David Gallo: The deep oceans: a ribbon of life

104,255 views ใƒป 2008-09-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: eviatar edlerman ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
00:13
David Gallo: This is Bill Lange. I'm Dave Gallo.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื ื’ ื•ืื ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืืœื•.
00:16
And we're going to tell you some stories from the sea here in video.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืจื˜ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื•
00:19
We've got some of the most incredible video of Titanic that's ever been seen,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ืง
00:24
and we're not going to show you any of it.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืฃ ืœื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
00:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:30
The truth of the matter is that the Titanic --
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ืง --
00:32
even though it's breaking all sorts of box office records --
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ืื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข --
00:34
it's not the most exciting story from the sea.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื™ื.
00:38
And the problem, I think, is that we take the ocean for granted.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•
00:41
When you think about it, the oceans are 75 percent of the planet.
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื 75% ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:43
Most of the planet is ocean water.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ ื™ื.
00:45
The average depth is about two miles.
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ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
00:47
Part of the problem, I think, is we stand at the beach,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ
00:49
or we see images like this of the ocean,
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ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก,
00:52
and you look out at this great big blue expanse, and it's shimmering
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ื•ืืชื” ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื ืฆื ืฅ
00:56
and it's moving and there's waves and there's surf and there's tides,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ ื™ืฉ ื’ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืื•ืช
00:59
but you have no idea for what lies in there.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืฉื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉื.
01:01
And in the oceans, there are the longest mountain ranges on the planet.
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ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:03
Most of the animals are in the oceans.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
01:05
Most of the earthquakes and volcanoes are in the sea,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื•ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื
01:07
at the bottom of the sea.
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ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
01:09
The biodiversity and the biodensity in the ocean is higher, in places,
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:12
than it is in the rainforests.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื.
01:14
It's mostly unexplored, and yet there are beautiful sights like this
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื—ืงืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ืฉื ื ืžืจืื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
01:16
that captivate us and make us become familiar with it.
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ื–ื” ืžืจืชืง ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
01:19
But when you're standing at the beach, I want you to think
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื•
01:21
that you're standing at the edge of a very unfamiliar world.
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ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ.
01:23
We have to have a very special technology
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
01:25
to get into that unfamiliar world.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
01:27
We use the submarine Alvin and we use cameras,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช.
01:30
and the cameras are something that Bill Lange has developed with the help of Sony.
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ื•ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื ื’ ืคื™ืชื— ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื•ื ื™.
01:34
Marcel Proust said, "The true voyage of discovery
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ืžืจืกืœ ืคืจื•ืกื˜ ืืžืจ:"ืžืกืข ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™
01:36
is not so much in seeking new landscapes as in having new eyes."
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ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžืฆื™ืืช ื ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช."
01:41
People that have partnered with us have given us new eyes,
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ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
01:43
not only on what exists --
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ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื --
01:45
the new landscapes at the bottom of the sea --
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ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื --
01:47
but also how we think about life on the planet itself.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:49
Here's a jelly.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื–ื”
01:51
It's one of my favorites, because it's got all sorts of working parts.
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืขืœื™,ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:53
This turns out to be the longest creature in the oceans.
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
01:55
It gets up to about 150 feet long.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ืขื“ ื› 45 ืžื˜ืจ
01:58
But see all those different working things?
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•
02:00
I love that kind of stuff.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
02:02
It's got these fishing lures on the bottom. They're going up and down.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ืคืชื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื“ื’ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”, ื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื.
02:04
It's got tentacles dangling, swirling around like that.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ื•ืช ืžืกืชื—ืจืจื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื•.
02:05
It's a colonial animal.
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ื–ืืช ื—ื™ื” ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืช
02:07
These are all individual animals
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืฆืžืื™
02:09
banding together to make this one creature.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืœื›ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื—ื“.
02:11
And it's got these jet thrusters up in front
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ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื—ืคื™ ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ
02:13
that it'll use in a moment, and a little light.
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข, ื•ืื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ
02:17
If you take all the big fish and schooling fish and all that,
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ืื ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
02:20
put them on one side of the scale, put all the jelly-type of animals
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ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ, ืงื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื”ื
02:22
on the other side, those guys win hands down.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ื™ื ืฆื—ื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
02:26
Most of the biomass in the ocean is made out of creatures like this.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืžืกื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
02:28
Here's the X-wing death jelly.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื–ืช "ื›ื ืฃ ืื™ืงืก ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช"
02:30
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:34
The bioluminescence -- they use the lights for attracting mates
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ื”ืืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช- ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’
02:37
and attracting prey and communicating.
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ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื˜ืจืฃ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
02:39
We couldn't begin to show you our archival stuff from the jellies.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช.
02:43
They come in all different sizes and shapes.
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ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืฆื•ืจื”.
02:45
Bill Lange: We tend to forget about the fact that the ocean is miles deep
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ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื ื’: ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืขืžื•ืง ืžืื“
02:49
on average, and that we're real familiar with the animals
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ื•ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืจืง ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
02:52
that are in the first 200 or 300 feet, but we're not familiar
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ 200-300 ืจื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
02:56
with what exists from there all the way down to the bottom.
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ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
02:59
And these are the types of animals
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ื•ืืœื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
03:01
that live in that three-dimensional space,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™
03:03
that micro-gravity environment that we really haven't explored.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ืงืจื ื•.
03:06
You hear about giant squid and things like that,
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ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ืชืžื ื•ื ื™ ืขื ืง ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
03:09
but some of these animals get up to be approximately 140, 160 feet long.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 40-50 ืžื˜ืจ.
03:13
They're very little understood.
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ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช.
03:15
DG: This is one of them, another one of our favorites, because it's a little octopod.
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ื“ื™ื™ื‘:ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ.
03:18
You can actually see through his head.
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ื•ืืชื” ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื•.
03:20
And here he is, flapping with his ears and very gracefully going up.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื ืคื ืฃ ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืžืขืœื”.
03:22
We see those at all depths and even at the greatest depths.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ืžืง ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:25
They go from a couple of inches to a couple of feet.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื• ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
03:27
They come right up to the submarine --
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ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื“ ืœืฆื•ืœืœืช --
03:29
they'll put their eyes right up to the window and peek inside the sub.
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ื•ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื”.
03:31
This is really a world within a world,
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœื,
03:33
and we're going to show you two.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื’ื ืœื›ื.
03:35
In this case, we're passing down through the mid-ocean and we see creatures like this.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
03:38
This is kind of like an undersea rooster.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ืชืช ื™ืžื™
03:40
This guy, that looks incredibly formal, in a way.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืžืžืฉ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™
03:43
And then one of my favorites. What a face!
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ื•ืื– ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืขืœื™. ืื™ื–ื” ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ!
03:47
This is basically scientific data that you're looking at.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
03:50
It's footage that we've collected for scientific purposes.
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ืืœื• ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืืกืคื ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช
03:52
And that's one of the things that Bill's been doing,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขื•ืฉื”.
03:54
is providing scientists with this first view of animals like this,
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื•
03:56
in the world where they belong.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื.
03:58
They don't catch them in a net.
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ืœื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจืฉืช.
04:00
They're actually looking at them down in that world.
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ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:02
We're going to take a joystick,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืกื˜ื™ืง,
04:04
sit in front of our computer, on the Earth,
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ืœืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
04:06
and press the joystick forward, and fly around the planet.
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ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ืง ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืœื˜ื•ืก ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
04:08
We're going to look at the mid-ocean ridge,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ืก ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
04:10
a 40,000-mile long mountain range.
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ืจื›ืก ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 64500 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
04:12
The average depth at the top of it is about a mile and a half.
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ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
04:14
And we're over the Atlantic -- that's the ridge right there --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืง -- ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื --
04:16
but we're going to go across the Caribbean, Central America,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืืจื™ื‘ื™ื,ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
04:19
and end up against the Pacific, nine degrees north.
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ื•ืื– ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™ืง 9 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื ื”.
04:22
We make maps of these mountain ranges with sound, with sonar,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื•ืœ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื•ื ืจ,
04:25
and this is one of those mountain ranges.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืจื›ืกื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:27
We're coming around a cliff here on the right.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืง ื”ื ืžืฆื ืคื” ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ
04:29
The height of these mountains on either side of this valley
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ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžืง
04:31
is greater than the Alps in most cases.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืคื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื
04:33
And there's tens of thousands of those mountains out there that haven't been mapped yet.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื”ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืคื•.
04:36
This is a volcanic ridge.
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ื–ื” ืจื›ืก ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™
04:38
We're getting down further and further in scale.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืกืงืœื”.
04:40
And eventually, we can come up with something like this.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
04:42
This is an icon of our robot, Jason, it's called.
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ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื• -- ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
04:45
And you can sit in a room like this,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
04:47
with a joystick and a headset, and drive a robot like that
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ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
04:50
around the bottom of the ocean in real time.
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ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™.
04:52
One of the things we're trying to do at Woods Hole with our partners
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
04:55
is to bring this virtual world --
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ --
04:57
this world, this unexplored region -- back to the laboratory.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื—ืงืจ -- ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
05:00
Because we see it in bits and pieces right now.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืข.
05:02
We see it either as sound, or we see it as video,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืงื•ืœ ืื• ื›ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื•,
05:05
or we see it as photographs, or we see it as chemical sensors,
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ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
05:07
but we never have yet put it all together into one interesting picture.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืœื›ื“ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
05:11
Here's where Bill's cameras really do shine.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื™ืคื”.
05:13
This is what's called a hydrothermal vent.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช.
05:15
And what you're seeing here is a cloud of densely packed,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืขื ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืฃ
05:18
hydrogen-sulfide-rich water
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ื•ืคืจืชื™
05:20
coming out of a volcanic axis on the sea floor.
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ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก.
05:24
Gets up to 600, 700 degrees F, somewhere in that range.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืœ 315-370 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก, ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ื”.
05:27
So that's all water under the sea --
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื --
05:29
a mile and a half, two miles, three miles down.
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ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœืžื˜ื”
05:31
And we knew it was volcanic back in the '60s, '70s.
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ื•ื”ื›ืจื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ืช
05:34
And then we had some hint that these things existed
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืงืœื•ืฉ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
05:37
all along the axis of it, because if you've got volcanism,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขื ื™ืฉ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ืช
05:39
water's going to get down from the sea into cracks in the sea floor,
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ืžื™ื ื™ืจื“ื• ืžื”ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
05:43
come in contact with magma, and come shooting out hot.
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ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืจื•ืชื—ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
05:46
We weren't really aware that it would be so rich with sulfides, hydrogen sulfides.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ื•ืคืจืชื™
05:51
We didn't have any idea about these things, which we call chimneys.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”ืช ื•ืงืจืื ื• ืœื”ื ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
05:54
This is one of these hydrothermal vents.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
05:56
Six hundred degree F water coming out of the Earth.
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ืžื™ื ื‘ 315 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
05:59
On either side of us are mountain ranges that are higher than the Alps,
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ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉื ื ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืืœืคื™ื,
06:03
so the setting here is very dramatic.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืคืื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืื“ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช.
06:05
BL: The white material is a type of bacteria
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ื‘ืืจื™: ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”
06:07
that thrives at 180 degrees C.
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ืฉืคื•ืจื—ืช ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 180 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœืกื™ื•ืก
06:10
DG: I think that's one of the greatest stories right now
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ื“ื™ื™ื‘: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื
06:12
that we're seeing from the bottom of the sea,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื
06:14
is that the first thing we see coming out of the sea floor
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ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื
06:16
after a volcanic eruption is bacteria.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ืช ื–ื” ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”
06:18
And we started to wonder for a long time,
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
06:20
how did it all get down there?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื?
06:22
What we find out now is that it's probably coming from inside the Earth.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื–ื” ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:25
Not only is it coming out of the Earth --
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ --
06:27
so, biogenesis made from volcanic activity --
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ืื–, ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชื•ืš ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ืช --
06:29
but that bacteria supports these colonies of life.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืืœื•.
06:32
The pressure here is 4,000 pounds per square inch.
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืคื” ื”ื•ื 4000 PSI.
06:36
A mile and a half from the surface to two miles to three miles --
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ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” --
06:38
no sun has ever gotten down here.
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ืืฃ ืงืจืŸ ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืคื”.
06:41
All the energy to support these life forms
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื•
06:43
is coming from inside the Earth -- so, chemosynthesis.
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ื‘ืื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ -- ื›ืžื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”
06:46
And you can see how dense the population is.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ืฆืคื•ืคื”.
06:48
These are called tube worms.
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ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ.
06:50
BL: These worms have no digestive system. They have no mouth.
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ื‘ืืจื™: ืœืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืคื”.
06:53
But they have two types of gill structures.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืžื™ื.
06:55
One for extracting oxygen out of the deep-sea water,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ ื”ื™ื
06:58
another one which houses this chemosynthetic bacteria,
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ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉืžืื›ืœืก ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื›ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”
07:02
which takes the hydrothermal fluid --
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ืฉืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
07:05
that hot water that you saw coming out of the bottom --
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืœืžื˜ื”
07:08
and converts that into simple sugars that the tube worm can digest.
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ื•ืžืžื™ืจื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืœืขืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื›ืœ.
07:13
DG: You can see, here's a crab that lives down there.
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ื“ื™ื™ื‘: ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช -- ื”ื ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”.
07:15
He's managed to grab a tip of these worms.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
07:17
Now, they normally retract as soon as a crab touches them.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”ื.
07:19
Oh! Good going.
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ืื•ื•!! ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
07:21
So, as soon as a crab touches them,
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”ื
07:23
they retract down into their shells, just like your fingernails.
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ื”ื ื ืกื•ื’ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
07:25
There's a whole story being played out here
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื
07:27
that we're just now beginning to have some idea of
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœื™ื•
07:29
because of this new camera technology.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
07:31
BL: These worms live in a real temperature extreme.
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ื‘ืืจื™: ื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
07:34
Their foot is at about 200 degrees C
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ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ 200 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ืกื™ื•ืก
07:38
and their head is out at three degrees C,
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ื•ื”ืจืืฉ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืœื•ืช.
07:41
so it's like having your hand in boiling water and your foot in freezing water.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžื™ื ืจื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืงืคื•ืื™ื.
07:45
That's how they like to live.
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ื›ื›ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:49
DG: This is a female of this kind of worm.
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ื“ื™ื™ื‘: ื–ืืช ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืืœื•
07:51
And here's a male.
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ื•ื–ื” ื–ื›ืจ.
07:53
You watch. It doesn't take long before two guys here --
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื•. ื–ื” ืœื ืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืขื“ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ืคื” --
07:56
this one and one that will show up over here -- start to fight.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืžืžืฉ ืคื” -- ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืจื™ื‘.
07:59
Everything you see is played out in the pitch black of the deep sea.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
08:02
There are never any lights there, except the lights that we bring.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื.
08:05
Here they go.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื.
08:07
On one of the last dive series,
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ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืกื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
08:09
we counted 200 species in these areas --
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ืกืคืจื ื• 200 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
08:11
198 were new, new species.
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198 ื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ืฉื™ื -- ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
08:14
BL: One of the big problems is that for the biologists
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ื‘ืืจื™: ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
08:16
working at these sites, it's rather difficult to collect these animals.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช.
08:19
And they disintegrate on the way up,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
08:21
so the imagery is critical for the science.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ืข.
08:24
DG: Two octopods at about two miles depth.
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ื“ื™ื™ื‘: ืฉื ื™ ืชืžื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 2 ืžื™ื™ืœ.
08:26
This pressure thing really amazes me --
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ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™,
08:28
that these animals can exist there at a depth
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ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื–ื” ืขื•ืžืง
08:31
with pressure enough to crush the Titanic like an empty Pepsi can.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืกืง ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ืง ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื—ื™ืช ืคืคืกื™ ืจื™ืงื”.
08:34
What we saw up till now was from the Pacific.
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ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืคืกื™ืคื™ืง
08:36
This is from the Atlantic. Even greater depth.
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ื–ื” ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืง. ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง.
08:38
You can see this shrimp is harassing this poor little guy here,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืง ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ
08:40
and he'll bat it away with his claw. Whack!
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ื• ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืฉืœื•
08:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:44
And the same thing's going on over here.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ื’ื ื›ืืŸ.
08:46
What they're getting at is that -- on the back of this crab --
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื–ื” --
08:49
the foodstuff here is this very strange bacteria
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืื“ ืžื•ื–ืจื”
08:51
that lives on the backs of all these animals.
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ืฉื—ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:53
And what these shrimp are trying to do
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ื”ืืœื” ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
08:55
is actually harvest the bacteria from the backs of these animals.
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ื–ื” ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
08:58
And the crabs don't like it at all.
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ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
09:00
These long filaments that you see on the back of the crab
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ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ
09:02
are actually created by the product of that bacteria.
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ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”
09:06
So, the bacteria grows hair on the crab.
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืžื’ื“ืœืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
09:08
On the back, you see this again.
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ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
09:10
The red dot is the laser light of the submarine Alvin
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืืœื‘ื™ืŸ
09:12
to give us an idea about how far away we are from the vents.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ืืจื•ื‘ื”.
09:15
Those are all shrimp.
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ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœื ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก.
09:17
You see the hot water over here, here and here, coming out.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ืคื”,ืคื” ื•ืคื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
09:19
They're clinging to a rock face
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ื”ื ื ืฆืžื“ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืกืœืข
09:22
and actually scraping bacteria off that rock face.
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ื•ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื’ืจื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืกืœืข.
09:25
Here's a tiny, little vent that's come out of the side of that pillar.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืืจื•ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”.
09:30
Those pillars get up to several stories.
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ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืงื•ืžื•ืช.
09:32
So here, you've got this valley with this incredible alien landscape
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ืื– ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืขืžืง ืขื ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
09:35
of pillars and hot springs and volcanic eruptions and earthquakes,
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ืขื ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื,ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื,ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื”,
09:39
inhabited by these very strange animals
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ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ืข"ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืžืื“
09:41
that live only on chemical energy coming out of the ground.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ืื“ืžื”.
09:43
They don't need the sun at all.
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ื”ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
09:45
BL: You see this white V-shaped mark on the back of the shrimp?
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ื‘ืืจื™:ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก?
09:48
It's actually a light-sensing organ.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืจ.
09:50
It's how they find the hydrothermal vents.
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ื›ื›ื” ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช.
09:52
The vents are emitting a black body radiation -- an IR signature --
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ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื—ื•ืจ -- ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืื™ื ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ื --
09:56
and so they're able to find these vents at considerable distances.
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
10:00
DG: All this stuff is happening along that 40,000-mile long mountain range
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ื“ื™ื™ื‘: ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืื•ืจืš ืจื›ืก ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 64500 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
10:03
that we're calling the ribbon of life, because just even today,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
10:06
as we speak, there's life being generated there from volcanic activity.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื,ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ืช.
10:10
This is the first time we've ever tried this any place.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”
10:12
We're going to try to show you high definition from the Pacific.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืชืžื•ื ื” HD ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™ืง.
10:15
We're moving up one of these pillars.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื.
10:17
This one's several stories tall.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืงื•ืžื•ืช.
10:19
In it, you'll see that it's a habitat for a lot of different animals.
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ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืืชื ืชืจืื• ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
10:23
There's a funny kind of hot plate here, with vent water coming out of it.
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ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืกื•ื’ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืœื—ืช ื—ืžื” ืขื ืืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืžื ื”.
10:26
So all of these are individual homes for worms.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื.
10:29
Now here's a closer view of that community.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื‘ื˜ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
10:31
Here's crabs here, worms here.
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ื”ื ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืคื”, ืชื•ืœืขืช ืคื”.
10:33
There are smaller animals crawling around.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
10:35
Here's pagoda structures.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืคื’ื•ื“ื”.
10:37
I think this is the neatest-looking thing.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:39
I just can't get over this --
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” --
10:41
that you've got these little chimneys sitting here smoking away.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืคื” ื•ืžืขืฉื ื•ืช.
10:43
This stuff is toxic as hell, by the way.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ืœ ืžืื“, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘.
10:45
You could never get a permit to dump this in the ocean,
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืืช ื–ื” ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
10:47
and it's coming out all from it.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืฉื.
10:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:54
It's unbelievable. It's basically sulfuric acid,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืืžืŸ. ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื’ื•ืคืจืชื™ืช,
10:56
and it's being just dumped out, at incredible rates.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื–ืจืง ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืœื ื ืชืคืก.
10:59
And animals are thriving -- and we probably came from here.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื -- ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืื ื• ืžืคื”.
11:01
That's probably where we evolved from.
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ื–ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื•.
11:03
BL: This bacteria that we've been talking about
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ื‘ืืจื™: ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจื ื•
11:05
turns out to be the most simplest form of life found.
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืžืฆืื”.
11:10
There are a number of groups that are proposing
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื•ืช
11:12
that life evolved at these vent sites.
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
11:14
Although the vent sites are short-lived --
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืชืจื™ ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืจ --
11:16
an individual site may last only 10 years or so --
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ื•ืืชืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืจืง 10 ืฉื ื™ื --
11:20
as an ecosystem they've been stable for millions -- well, billions -- of years.
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ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ -- ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
11:25
DG: It works too well. You see there're some fish inside here as well.
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ื“ื™ื™ื‘: ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™.ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
11:28
There's a fish sitting here.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคื”.
11:30
Here's a crab with his claw right at the end of that tube worm,
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ื”ื ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขื ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืงืฆื” ืชื•ืœืขืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ.
11:33
waiting for that worm to stick his head out.
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ืžื—ื›ื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืœืขืช ืชื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
11:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:37
BL: The biologists right now cannot explain
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ื‘ืืจื™: ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
11:39
why these animals are so active.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืขื™ืœื™ื.
11:41
The worms are growing inches per week!
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ื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข!
11:43
DG: I already said that this site,
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ื“ื™ื™ื‘: ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืืชืจ ื–ื”,
11:45
from a human perspective, is toxic as hell.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ืœ ืžืื“.
11:47
Not only that, but on top -- the lifeblood --
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ืœื ืจืง ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ -- ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื --
11:50
that plumbing system turns off every year or so.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช--- ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš.
11:53
Their plumbing system turns off, so the sites have to move.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื•ื–.
11:55
And then there's earthquakes,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื”,
11:57
and then volcanic eruptions, on the order of one every five years,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืขื ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
12:00
that completely wipes the area out.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื—ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
12:02
Despite that, these animals grow back in about a year's time.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ื”, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื”.
12:05
You're talking about biodensities and biodiversity, again,
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื
12:09
higher than the rainforest that just springs back to life.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
12:12
Is it sensitive? Yes.
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืจื’ื™ืฉ? ื›ืŸ
12:14
Is it fragile? No, it's not really very fragile.
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืจ? ืœื ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืจ.
12:16
I'll end up with saying one thing.
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ืื ื™ ืืกื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“.
12:18
There's a story in the sea, in the waters of the sea,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื,
12:20
in the sediments and the rocks of the sea floor.
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ื‘ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
12:22
It's an incredible story.
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืคืœื
12:24
What we see when we look back in time,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
12:26
in those sediments and rocks, is a record of Earth history.
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ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
12:29
Everything on this planet -- everything -- works by cycles and rhythms.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” -- ื”ื›ืœ -- ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื.
12:33
The continents move apart. They come back together.
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ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื”ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
12:35
Oceans come and go. Mountains come and go. Glaciers come and go.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื. ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื. ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื.
12:38
El Nino comes and goes. It's not a disaster, it's rhythmic.
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ืืœ ื ื™ื ื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ื”ื•ืœืš. ื–ื” ืœื ืืกื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืข ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ.
12:40
What we're learning now, it's almost like a symphony.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”
12:43
It's just like music -- it really is just like music.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” -- ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
12:45
And what we're learning now is that
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
12:47
you can't listen to a five-billion-year long symphony, get to today and say,
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ื–ื” ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ 5 ืžื™ืœื™ืื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ
12:51
"Stop! We want tomorrow's note to be the same as it was today."
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ืขืฆื•ืจ! ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ืจ ื™ืฉืžืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:54
It's absurd. It's just absurd.
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ื–ื” ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“. ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“.
12:56
So, what we've got to learn now is to find out where this planet's going
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœืืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš
12:59
at all these different scales and work with it.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื–ื”
13:01
Learn to manage it.
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื–ื”.
13:03
The concept of preservation is futile.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืฉืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš.
13:05
Conservation's tougher, but we can probably get there.
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
13:07
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
13:09
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”
13:11
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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