.
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุชุทูˆุฑุช ููŠ ู†ูุณ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน.
11:14
Although the vent sites are short-lived --
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู† ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ูุชุญุงุช ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฌู„ --
11:16
an individual site may last only 10 years or so --
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ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุงู„ูุฑุฏ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุณุชู…ุฑ 10 ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ ู‡ูƒุฐุง --
11:20
as an ecosystem they've been stable for millions -- well, billions -- of years.
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ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุฅูŠูƒูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑ ู„ู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† -- ุฌูŠุฏุงู‹ ุŒ ูˆุจู„ุงูŠูŠู† -- ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช.
11:25
DG: It works too well. You see there're some fish inside here as well.
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ุฏูŠููŠุฏ ุฌุงู„ูˆ : ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุฌูŠุฏุง. ูƒู†ุชู… ุชุดุงู‡ุฏูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุณู…ุงูƒ ู‡ูู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹.
11:28
There's a fish sitting here.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุณู…ูƒุฉ ุชุฌู„ุณ ู‡ู†ุง.
11:30
Here's a crab with his claw right at the end of that tube worm,
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ู‡ู†ุง ุณุฑุทุงู† ู…ุน ู…ุฎู„ุจู‡ ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู† ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃู†ุจูˆุจูŠุฉ ุŒ
11:33
waiting for that worm to stick his head out.
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ูŠู†ุชุธุฑ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฏุฉ ู„ูŠู…ุณูƒ ุจู‡ุง ุจุฑุฃุณู‡.
11:35
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
11:37
BL: The biologists right now cannot explain
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ุจูŠู„ ู„ูŠู†ุฌ : ุฅู† ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ุขู† ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูุณุฑูˆุง
11:39
why these animals are so active.
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ู†ุดุทุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
11:41
The worms are growing inches per week!
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ุงู„ุฏูŠุฏุงู† ุชู†ู…ูˆ ุจูˆุตุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุจูˆุน!
11:43
DG: I already said that this site,
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ุฏูŠููŠุฏ ุฌุงู„ูˆ: ุณุจู‚ ุฃู† ู‚ู„ุช ุฅู†ู‡ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุŒ
11:45
from a human perspective, is toxic as hell.
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ู…ู† ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠ ุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุณุงู…ุฉ ูƒู…ุง ุงู„ุฌุญูŠู….
11:47
Not only that, but on top -- the lifeblood --
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ู„ูŠุณ ุฐู„ูƒ ูุญุณุจ ุŒ ุจู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุฉ -- ุดุฑูŠุงู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ --
11:50
that plumbing system turns off every year or so.
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ุงู† ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุณุจุงูƒุฉ -- ูŠู‚ูู„ ูƒู„ ุณู†ุฉ ุฃูˆ ู†ุญูˆ ุฐู„ูƒ.
11:53
Their plumbing system turns off, so the sites have to move.
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ู†ุธุงู…ู‡ู… ุงู„ุณุจุงูƒูŠ ูŠู‚ูู„ ุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃู† ุชุชุญุฑูƒ.
11:55
And then there's earthquakes,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุฒู„ุงุฒู„ ุŒ
11:57
and then volcanic eruptions, on the order of one every five years,
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ูˆุงู„ุซูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ุจุฑูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ ุซู… ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ู† ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูƒู„ ุฎู…ุณ ุณู†ูˆุงุช
12:00
that completely wipes the area out.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชู‚ุถูŠ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุฎุงุฑุฌุงู‹.
12:02
Despite that, these animals grow back in about a year's time.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุชู†ู…ูˆ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ููŠ ุบุถูˆู† ุณู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู…ู†.
12:05
You're talking about biodensities and biodiversity, again,
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ูƒู†ุช ุชุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุชู†ูˆุน ุงู„ูƒุซุงููŠ ูˆุงู„ุชู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ
12:09
higher than the rainforest that just springs back to life.
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ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุบุงุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ุทูŠุฑุฉ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนูŠุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ูŠู†ุงุจูŠุน ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ.
12:12
Is it sensitive? Yes.
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠ ุญุณุงุณุฉุŸ ู†ุนู….
12:14
Is it fragile? No, it's not really very fragile.
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ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุดุฉุŸ ู„ุง ุŒ ุงู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ู‡ุดุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
12:16
I'll end up with saying one thing.
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ุณุฃุฎุชู… ุจู‚ูˆู„ูŠ ุดูŠุฆุง ูˆุงุญุฏุง.
12:18
There's a story in the sea, in the waters of the sea,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ุตุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุŒ ููŠ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุŒ
12:20
in the sediments and the rocks of the sea floor.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฑุณูˆุจูŠุงุช ูˆุงู„ุตุฎูˆุฑ ููŠ ู‚ุงุน ุงู„ุจุญุฑ.
12:22
It's an incredible story.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุตุฉ ู„ุง ุชุตุฏู‚.
12:24
What we see when we look back in time,
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ู…ุง ู†ุฑุงู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ู„ู‚ูŠ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุฒู…ู† ุงู„ูุงุฆุช
12:26
in those sediments and rocks, is a record of Earth history.
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ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฑูˆุงุณุจ ูˆุงู„ุตุฎูˆุฑ ู‡ูŠ ุณุฌู„ ู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
12:29
Everything on this planet -- everything -- works by cycles and rhythms.
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ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ -- ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก -- ูŠุนู…ู„ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฏูˆุฑุงุช ูˆุฅูŠู‚ุงุนุงุช.
12:33
The continents move apart. They come back together.
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ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุงุช ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ุจุนูŠุฏุง. ูŠุนูˆุฏูˆู† ู…ุนุง.
12:35
Oceans come and go. Mountains come and go. Glaciers come and go.
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ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ุชุฃุชูŠ ูˆุชุฐู‡ุจ. ุงู„ุฌุจุงู„ ุชุฃุชูŠ ูˆุชุฐู‡ุจ. ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ุชุฃุชูŠ ูˆุชุฐู‡ุจ.
12:38
El Nino comes and goes. It's not a disaster, it's rhythmic.
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ุงู„ู†ูŠู†ูˆ ุชุฃุชูŠ ูˆุชุฐู‡ุจ. ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ูƒุงุฑุซุฉ ุŒ ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ุฅูŠู‚ุงุน.
12:40
What we're learning now, it's almost like a symphony.
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ู…ุง ู†ุชุนู„ู…ู‡ ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ู…ุซู„ ุณูŠู…ููˆู†ูŠุฉ.
12:43
It's just like music -- it really is just like music.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุดุจู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰ -- ุญู‚ุง ู‡ูˆ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰.
12:45
And what we're learning now is that
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ูˆู…ุง ู†ุชุนู„ู…ู‡ ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†
12:47
you can't listen to a five-billion-year long symphony, get to today and say,
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุงุณุชู…ุงุน ุงู„ู‰ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุŒ ุณูŠู…ููˆู†ูŠุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ุŒ
12:51
"Stop! We want tomorrow's note to be the same as it was today."
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"ุชูˆู‚ู! ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ุงู„ุบุฏ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ูŠ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…."
12:54
It's absurd. It's just absurd.
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ุงู†ู‡ ุฃู…ุฑ ุณุฎูŠู. ุงู†ู‡ ุงู…ุฑ ุณุฎูŠู.
12:56
So, what we've got to learn now is to find out where this planet's going
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูู…ุง ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุชุนู„ู…ู‡ ุงู„ุขู† ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃูŠู† ูŠุฐู‡ุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
12:59
at all these different scales and work with it.
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ููŠ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุนู‡.
13:01
Learn to manage it.
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ุชุนู„ู… ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุฅุฏุงุฑุชู‡.
13:03
The concept of preservation is futile.
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ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธุฉ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุนู‚ูŠู…ุฉ.
13:05
Conservation's tougher, but we can probably get there.
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ุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุจุตุฑุงู…ุฉ ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู† ู†ุตู„ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ.
13:07
Thank you very much.
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ุดูƒุฑุง ุฌุฒูŠู„ุง.
13:09
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑุง ู„ูƒู….
13:11
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚).
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7