Stephen Friend: The hunt for "unexpected genetic heroes"

62,765 views ใƒป 2014-05-29

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Bader Alhaddad ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: khalid marbou
00:12
Approximately 30 years ago,
0
12602
2338
ู‚ุจู„ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 30 ุนุงู…ู‹ุงุŒ
00:14
when I was in oncology at the Children's Hospital
1
14940
2693
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑุงู… ููŠ ู…ุณุชุดูู‰ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„
00:17
in Philadelphia,
2
17633
1389
ููŠ ููŠู„ุงุฏูŠู„ููŠุงุŒ
00:19
a father and a son walked into my office
3
19022
3154
ุฏุฎู„ ุฃุจ ู…ุน ุงุจู†ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูƒุชุจูŠ
00:22
and they both had their right eye missing,
4
22176
3144
ูˆูƒู„ุงู‡ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูุงู‚ุฏ ู„ู„ุนูŠู† ุงู„ูŠู…ู†ู‰ุŒ
00:25
and as I took the history, it became apparent
5
25320
2811
ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุฎุฐุช ุชุงุฑูŠุฎู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุฑุถูŠุŒ ุฃุตุจุญ ูˆุงุถุญู‹ุง
00:28
that the father and the son had a rare form
6
28131
2769
ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุจ ูˆุงุจู†ู‡ ูŠุญู…ู„ูˆู† ู†ูˆุนุง ู†ุงุฏุฑุง
00:30
of inherited eye tumor, retinoblastoma,
7
30900
3542
ู…ู† ุฃูˆุฑุงู… ุงู„ุนูŠูˆู†ุŒ ุงุณู…ู‡ ุฑูŠุชูŠู†ูˆุจู„ุงุณุชูˆู…ุง (ูˆุฑู… ุงู„ุดุจูƒูŠุฉ)ุŒ
00:34
and the father knew that he had passed that fate
8
34442
3114
ูˆู‚ุฏ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุจ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ู†ู‚ู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุฑู…
00:37
on to his son.
9
37556
1875
ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุจู†ู‡.
00:39
That moment changed my life.
10
39431
2412
ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ุญุธุฉ ุบูŠุฑุช ุญูŠุงุชูŠ.
00:41
It propelled me to go on
11
41843
1904
ูˆุฏูุนุชู†ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุถูŠ ู‚ุฏู…ู‹ุง
00:43
and to co-lead a team that discovered
12
43747
3532
ูˆุฃู† ุฃุดุงุฑูƒ ููŠ ู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉ ูุฑูŠู‚ ุงูƒุชุดู
00:47
the first cancer susceptibility gene,
13
47279
3197
ุฃูˆู„ ู…ูˆุฑุซุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ู‚ุงุจู„ูŠุฉ ู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุณุฑุทุงู†ุŒ
00:50
and in the intervening decades since then,
14
50476
2721
ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุงู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู†ุฐ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญูŠู†ุŒ
00:53
there has been literally a seismic shift
15
53197
3420
ุทุฑุฃ ุชุญูˆู„ ู…ุฒู„ุฒู„ ุญุฑููŠู‹ุง
00:56
in our understanding of what goes on,
16
56617
2026
ู„ูู‡ู…ู†ุง ู„ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซุŒ
00:58
what genetic variations are sitting behind
17
58643
2888
ูˆู…ุงู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงูุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุฑุซูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุญูƒู… ููŠ
01:01
various diseases.
18
61531
1559
ุฃู…ุฑุถ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
01:03
In fact, for thousands of human traits,
19
63090
3384
ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู„ู„ุฃู„ูˆู ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉุŒ
01:06
a molecular basis that's known for that,
20
66474
2218
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ู„ู‡ุงุŒ
01:08
and for thousands of people, every day,
21
68692
3295
ูˆู„ู„ุฃู„ูˆู ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑุŒ ูƒู„ ูŠูˆู…ุŒ
01:11
there's information that they gain
22
71987
2081
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ูŠุณุชู‚ุจู„ูˆู†ู‡ุง
01:14
about the risk of going on to get this disease
23
74068
2442
ุญูˆู„ ู…ุฎุงุทุฑ ุงู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ
01:16
or that disease.
24
76510
2226
ุฃูˆ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ.
01:18
At the same time, if you ask,
25
78736
2305
ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ู„ูˆ ุณุฃู„ุชุŒ
01:21
"Has that impacted the efficiency,
26
81041
2707
"ู‡ู„ ุฃุซุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ูƒูุงุกุฉุŒ
01:23
how we've been able to develop drugs?"
27
83748
2092
ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู†ุง ู„ู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉุŸ"
01:25
the answer is not really.
28
85840
1782
ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ู‡ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง.
01:27
If you look at the cost of developing drugs,
29
87622
2330
ู„ูˆ ู†ุธุฑุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉุŒ
01:29
how that's done, it basically hasn't budged that.
30
89952
3389
ูƒูŠู ูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุณุชู„ุงุญุธ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ู… ุชุชุบูŠุฑ.
01:33
And so it's as if we have the power to diagnose
31
93341
4473
ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุฃุตุจุญู†ุง ู†ู…ุชู„ูƒ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุชุดุฎูŠุต
01:37
yet not the power to fully treat.
32
97814
2812
ูˆู„ู… ู†ู…ุชู„ูƒ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู„ุชุงู… ุจุนุฏ.
01:40
And there are two commonly given reasons
33
100626
2466
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุณุจุจูŠู† ุนุงุฏุฉู‹ ู…ุง ุชูู‚ุฏู‘ู…
01:43
for why that happens.
34
103092
1468
ู„ู… ุญุฏุซ ุฐู„ูƒ.
01:44
One of them is it's early days.
35
104560
3472
ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุจูƒุฑ.
01:48
We're just learning the words, the fragments,
36
108032
3590
ู…ุง ุฒู„ู†ุง ู†ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุชุŒ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุกุŒ
01:51
the letters in the genetic code.
37
111622
1776
ุญุฑูˆู ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉ.
01:53
We don't know how to read the sentences.
38
113398
2155
ู„ุง ู†ุนู„ู… ูƒูŠู ู†ู‚ุฑุฃ ุงู„ุฌูู…ู„.
01:55
We don't know how to follow the narrative.
39
115553
2570
ู„ุง ู†ุนู„ู… ูƒูŠู ู†ุชุจุน ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ.
01:58
The other reason given is that
40
118123
2479
ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
02:00
most of those changes are a loss of function,
41
120602
2218
ุฃุบู„ุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุบูŠุฑุงุช ู‡ูŠ ูู‚ุฏุงู† ุงู„ูˆุธูŠูุฉุŒ
02:02
and it's actually really hard to develop drugs
42
122820
2925
ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ
02:05
that restore function.
43
125745
1915
ุชุณุชุฑุฌุน ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุธูŠูุฉ.
02:07
But today, I want us to step back
44
127660
2182
ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ุฃุฑูŠุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฑุฌุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ู
02:09
and ask a more fundamental question,
45
129842
2028
ูˆู†ุทุฑุญ ุณุคุงู„ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฌูˆู‡ุฑูŠุฉ
02:11
and ask, "What happens if we're thinking
46
131870
2189
ู†ุณุฃู„ุŒ "ู…ุงุฐุง ุณูŠุญุฏุซ ู„ูˆ ูƒู†ุง ู†ููƒุฑ
02:14
about this maybe in the wrong context?"
47
134059
2733
ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฑุจู…ุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฎุงุทุฆุฉุŸ"
02:16
We do a lot of studying of those who are sick
48
136792
3159
ู†ุญู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฃูˆู„ุงุฆูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰
02:19
and building up long lists
49
139951
2600
ูˆู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุนู…ู„ ู‚ูˆุงุฆู… ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ
02:22
of altered components.
50
142551
3118
ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุบูŠุฑุฉ.
02:25
But maybe, if what we're trying to do
51
145669
2399
ู„ูƒู† ุฑุจู…ุงุŒ ู„ูˆ ูƒู†ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู†
02:28
is to develop therapies for prevention,
52
148068
3222
ู†ุทูˆู‘ุฑ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุนู„ุงุฌูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูˆู‚ุงูŠุฉุŒ
02:31
maybe what we should be doing
53
151290
1553
ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠูุชุฑุถ ุจู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ู‚ูˆู…
02:32
is studying those who don't get sick.
54
152843
2382
ุจุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุง ูŠู…ุฑุถูˆู†.
02:35
Maybe we should be studying those
55
155225
2347
ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠูุชุฑุถ ุจู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฏุฑุณ ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ
02:37
that are well.
56
157572
2175
ุงู„ุฃุตุญุงุก.
02:39
A vast majority of those people
57
159747
1797
ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุธู…ู‰ ู…ู† ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
02:41
are not necessarily carrying a particular
58
161544
2336
ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุญู…ู„ูˆู†
02:43
genetic load or risk factor.
59
163880
1936
ู…ูˆุฑุซุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุนุงู…ู„ ุฎุทุฑ.
02:45
They're not going to help us.
60
165816
1984
ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ู„ู† ูŠููŠุฏูˆู†ุง.
02:47
There are going to be those individuals
61
167800
1599
ู‡ู… ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต
02:49
who are carrying a potential future risk,
62
169399
2669
ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุญู…ู„ูˆู† ู…ุฎุงุทุฑ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุญุชู…ู„ุฉุŒ
02:52
they're going to go on to get some symptom.
63
172068
1844
ุณูŠู…ุถูˆู† ููŠ ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงุถ.
02:53
That's not what we're looking for.
64
173912
1788
ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡.
02:55
What we're asking and looking for is,
65
175700
1848
ู…ุง ู†ุณุฃู„ ูˆู†ุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡ ู‡ูˆุŒ
02:57
are there a very few set of individuals
66
177548
2770
ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต
03:00
who are actually walking around
67
180318
2836
ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุชุฌูˆู„ูˆู† ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ
03:03
with the risk that normally would cause a disease,
68
183154
4019
ู…ุน ุฎุทุฑ ุนุงุฏุฉู‹ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุณุจุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถุŒ
03:07
but something in them, something hidden in them
69
187173
2963
ู„ูƒู† ุดุฆ ุจุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ู…ุŒ ุดุฆ ู…ุฎููŠ ุจุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ู…
03:10
is actually protective
70
190136
1834
ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ู…
03:11
and keeping them from exhibiting those symptoms?
71
191970
3175
ูˆูŠู‚ูŠู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฃู† ูŠุธู‡ุฑูˆุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงุถุŸ
03:15
If you're going to do a study like that, you can imagine
72
195145
2053
ู„ูˆ ุฃุฑุฏุช ุฃู† ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูƒุชู„ูƒุŒ ุชุตูˆู‘ุฑ
03:17
you'd like to look at lots and lots of people.
73
197198
2832
ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูุชุฑุถ ุจูƒ ูุญุต ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ.
03:20
We'd have to go and have a pretty wide study,
74
200030
3292
ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุนู…ู„ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูˆุงุณุนุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุงุŒ
03:23
and we realized that actually
75
203322
1735
ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃุฏุฑูƒู†ุง ูุนู„ู‹ุง
03:25
one way to think of this is,
76
205057
1529
ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู„ู†ููƒุฑ ุจู‡ุงุŒ
03:26
let us look at adults who are over 40 years of age,
77
206586
4277
ุฏุนู†ุง ู†ูุญุต ุงู„ุจุงู„ุบูŠู† ููˆู‚ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ู€ 40 ุณู†ุฉุŒ
03:30
and let's make sure that we look at those
78
210863
2970
ูˆุฃู† ู†ุชุฃูƒุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจูุญุต
03:33
who were healthy as kids.
79
213833
1480
ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุฃุตุญุงุก ููŠ ุทููˆู„ุชู‡ู….
03:35
They might have had individuals in their families
80
215313
2402
ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ููŠ ุนูˆุงุฆู„ู‡ู…
03:37
who had had a childhood disease,
81
217715
1812
ุฃุตูŠุจูˆุง ุจุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ููŠ ุทููˆู„ุชู‡ู…ุŒ
03:39
but not necessarily.
82
219527
1506
ู„ูƒู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ุถุฑุฑูˆุฑุฉ.
03:41
And let's go and then screen those
83
221033
2767
ุฏุนู†ุง ู†ู‚ู… ุจูุญุต ู‡ุคู„ุงุก
03:43
to find those who are carrying genes
84
223800
1993
ุจุญุซู‹ุง ุนู…ู† ูŠุญู…ู„ูˆู† ู…ูˆุฑุซุงุช
03:45
for childhood diseases.
85
225793
1678
ู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ููŠ ุงู„ุทููˆู„ุฉ.
03:47
Now, some of you, I can see you
86
227471
1564
ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุฃุฑู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ูƒู…
03:49
putting your hands up going, "Uh, a little odd.
87
229035
3295
ู‚ุฏ ูˆุถุน ูŠุฏูŠู‡ ูƒุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ุŒ "ุขู‡ุŒ ุฐู„ูƒ ุบุฑูŠุจ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุดูŠุก.
03:52
What's your evidence
88
232330
1417
ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฏู„ูŠู„ูƒ
03:53
that this could be feasible?"
89
233747
1662
ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุŸ"
03:55
I want to give you two examples.
90
235409
2064
ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุนุทูŠูƒู… ู…ุซุงู„ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ.
03:57
The first comes from San Francisco.
91
237473
2948
ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู† ุณุงู† ูุฑุงู†ุณูŠุณูƒูˆ.
04:00
It comes from the 1980s and the 1990s,
92
240421
2941
ููŠ ุนุงู… 1980 ูˆ 1990ุŒ
04:03
and you may know the story where
93
243362
2394
ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู†ูƒู… ุชุนุฑููˆู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ุญูŠุซ
04:05
there were individuals who had very high levels
94
245756
2397
ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู…ุตุงุจูŠู† ุจู…ุนุฏู„ุงุช ู…ุฑุชูุนุฉ
04:08
of the virus HIV.
95
248153
1268
ู…ู† ููŠุฑูˆุณ ู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ.
04:09
They went on to get AIDS.
96
249421
2479
ู‚ุฏ ุฃุตูŠุจูˆุง ุจู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ุฃูŠุฏุฒ.
04:11
But there was a very small set of individuals
97
251900
2317
ู„ูƒู† ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต
04:14
who also had very high levels of HIV.
98
254217
2968
ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู…ุตุงุจูŠู† ุจู…ุนุฏู„ุงุช ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ููŠุฑูˆุณ ู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุนุฉ.
04:17
They didn't get AIDS.
99
257185
1386
ู„ู… ูŠุตุงุจูˆุง ุจู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ุฃูŠุฏุฒ.
04:18
And astute clinicians tracked that down,
100
258571
2962
ูˆู‚ุฏ ูุทู† ุงู„ุฃุทุจุงุก ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุซู… ุชุนู‚ุจูˆู‡ุŒ
04:21
and what they found was they were carrying mutations.
101
261533
3387
ูˆู…ุง ูˆุฌุฏูˆู‡ ุฃู† ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ูŠุญู…ู„ูˆู† ุทูุฑุฉ ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉ.
04:24
Notice, they were carrying mutations from birth
102
264920
3085
ู„ุงุญุธูˆุงุŒ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุญู…ู„ูˆู† ุทูุฑุฉ ู…ู†ุฐ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงุฏุฉ
04:28
that were protective, that were protecting them
103
268005
2015
ูƒุงู†ุช ูˆู‚ุงูŠุฉุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุญู…ูŠู‡ู…
04:30
from going on to get AIDS.
104
270020
1641
ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ุฃูŠุฏุฒ.
04:31
You may also know that actually a line of therapy
105
271661
3165
ู‚ุฏ ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฎุทุฉ ุนู„ุงุฌูŠุฉ
04:34
has been coming along based on that fact.
106
274826
3120
ุทูˆู‘ุฑุช ุจู†ุงุกู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
04:37
Second example, more recent, is elegant work
107
277946
3224
ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุŒ ุญุฏุซ ู…ุคุฎุฑุงุŒ ูƒุงู† ุนู…ู„ุง ู…ูุดุฑู‘ูุง
04:41
done by Helen Hobbs,
108
281170
1403
ู‚ุงู…ุช ุจู‡ ู‡ูŠู„ูŠู† ู‡ูˆุจุฒุŒ
04:42
who said, "I'm going to look at individuals
109
282573
2662
ุญูŠุซ ู‚ุงู„ุช: "ุณุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจูุญุต ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต
04:45
who have very high lipid levels,
110
285235
2716
ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู…ุนุฏู„ุงุช ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู‡ูˆู†ุŒ
04:47
and I'm going to try to find those people
111
287951
1939
ูˆุณุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
04:49
with high lipid levels
112
289890
1802
ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู…ุนุฏู„ุงุช ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู‡ูˆู†
04:51
who don't go on to get heart disease."
113
291692
2168
ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุง ูŠุตุงุจูˆู† ุจุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ."
04:53
And again, what she found was
114
293860
2438
ูˆู…ุฑุฉู‹ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ู…ุง ูˆุฌุฏุชู‡
04:56
some of those individuals had mutations
115
296298
2560
ูƒุงู† ุฃู† ุจุนุถ ุฃูˆู„ุงุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุทูุฑุงุช
04:58
that were protective from birth that kept them,
116
298858
2719
ูˆุงู‚ูŠุฉ ูˆุชุญู…ูŠู‡ู… ู…ู†ุฐ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงุฏุฉุŒ
05:01
even though they had high lipid levels,
117
301577
1445
ุจุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู† ู…ุนุฏู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฏู‡ูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุนุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ
05:03
and you can see this is an interesting way
118
303022
3371
ุชุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ุฃู† ุชุฑูˆุง ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุดูŠู‚ุฉ
05:06
of thinking about how you could develop
119
306393
1961
ู…ู† ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ
05:08
preventive therapies.
120
308354
2260
ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ูˆู‚ุงุฆูŠุฉ.
05:10
The project that we're working on
121
310614
1944
ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡
05:12
is called "The Resilience Project:
122
312558
2462
ูŠุฏุนู‰ "ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ู…ุฑูˆู†ุฉ:
05:15
A Search for Unexpected Heroes,"
123
315020
1400
ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุฃุจุทุงู„ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชูˆู‚ุนูŠู†ุŒ"
05:16
because what we are interested in doing is saying,
124
316420
2490
ู„ุฃู† ู…ุง ู†ู‡ุชู… ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆุŒ
05:18
can we find those rare individuals
125
318910
2648
ู‡ู„ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต
05:21
who might have these hidden protective factors?
126
321558
4325
ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‚ุฏ ูŠู…ู„ูƒูˆู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ุฎููŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ูŠุฉุŸ
05:25
And in some ways, think of it as a decoder ring,
127
325883
2980
ูˆููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุŒ ููƒุฑูˆุง ููŠู‡ุง ูƒุฎุงุชู… ู„ููƒ ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉุŒ
05:28
a sort of resilience decoder ring
128
328863
1926
ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุชู… ู„ููƒ ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑูˆู†ุฉ
05:30
that we're going to try to build.
129
330789
1632
ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ู†ุทูˆู‘ุฑู‡ ู‡ู†ุง.
05:32
We've realized that we should do this in a systematic way,
130
332421
3849
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุฏุฑูƒู†ุง ุฃู†ู†ุง ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ุนู…ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉุŒ
05:36
so we've said, let's take every single
131
336270
2627
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ู„ู†ุงุŒ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ูƒู„
05:38
childhood inherited disease.
132
338897
1243
ู…ุฑุถ ูˆุฑุงุซูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุทููˆู„ุฉ.
05:40
Let's take them all, and let's pull them back a little bit
133
340140
2564
ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุฃุฎุฐู‡ุง ูƒู„ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู†ุฑุฌุนู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุก ู‚ู„ูŠู„ู‹ุง
05:42
by those that are known to have severe symptoms,
134
342704
3186
ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฃูˆู„ุงุฆูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆููŠู† ุจุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ุฎุทูŠุฑุฉุŒ
05:45
where the parents, the child,
135
345890
1920
ุญูŠุซ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุจูˆูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุทูู„ุŒ
05:47
those around them would know
136
347810
1050
ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุญูˆู„ู‡ู… ู‚ุฏ ูŠุนู„ู…ูˆู†
05:48
that they'd gotten sick,
137
348860
1330
ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู…ุฑุถู‰ุŒ
05:50
and let's go ahead and then frame them again
138
350190
3700
ุซู… ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุฃุฎุฐู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู… ูˆู†ุนุฏ ุชุดูƒูŠู„ู‡ุง
05:53
by those parts of the genes where we know
139
353890
2581
ุจุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุฑุซุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนู„ู…
05:56
that there is a particular alteration
140
356471
2507
ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนูŠู†
05:58
that is known to be highly penetrant
141
358978
2798
ู…ุนุฑูˆู ุฃู†ู‡ ุฐูˆ ู†ูุงุฐูŠุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุฌูŠุงู„
06:01
to cause that disease.
142
361776
2654
ููŠ ุฅุญุฏุงุซ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ.
06:04
Where are we going to look?
143
364430
1228
ุฃูŠู† ุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ูุญุตุŸ
06:05
Well, we could look locally. That makes sense.
144
365658
2488
ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ุณู†ูุญุต ู…ุญู„ูŠู‹ุงุŒ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠ.
06:08
But we began to think, maybe we should look
145
368146
2261
ู„ูƒู† ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูุชุฑุถ ุจู†ุง ุงู„ูุญุต
06:10
all over the world.
146
370407
1451
ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
06:11
Maybe we should look not just here
147
371858
1653
ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠูุชุฑุถ ุจู†ุง ุงู„ูุญุต ู‡ู†ุง ูู‚ุท
06:13
but in remote places where their might be
148
373511
1960
ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ุญูŠุซ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
06:15
a distinct genetic context,
149
375471
3030
ุณูŠุงู‚ ูˆุฑุงุซูŠ ู…ู†ูุตู„ุŒ
06:18
there might be environmental factors
150
378501
1642
ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุจูŠุฆูŠุฉ
06:20
that protect people.
151
380143
1382
ุชุญู…ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ.
06:21
And let's look at a million individuals.
152
381525
4462
ุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจูุญุต ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต.
06:25
Now the reason why we think it's a good time
153
385987
2970
ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู†ุธู† ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู…ู†ุงุณุจ
06:28
to do that now
154
388957
1072
ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ
06:30
is, in the last couple of years,
155
390029
1760
ู‡ูˆุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉุŒ
06:31
there's been a remarkable plummeting in the cost
156
391789
2588
ุญุฏุซ ู‡ุจูˆุท ู…ู„ุญูˆุธ ููŠ ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ
06:34
to do this type of analysis,
157
394377
2235
ู„ุนู…ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุชุŒ
06:36
this type of data generation,
158
396612
1739
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุฅุตุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุชุŒ
06:38
to where it actually costs less to do
159
398351
2608
ุญูŠุซ ุฃู† ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ู„ุนู…ู„
06:40
the data generation and analysis
160
400959
2194
ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ูˆุฅุตุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุฃู‚ู„
06:43
than it does to do the sample processing and the collection.
161
403153
3184
ู…ู† ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูˆุฌู…ุนู‡ุง.
06:46
The other reason is that in the last five years,
162
406337
4304
ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู…ุณ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉุŒ
06:50
there have been awesome tools,
163
410641
1964
ุฃุตุจุญุช ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ุฑุงุฆุนุฉุŒ
06:52
things about network biology, systems biology,
164
412605
2662
ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุชุฎุต ุงู„ุดุจูƒุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉุŒ
06:55
that have come up that allow us to think
165
415267
1961
ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุธู‡ุฑุช ูˆุณู…ุญุช ู„ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ
06:57
that maybe we could decipher
166
417228
1940
ููŠ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู‚ุฏ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ููƒ ุดูุฑุฉ
06:59
those positive outliers.
167
419168
2481
ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ุงู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุทุฑูุฉ.
07:01
And as we went around talking to researchers
168
421649
2172
ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจุงุญุซูŠู†
07:03
and institutions
169
423821
1904
ูˆุงู„ู…ุคุณุณุงุช
07:05
and telling them about our story,
170
425725
1569
ูˆู†ุฎุจุฑู‡ู… ุจู‚ุตุชู†ุงุŒ
07:07
something happened.
171
427294
1667
ุญุฏุซ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง.
07:08
They started saying, "This is interesting.
172
428961
2229
ุฃุตุจุญูˆุง ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู†ุŒ "ู‡ุฐุง ุฑุงุฆุน.
07:11
I would be glad to join your effort.
173
431190
3347
ูŠุณุนุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูˆุญุฏ ุฌู‡ูˆุฏู†ุง.
07:14
I would be willing to participate."
174
434537
1927
ูŠุณุนุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ู…ุนูƒู…."
07:16
And they didn't say, "Where's the MTA?"
175
436464
2579
ู„ู… ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง " ู…ุงู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ MTAุŸ"
07:19
They didn't say, "Where is my authorship?"
176
439043
3293
ูˆู„ู… ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง "ุฃูŠู† ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ู…ู„ูƒูŠุชูŠุŸ"
07:22
They didn't say, "Is this data going to be mine? Am I going to own it?"
177
442336
4611
ู„ู… ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุงุŒ "ู‡ู„ ุณุชุตุจุญ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ู…ู„ูƒูŠุŸ ู‡ู„ ุณุฃู…ุชู„ูƒู‡ุงุŸ"
07:26
They basically said, "Let's work on this
178
446947
2279
ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง ุจุจุณุงุทุฉุŒ "ู‡ูŠุง ู„ู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง
07:29
in an open, crowd-sourced, team way
179
449226
2881
ุนู…ู„ ุฌู…ุงุนูŠ ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ ูˆู…ูุชูˆุญ ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ
07:32
to do this decoding."
180
452107
3074
ู„ู†ููƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ."
07:35
Six months ago, we locked down
181
455181
2515
ู‚ุจู„ ุณุชุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑุŒ ุชู…ูƒู†ุง ู…ู†
07:37
the screening key for this decoder.
182
457696
3315
ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ูุญุต ู„ููƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ.
ุดุฑูŠูƒูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉุŒ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุงู…ุนุŒ ุฅูŠุฑูŠูƒ ุดุงุช
07:41
My co-lead, a brilliant scientist, Eric Schadt
183
461011
4578
07:45
at the Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York,
184
465589
3306
ููŠ ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุทุจ ุฅูŠูƒุงู† ู…ุงูˆู†ุช ุณูŠู†ุงูŠ ููŠ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒุŒ
07:48
and his team,
185
468895
1392
ูˆูุฑูŠู‚ู‡ุŒ
07:50
locked in that decoder key ring,
186
470287
2869
ุชู…ูƒู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ู…ูุชุงุญ ููƒ ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉุŒ
07:53
and we began looking for samples,
187
473156
2395
ูˆุจุฏุฃู†ุง ู†ูุญุต ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุงุชุŒ
07:55
because what we realized is,
188
475551
1486
ู„ุฃู† ู…ุง ุฃุฏุฑูƒู†ุงู‡ ู‡ูˆุŒ
07:57
maybe we could just go and look
189
477037
1794
ุฃู†ู†ุง ู‚ุฏ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจูุญุต
07:58
at some existing samples to get some sense of feasibility.
190
478831
3086
ุนูŠู†ุงุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู‰.
08:01
Maybe we could take two, three percent of the project on,
191
481917
2577
ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ุชู‚ุฏู… ุจุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน 2% ุฃูˆ 3%ุŒ
08:04
and see if it was there.
192
484494
1417
ูˆู†ุฑู‰ ุฅู† ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
08:05
And so we started asking people
193
485911
1998
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุงู„ุทู„ุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
08:07
such as Hakon at the Children's Hospital in Philadelphia.
194
487909
3537
ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุงูƒูˆู† ููŠ ู…ุณุชุดูู‰ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ููŠ ููŠู„ุงุฏูŠู„ููŠุง.
08:11
We asked Leif up in Finland.
195
491446
2245
ูˆู„ูŠู ููŠ ููŠู†ู„ู†ุฏุง.
08:13
We talked to Anne Wojcicki at 23andMe,
196
493691
3673
ุชูƒู„ู…ู†ุง ู…ุน ุขู† ูˆุฌูŠูƒูŠ ูˆ23andMeุŒ
08:17
and Wang Jun at BGI,
197
497364
1767
ูˆูˆูˆุงู†ุบ ุฌู† ููŠ BGIุŒ
08:19
and again, something remarkable happened.
198
499131
2188
ูˆู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุญุฏุซ ุฃู…ุฑ ุฑุงุฆุน.
08:21
They said, "Huh,
199
501319
1809
ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุงู„ูˆุงุŒ "ู‡ู‡ุŒ
08:23
not only do we have samples,
200
503128
1744
ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุนูŠู†ุงุช ูู‚ุทุŒ
08:24
but often we've analyzed them,
201
504872
2196
ุจู„ ุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ู…ุง ู†ูƒูˆู† ู‚ุฏ ุญู„ู„ู†ุงู‡ุงุŒ
08:27
and we would be glad to go into
202
507068
1487
ูˆูŠุณุนุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ู†ุธุฑ ููŠ
08:28
our anonymized samples
203
508555
1403
ุนูŠู†ุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ
08:29
and see if we could find those
204
509958
2062
ูˆู†ุฑู‰ ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุจุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู† ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ
08:32
that you're looking for."
205
512020
1163
ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุชุจุญุซูˆู† ุนู†ู‡ู…."
08:33
And instead of being 20,000 or 30,000,
206
513183
2707
ูˆุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุงุช 20,000 ุฃูˆ 30,000
08:35
last month we passed one half million samples
207
515890
3152
ุชุฎุทูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ู†ุตู ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุนูŠู†ุฉ
08:39
that we've already analyzed.
208
519042
1905
ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ูุนู„ู‹ุง ุจุชุญู„ูŠู„ู‡ุง.
08:40
So you must be going,
209
520947
1493
ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุคูƒุฏ ุฃู†ูƒู… ุชุชุณุงุฆู„ูˆู†ุŒ
08:42
"Huh, did you find any unexpected heroes?"
210
522440
5625
"ู‡ู‡ุŒ ูˆู‡ู„ ูˆุฌุฏุชู… ุฃูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุจุทุงู„ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆู‚ุนูŠู†ุŸ"
08:48
And the answer is, we didn't find one or two.
211
528065
2583
ูˆุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ู‡ูˆุŒ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ู… ู†ุฌุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฃูˆ ุงุซู†ูŠู†.
08:50
We found dozens of these strong candidate
212
530648
3038
ุจู„ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุนุดุฑุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุดุญูŠู† ุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆูŠุงุก ู…ู†
08:53
unexpected heroes.
213
533686
1729
ุงู„ุฃุจุทุงู„ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชูˆู‚ุนูŠู†.
08:55
So we think that the time is now
214
535415
2697
ู†ุญู† ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุขู† ุจุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจ
08:58
to launch the beta phase of this project
215
538112
2340
ู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ู†ุณุฎุฉ ุจูŠุชุง ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน
09:00
and actually start getting prospective individuals.
216
540452
3117
ูˆุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ููŠ ุงุณุชู‚ุจุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ูŠู†.
09:03
Basically all we need is information.
217
543569
3171
ู…ุจุฏุฆูŠู‹ุง ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช.
09:06
We need a swab of DNA
218
546740
1659
ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุญุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
09:08
and a willingness to say, "What's inside me?
219
548399
3405
ูˆุฑุบุจุฉ ุชู‚ูˆู„ุŒ "ู…ุงุฐุง ุจุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุŸ
09:11
I'm willing to be re-contacted."
220
551804
3263
ุฃู†ุง ู…ุณุชุนุฏ ุฃู† ุชุนุงูˆุฏูˆุง ุงู„ุฅุชุตุงู„ ุจูŠ."
09:15
Most of us spend our lives,
221
555067
3791
ุฃุบู„ุจู†ุง ูŠู‚ุถูŠ ู…ุนุธู… ุญูŠุงุชู‡ุŒ
09:18
when it comes to health and disease,
222
558858
1954
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุงู„ุตุญุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑุถุŒ
09:20
acting as if we're voyeurs.
223
560812
3080
ุจุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุนู‡ุง ูƒู…ุณุชุฑู‚ ู„ู„ู†ุธุฑ.
09:23
We delegate the responsibility
224
563892
2337
ูƒู„ู†ุง ู†ููˆุถ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ
09:26
for the understanding of our disease,
225
566229
2043
ูู‡ู…ู†ุง ู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถู†ุงุŒ
09:28
for the treatment of our disease,
226
568272
1872
ูˆุนู„ุงุฌู†ุง ู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถู†ุงุŒ
09:30
to anointed experts.
227
570144
3536
ู„ู„ุฎุจุฑุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุตูŠู†.
09:33
In order for us to get this project to work,
228
573680
3340
ู„ุฌุนู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ูŠุนู…ู„ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ู†ุง
09:37
we need individuals to step up
229
577020
2150
ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ูŠุชู‚ุฏู…ูˆู†
09:39
in a different role and to be engaged,
230
579170
3892
ููŠ ุฃุฏูˆุงุฑ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูˆูŠู„ุชุฒู…ูˆู†ุŒ
09:43
to realize this dream,
231
583062
2925
ุจุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญู„ู…ุŒ
09:45
this open crowd-sourced project,
232
585987
3135
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ู…ูุชูˆุญ ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑุŒ
09:49
to find those unexpected heroes,
233
589122
3680
ู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฃุจุทุงู„ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชูˆู‚ุนูŠู†ุŒ
09:52
to evolve from the current concepts
234
592802
2660
ู„ู„ุชู‚ุฏู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠุฉ
09:55
of resources and constraints,
235
595462
2334
ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠูˆุฏุŒ
09:57
to design those preventive therapies,
236
597796
3251
ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ูˆู‚ุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ
10:01
and to extend it beyond childhood diseases,
237
601047
2773
ูˆุฃุฎุฐู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุจุนุฏ ู…ู† ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ุทููˆู„ุฉุŒ
10:03
to go all the way up to ways
238
603820
1577
ู„ุชุดู…ู„ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚
10:05
that we could look at Alzheimer's or Parkinson's,
239
605397
3871
ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ูุญุต ู…ุฑุถ ุขู„ุฒู‡ุงูŠู…ุฑ ุฃูˆ ุจุงุฑูƒูŠู†ุณูˆู†ุŒ
10:09
we're going to need us
240
609268
2262
ุณูˆู ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง
10:11
to be looking inside ourselves and asking,
241
611530
3106
ู„ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุจุฏุงุฎู„ ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง ูˆู†ุณุฃู„ุŒ
10:14
"What are our roles?
242
614636
2204
"ู…ุงู‡ูˆ ุฏูˆุฑู†ุงุŸ
10:16
What are our genes?"
243
616840
1673
ู…ุงู‡ูŠ ู…ูˆุฑุซุงุชู†ุงุŸ"
10:18
and looking within ourselves for information
244
618513
2785
ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุจุฏุงุฎู„ู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
10:21
we used to say we should go to the outside,
245
621298
2642
ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนูˆุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ุฐู‡ุจ ู„ู„ุฎุงุฑุฌุŒ
10:23
to experts,
246
623940
1208
ู„ู„ุฎุจุฑุงุกุŒ
10:25
and to be willing to share that with others.
247
625148
4052
ูˆุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุฑุบุจุฉ ููŠ ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุชู‡ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†.
10:29
Thank you very much.
248
629200
3558
ุดูƒุฑู‹ุง ุฌุฒูŠู„ู‹ุง ู„ูƒู….
10:32
(Applause)
249
632758
1815
(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7