How to see past your own perspective and find truth | Michael Patrick Lynch

223,673 views ใƒป 2017-07-10

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Nawal Sharabati ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Lalla Khadija Tigha
00:12
So, imagine that you had your smartphone miniaturized
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ุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ุจุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ู‡ูˆุงุชู ุฐูƒูŠุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง
00:16
and hooked up directly to your brain.
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ูˆู…ูˆุตูˆู„ุฉ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฏู…ุบุชูƒู….
00:19
If you had this sort of brain chip,
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ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑู‚ุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบูŠุฉ
00:21
you'd be able to upload and download to the internet
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ุณุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ู„ู„ุชุญู…ูŠู„ ูˆุงู„ุชู†ุฒูŠู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช
00:24
at the speed of thought.
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ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ.
00:25
Accessing social media or Wikipedia would be a lot like --
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ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ุฃูˆ ู…ูˆุณูˆุนุฉ "ูˆูŠูƒูŠุจูŠุฏูŠุง ู…ุซู„ --
00:29
well, from the inside at least --
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ --
00:30
like consulting your own memory.
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ู…ุซู„ ุงุณุชุดุงุฑุฉ ุฐุงูƒุฑุชูƒู….
00:33
It would be as easy and as intimate as thinking.
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ุณุชูƒูˆู† ุณู‡ู„ุฉ ูˆู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ูƒุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง.
00:37
But would it make it easier for you to know what's true?
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู„ ุดุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชุฌุนู„ูƒ ุชุนุฑูู ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉุŸ
00:40
Just because a way of accessing information is faster
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ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู† ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุฃุณุฑุน
00:43
it doesn't mean it's more reliable, of course,
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ู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ
ูˆู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฃู†ู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนู‹ุง ุณู†ูุณุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุดุงุจู‡ู‡.
00:46
and it doesn't mean that we would all interpret it the same way.
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00:49
And it doesn't mean that you would be any better at evaluating it.
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ูˆู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ูƒู… ุณุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุฃูุถู„ ุญุงู„ู‹ุง ููŠ ุชู‚ูŠูŠู…ู‡ุง.
00:52
In fact, you might even be worse,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุฃุณูˆุฃ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ
00:54
because, you know, more data, less time for evaluation.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุŒ ูˆูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ูˆูˆู‚ุชู‹ุง ุฃู‚ู„ ู„ุชู‚ูŠูŠู…ู‡ุง.
00:58
Something like this is already happening to us right now.
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ูŠุญุฏุซู ู„ู†ุง ุดูŠุกู ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุญุงุถุฑ ูุนู„ู‹ุง.
01:01
We already carry a world of information around in our pockets,
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุญู…ู„ู ุนุงู„ู…ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ููŠ ุฌูŠูˆุจู†ุง
01:05
but it seems as if the more information we share and access online,
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุชู‚ุงุณู…ู†ุง ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุฃูƒุซุฑุŒ ูˆุงุชุตู„ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุชุŒ
01:09
the more difficult it can be for us to tell the difference
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ูƒู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุตุนูˆุจุฉู‹ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅู„ูŠู†ุง ู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ูุฑู‚
01:12
between what's real and what's fake.
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ุจูŠู† ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ูˆู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฒูŠู.
01:15
It's as if we know more but understand less.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูƒู…ุง ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุนุฑูู ุฃูƒุซุฑุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู†ูู‡ู…ู ุฃู‚ู„.
ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏู ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุนุตุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุขู†
01:20
Now, it's a feature of modern life, I suppose,
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ุฃู† ุฌู…ุงู‡ูŠุฑ ุบููŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ุชุนูŠุดู ููŠ ูู‚ุงุนุงุช ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชูŠุฉ ู…ุนุฒูˆู„ุฉ.
01:23
that large swaths of the public live in isolated information bubbles.
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01:27
We're polarized: not just over values, but over the facts.
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ู†ุญู†ู ู…ู‚ุณู‘ู…ูˆู† ุจุดุฏุฉ: ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู…ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚.
01:32
One reason for that is, the data analytics that drive the internet
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ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุชุญู„ูŠู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู…ู ุงุณุชู†ุจุงุทู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช
ู„ุง ู†ุญุตู„ู ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ูู‚ุท
01:36
get us not just more information,
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01:38
but more of the information that we want.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู…ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ.
01:40
Our online life is personalized;
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ุชู… ุงุณุชู‚ุทุงุจ ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช
01:43
everything from the ads we read
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ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุนู„ุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‚ุฑุฃ
01:44
to the news that comes down our Facebook feed
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุตู„ู ุตูุญุงุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ "ุงู„ููŠุณุจูˆูƒ"
01:47
is tailored to satisfy our preferences.
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ุชู… ุชุฎุตูŠุตู‡ุง ู„ุชู„ุจูŠุฉ ุฃูˆู„ูˆูŠุงุชู†ุง.
01:51
And so while we get more information,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุญุตู„ู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
ูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุจุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุนูƒุณู ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง
01:53
a lot of that information ends up reflecting ourselves
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01:56
as much as it does reality.
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ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ู ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน.
01:59
It ends up, I suppose,
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏู ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ
02:01
inflating our bubbles rather than bursting them.
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ุจุชุถุฎูŠู… ุงู„ูู‚ุงุนุงุช ุญูˆู„ู†ุง ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุชูุฌูŠุฑู‡ุง.
02:05
And so maybe it's no surprise
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ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุบุฑุจ
02:07
that we're in a situation, a paradoxical situation,
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ุจุฃู†ู†ุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉุŒ ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุชู†ุงู‚ุถุฉ
02:10
of thinking that we know so much more,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุนุฑูู ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ
02:12
and yet not agreeing on what it is we know.
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ูˆู„ู… ู†ูˆุงูู‚ ุจุนุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡.
02:17
So how are we going to solve this problem of knowledge polarization?
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูƒูŠู ุณู†ุญู„ู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉุŸ
02:20
One obvious tactic is to try to fix our technology,
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ุฃุญุฏู ุงู„ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุฅุตู„ุงุญ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ
ู„ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ู…ู†ุตุงุช ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ
02:25
to redesign our digital platforms,
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02:26
so as to make them less susceptible to polarization.
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ู„ุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ุฃู‚ู„ ุนุฑุถุฉ ู„ู„ุชุจุงูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุฅุฎุชู„ุงู.
02:30
And I'm happy to report
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ูˆุฅู†ู†ูŠ ุณุนูŠุฏูŒ ู„ุฅุฎุจุงุฑูƒู…
ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฃุฐูƒูŠุงุก ููŠ ุฌูˆุฌู„ ูˆ ุงู„ููŠุณุจูˆูƒ ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ.
02:32
that many smart people at Google and Facebook are working on just that.
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02:36
And these projects are vital.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูŠุน ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ.
02:39
I think that fixing technology is obviously really important,
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู† ุฅุตู„ุงุญ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุญู‚ู‹ุงุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุถุญ
02:42
but I don't think technology alone, fixing it, is going to solve the problem
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู† ุฅุตู„ุงุญ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุญุฏู‡ุงุŒ ุณูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญู„ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ
02:47
of knowledge polarization.
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ู„ุชุจุงูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ.
ู„ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู„ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏู ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
02:49
I don't think that because I don't think, at the end of the day,
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ.
02:52
it is a technological problem.
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02:53
I think it's a human problem,
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ
02:55
having to do with how we think and what we value.
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ุชุชุนู„ู‚ู ุจูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชููƒูŠุฑู†ุง ูˆู…ุง ู†ู‚ุฏู‘ุฑู‡.
03:00
In order to solve it, I think we're going to need help.
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ู„ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุญู„ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏู ุฃู†ู†ุง ุณู†ุญุชุงุฌู ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ.
03:02
We're going to need help from psychology and political science.
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ุณู†ุญุชุงุฌู ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู†ูุณุŒ ูˆุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ.
03:05
But we're also going to need help, I think, from philosophy.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุณู†ุญุชุงุฌูุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณูุฉุŒ
03:10
Because to solve the problem of knowledge polarization,
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ู„ุญู„ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุจุงูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ
03:15
we're going to need to reconnect
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ุณู†ุญุชุงุฌู ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูˆุงุตู„
03:18
with one fundamental, philosophical idea:
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ู…ุน ููƒุฑุฉ ูู„ุณููŠุฉ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ:
03:23
that we live in a common reality.
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ุจุฃู†ู†ุง ุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ.
03:26
The idea of a common reality is like, I suppose,
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏู ุจุฃู† ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ ู…ุซู„
03:30
a lot of philosophical concepts:
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ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ุงู„ูู„ุณููŠุฉ:
03:32
easy to state
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ุณู‡ู„ุฉ ู„ุตูŠุงุบุชู‡ุง
03:33
but mysteriously difficult to put into practice.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุตุนุจุฉ ุบุงู…ุถุฉ ู„ูˆุถุนู‡ุง ู…ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚.
ูˆู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุชู‚ุจู„ู‡ุง ุญู‚ู‹ุงุŒ
03:37
To really accept it,
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03:38
I think we need to do three things,
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏู ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌู ุฅู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃู…ูˆุฑ:
03:40
each of which is a challenge right now.
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ูŠุดูƒู„ู ูƒู„ูŒ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชุญุฏูŠู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠ.
03:44
First, we need to believe in truth.
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ุงู„ุฃูˆู„: ู†ุญุชุงุฌู ุฃู† ู†ุคู…ู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
03:48
You might have noticed
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ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู„ุงุญุธุชู…
03:49
that our culture is having something of a troubled relationship
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ุจุฃู† ู„ุฏู‰ ุซู‚ุงูุชู†ุง ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุถุทุฑุจุฉ
03:52
with that concept right now.
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ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุญุงู„ูŠู‹ุง.
ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฎุชู„ู ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง
03:55
It seems as if we disagree so much that,
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03:58
as one political commentator put it not long ago,
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ูƒู…ุง ูˆุถุนู‡ุง ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ู‚ูŠู† ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠูŠู† ู‚ุจู„ ูˆู‚ุชู ู„ูŠุณ ุจุจุนูŠุฏุŒ
ุฅู†ู‡ุง ูƒู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠุนุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู„ู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚.
04:01
it's as if there are no facts anymore.
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04:04
But that thought is actually an expression
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุชุนุจูŠุฑ
04:09
of a sort of seductive line of argument that's in the air.
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ู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู…ุบุฑูŠ ู„ู„ุฌุฏู„ ุงู„ุณุงุฆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู….
04:13
It goes like this:
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ุณุชูƒูˆู† ูƒุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ:
04:16
we just can't step outside of our own perspectives;
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ู„ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุชู†ุงุฒู„ ุนู† ูˆุฌู‡ุงุช ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ
ูˆู„ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุชู†ุงุฒู„ ุนู† ุงู†ุญูŠุงุฒู†ุง.
04:19
we can't step outside of our biases.
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04:21
Every time we try,
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ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฐู„ูƒ
ู†ุญุตู„ู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุงูู‚ ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑู†ุง.
04:23
we just get more information from our perspective.
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04:27
So, this line of thought goes,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูŠู†ุทู„ู‚ู ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ
ูƒู…ุง ุฃู†ู†ุง ู‚ุฏ ู†ุนุชุฑูู ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠุฉ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฅู„ุง ูˆู‡ู…
04:31
we might as well admit that objective truth is an illusion,
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04:34
or it doesn't matter,
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ุฃูˆ ู„ุง ุชู‡ู…ู†ุง
04:35
because either we'll never know what it is,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅู…ู‘ุง ู„ู† ู†ุนุฑูู‡ุง ู…ุทู„ู‚ู‹ุง
ุฃูˆ ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… ุงู„ุฃูˆู„.
04:39
or it doesn't exist in the first place.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ููƒุฑ ุงู„ูู„ุณููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ --
04:43
That's not a new philosophical thought --
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04:46
skepticism about truth.
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ุงู„ุดูƒ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
04:49
During the end of the last century, as some of you know,
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุŒ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุนุฑูู ุจุนุถูƒู…
04:52
it was very popular in certain academic circles.
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ูƒุงู† ุดุงุฆุนู‹ุง ููŠ ุฃูˆุณุงุท ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ.
04:55
But it really goes back all the way to the Greek philosopher Protagoras,
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ูŠุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ููŠู„ุณูˆู ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†ูŠ ุจูˆุชุงุบูˆุฑุงุณ
05:00
if not farther back.
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ุฅู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุจุนุฏ ู…ู†ู‡.
05:02
Protagoras said that objective truth was an illusion
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ู‚ุงู„ ุจูˆุชูˆุบุงุฑุงุณ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ูˆู‡ู…ู‹ุง
05:04
because "man is the measure of all things."
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ู„ุฃู† "ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก."
05:07
Man is the measure of all things.
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ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก.
ูŠู…ูƒู†ู ุฃู† ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุซูŠุฑู‹ุง ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ
05:10
That can seem like a bracing bit of realpolitik to people,
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ุฃูˆ ู…ุญุฑู‘ุฑุฉ
05:13
or liberating,
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05:14
because it allows each of us to discover or make our own truth.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุณู…ุญู ู„ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏู ู…ู†ู‘ุง ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุฃูˆ ุตูู†ุน ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจู‡.
05:20
But actually, I think it's a bit of self-serving rationalization
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏู ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุชุฑุดูŠุฏ ุฎุฏู…ุฉ ุฐุงุชูŠุฉ
05:24
disguised as philosophy.
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ู…ู‚ู†ุนู‘ุฉ ูƒูู„ุณูุฉ.
05:27
It confuses the difficulty of being certain
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฎู„ุทู ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ุงู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ
05:30
with the impossibility of truth.
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ู…ุน ุนุฏู… ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
05:34
Look --
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ุฃู†ุธุฑูˆุง --
05:36
of course it's difficult to be certain about anything;
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ุฃู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ูŠู‚ูŠู† ุญูˆู„ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก.
05:40
we might all be living in "The Matrix."
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ุฌู…ูŠุนู‹ุง ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… "ุงู„ู…ุตููˆูุฉ ุงู„ุงูุชุฑุงุถูŠ."
ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ุฑู‚ุงู‚ุฉ ููŠ ุฃุฏู…ุบุชูƒู…
05:44
You might have a brain chip in your head
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ุชู…ุฏููƒู… ุจูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฎุงุทุฆุฉ.
05:46
feeding you all the wrong information.
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05:49
But in practice, we do agree on all sorts of facts.
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ู„ูƒู† ุนู…ู„ูŠู‹ุงุŒ ู†ุชูู‚ู ุฌู…ูŠุนู‹ุง ุญูˆู„ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚.
05:53
We agree that bullets can kill people.
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ู†ุชูู‚ู ุจุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู ู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ุฑุตุงุตุงุช ุฃู† ูŠู‚ุชู„.
05:57
We agree that you can't flap your arms and fly.
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ู†ุชูู‚ู ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ุฏ ุฃุฐุฑุนู†ุง ูˆู†ุทูŠุฑ.
ู†ุชูู‚ู-- ุฃูˆ ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุชูู‚--
06:02
We agree -- or we should --
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ุจุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ
06:05
that there is an external reality
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06:07
and ignoring it can get you hurt.
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ูˆุงู‡ู…ุงู„ู‡ุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠุคุฐูŠู†ุง.
06:11
Nonetheless, skepticism about truth can be tempting,
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ู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู ู„ู„ุดูƒ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุบุฑูŠู‹ุง
06:15
because it allows us to rationalize away our own biases.
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ู„ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุณู…ุญู ู„ู†ุง ุชุจุฑูŠุฑ ุชุญูŠุฒู†ุง
06:18
When we do that, we're sort of like the guy in the movie
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ูุนู„ู ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆูƒุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ู…ูŠู„ู ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ููŠ ุงู„ูู„ู…
06:21
who knew he was living in "The Matrix"
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนุฑู ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุนูŠุด ููŠ "ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุงูุชุฑุงุถูŠ"
06:24
but decided he liked it there, anyway.
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ูˆู‚ุฑุฑ ุฃู† ูŠุญุจู ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุญูˆุงู„.
ุจุนุฏ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุกุŒ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุชุฑุบุจูˆู† ู‡ูˆ ุดุนูˆุฑู ุฌูŠุฏ.
06:29
After all, getting what you want feels good.
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06:32
Being right all the time feels good.
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ูƒูˆู†ูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุญู‚ ุฏูˆู…ู‹ุง ู‡ูˆ ุดุนูˆุฑ ุฌูŠุฏ.
06:34
So, often it's easier for us
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ุฃุญูŠุงู†ู‹ุง
06:37
to wrap ourselves in our cozy information bubbles,
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ุฅุฎูุงุก ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง ููŠ ูู‚ุงุนุงุช ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุญุฉ
ูˆุงู„ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุณูˆุก ู†ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆุชุจู†ูŠ ู‚ูŠู… ูƒุงุฐุจุฉ
06:42
live in bad faith,
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06:43
and take those bubbles as the measure of reality.
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ูˆุฃุฎุฐ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูู‚ุงุนุงุช ุจู…ุซุงุจุฉ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู„ู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
06:48
An example, I think, of how this bad faith gets into our action
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏูŒุŒ ุนู† ูƒูŠู ูŠุคุซุฑ ุณูˆุก ุงู„ู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุณู„ูˆูƒู†ุง
06:54
is our reaction to the phenomenon of fake news.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฑุฏุฉ ูุนู„ู†ุง ู„ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุงุฐุจุฉ.
06:59
The fake news that spread on the internet
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ูุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุงุฐุจุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงู†ุชุดุฑุช ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช
07:02
during the American presidential election of 2016
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฑุฆุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุนุงู… 2016
07:07
was designed to feed into our biases,
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ูƒุงู† ู…ุตู…ู…ุฉ ู„ุชุบุฐูŠุฉ ุงู†ุญูŠุงุฒู†ุง
ู…ุตู…ู…ุฉ ู„ุชุถุฎูŠู… ูู‚ุงุนุงุชู†ุง
07:10
designed to inflate our bubbles.
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07:12
But what was really striking about it
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุฐู‡ู„ู‹ุง ุญูˆู„ู‡ุง ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉู‹
07:14
was not just that it fooled so many people.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฎุฏุนุช ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ.
07:17
What was really striking to me about fake news,
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ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุซูŠุฑู‹ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุฉ ุฅู„ูŠ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุงุฐุจุฉ
07:20
the phenomenon,
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ุงู„ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉุŒ
07:21
is how quickly it itself became the subject of knowledge polarization;
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ู‡ูˆ ูƒูŠู ุฃุตุจุญุช ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุชุจุงูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ
07:27
so much so, that the very term -- the very term -- "fake news"
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ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ู†ูุณู‡ุŒ ู…ุตุทู„ุญ "ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุงุฐุจุฉ"
07:31
now just means: "news story I don't like."
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุขู†: "ู‚ุตุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู„ุง ุฃุญุจู‡ุง."
07:35
That's an example of the bad faith towards the truth that I'm talking about.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู† ุณูˆุก ุงู„ู†ูŠุฉ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง.
07:43
But the really, I think, dangerous thing
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ู„ูƒู† ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏูŒ ุญู‚ู‹ุงุŒ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฎุทูŠุฑ
07:47
about skepticism with regard to truth
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ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุดูƒ ููŠู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
07:51
is that it leads to despotism.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุณุชุจุฏุงุฏ.
07:54
"Man is the measure of all things"
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"ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก"
07:57
inevitably becomes "The Man is the measure of all things."
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ูˆูŠุตุจุญู ุญุชู…ู‹ุง "ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ูุฑุฏ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก."
08:01
Just as "every man for himself"
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ูƒู…ุง ููŠ "ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ูุฑุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูƒุงูุญ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุจู‚ุงุฆุฉ"
08:04
always seems to turn out to be "only the strong survive."
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ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฏูˆู…ู‹ุง ุชุญูˆู„ู‡ุง ู„ุชุตุจุญ "ุงู„ุจู‚ุงุก ู„ู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰".
08:08
At the end of Orwell's "1984,"
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ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุฑูˆุงูŠุฉ ุฃูˆุฑูˆูŠู„ "1984"
ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู† ุฑุฌู„ ุงู„ุดุฑุทุฉ ุฃูˆุจุฑุงูŠู† ูŠุนุฐุจ ุจุทู„ ุงู„ุฑูˆุงูŠุฉ ูˆูŠู†ุณุชูˆู† ุณู…ูŠุซ
08:12
the thought policeman O'Brien is torturing the protagonist Winston Smith
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08:16
into believing two plus two equals five.
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ู„ู„ุฅุนุชู‚ุงุฏ ุจุฃู† 2+2 =5.
08:20
What O'Brien says is the point,
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ู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ุฃูˆุจุฑุงูŠู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ
08:25
is that he wants to convince Smith that whatever the party says is the truth,
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุฑุบุจู ููŠ ุฅู‚ู†ุงุน ุณู…ูŠุซ ุจุฃู† ู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ุงู„ุญุฒุจ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
08:29
and the truth is whatever the party says.
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ูˆุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ุงู„ุญุฒุจ.
08:33
And what O'Brien knows is that once this thought is accepted,
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠุนุฑูู‡ ุฃูˆุจุฑุงูŠู† ู‡ูˆ ูˆุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู‚ุจูˆู„ู‡ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ
08:38
critical dissent is impossible.
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ูุงู„ู…ุนุงุฑุถุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงุฏูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุณุชุญูŠู„ุฉ.
08:41
You can't speak truth to power
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ุณู„ุทุฉ
ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ ุชุชุญุฏุซู ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุจุญูƒู… ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู.
08:44
if the power speaks truth by definition.
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08:48
I said that in order to accept that we really live in a common reality,
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ู‚ู„ุชู ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃุชู‚ุจู„ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุนูŠุดู ุญู‚ู‹ุง ููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ.
ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃู…ูˆุฑ.
08:53
we have to do three things.
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08:54
The first thing is to believe in truth.
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ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ุฅูŠู…ุงู† ุจุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู ุชู„ุฎูŠุต ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ
08:56
The second thing can be summed up
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ุจุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ู„ุงุชูŠู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุฎุฐู‡ ุฅูŠู…ุงู†ูˆูŠู„ ูƒุงู†ุช ูƒุดุนุงุฑ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ูˆูŠุฑุงู„ูู„ุณููŠุฉ:
08:58
by the Latin phrase that Kant took as the motto for the Enlightenment:
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09:03
"Sapere aude,"
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"ุงู„ุฌุฑุฃุฉ ู„ุชูƒูˆู† ุญูƒูŠู…ู‹ุง"
09:04
or "dare to know."
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ุฃูˆ "ุงู„ุฌุฑุฃุฉ ู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ ู„ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ".
09:06
Or as Kant wants, "to dare to know for yourself."
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ุฃูˆ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุฑุบุจู (ูƒุงู†ุช)ุŒ "ุงู„ุฌุฑุฃุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ูƒ."
09:10
I think in the early days of the internet,
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏู ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู… ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช
09:12
a lot of us thought
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ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู†ู‘ุง
09:13
that information technology was always going to make it easier
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ุจุฃู† ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ูƒุงู†ุช ุณุชุฌุนู„ู ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุณู‡ู„ู‹ุง
09:17
for us to know for ourselves,
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ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅู„ูŠู†ุง ู„ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ู†ุง
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ูุนู„ุช ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุทุฑู‚ู ุดุชู‰.
09:19
and of course in many ways, it has.
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09:21
But as the internet has become more and more a part of our lives,
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ู„ูƒู† ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ุงุตุจุญ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฌุฒุกู‹ุง ู…ู† ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง
09:25
our reliance on it, our use of it,
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ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏู†ุง ูˆุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู†ุง ู„ู‡
09:27
has become often more passive.
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ุฃุตุจุญ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุณู„ุจูŠุฉู‹ ููŠ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†.
09:30
Much of what we know today we Google-know.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑู ู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ุงู„ุขู† ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนุจุฑ ุฌูˆุฌู„.
09:33
We download prepackaged sets of facts
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ุนู…ู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุชุญู…ูŠู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ู…ุณุจู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚
ูˆุฎู„ุทู‡ุง ู…ุน ู†ุธุงู… ุชุฌู…ูŠุน ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ุงู„ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ.
09:37
and sort of shuffle them along the assembly line of social media.
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09:41
Now, Google-knowing is useful
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุฌูˆุฌู„ ู‡ูŠ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ
09:42
precisely because it involves a sort of intellectual outsourcing.
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ุฎุตูˆุตู‹ุง ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุชุถู…ู† ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุตุงุฏุฑ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ููƒุฑูŠุฉ
ู†ุญู†ู ู†ุถูŠู‘ุน ุฌู‡ุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุดุจูƒุฉ ุงู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ูˆุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ุญุณุงุจูŠุฉ.
09:46
We offload our effort onto a network of others and algorithms.
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09:51
And that allows us, of course, to not clutter our minds
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏุŒ ูŠุณู…ุญู ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู†ุง ุจุนุฏู… ุชุดูˆูŠุด ุนู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง
09:54
with all sorts of facts.
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ุจูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚.
09:56
We can just download them when we need them.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชู†ุฒูŠู„ู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌู‡ุง ูู‚ุท.
09:58
And that's awesome.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฑุงุฆุน!
10:01
But there's a difference between downloading a set of facts
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูุฑู‚ู‹ุง ุจูŠู† ุชู†ุฒูŠู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚
10:06
and really understanding how or why those facts are as they are.
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ูˆุงู„ูู‡ู… ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ู„ูƒูŠู ุฃูˆ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูŠ.
10:13
Understanding why a particular disease spreads,
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ูู‡ู… ุณุจุจ ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑ ู…ุฑุถ ู…ุนูŠู†
10:17
or how a mathematical proof works,
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ุฃูˆ ูƒูŠู ูŠุนู…ู„ู ุงู„ุจุฑู‡ุงู† ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠ
10:19
or why your friend is depressed,
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ุฃูˆ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุดุนุฑู ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุฆูƒู… ุจุงู„ุฅุญุจุงุท
10:21
involves more than just downloading.
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ูŠู†ุทูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุงู„ุชุญู…ูŠู„.
10:25
It's going to require, most likely,
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ุณุชุชุทู„ุจู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุฌุญ
10:27
doing some work for yourself:
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ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ูƒู…:
10:30
having a little creative insight;
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ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุตูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฅุจุฏุงุนูŠุฉ
10:32
using your imagination;
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ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู…ุฎูŠู„ุชูƒู…
10:33
getting out into the field;
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ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฏุงู†
10:34
doing the experiment;
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ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ
10:36
working through the proof;
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ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุจุฑู‡ุงู†
10:37
talking to someone.
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ูˆุงู„ุชุญุฏุซ ุฅู„ู‰ ุดุฎุตู ู…ุง.
10:43
Now, I'm not saying, of course, that we should stop Google-knowing.
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู„ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุชูˆู‚ู ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุฌูˆุฌู„.
10:48
I'm just saying
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ุฅู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ูู‚ุท
10:49
we shouldn't overvalue it, either.
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ู„ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุจุงู„ุบุฉ ููŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ.
10:51
We need to find ways of encouraging forms of knowing that are more active,
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ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ู„ุชุดุฌูŠุน ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ
10:56
and don't always involve passing off our effort into our bubble.
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ูˆุฃู† ู„ุง ุชุชุถู…ู† ุฏูˆู…ู‹ุง ุชู‚ุณูŠู… ู…ุฌู‡ูˆุฏู†ุง ุฏุงุฎู„ ูู‚ุงุนุงุชู†ุง.
11:02
Because the thing about Google-knowing is that too often it ends up
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุฌูˆุฌู„ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุจู†ุง ููŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†
11:05
being bubble-knowing.
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ู„ู†ูƒูˆู† ุฏุงุฎู„ ูู‚ุงุนุงุช ู…ุนุฑูุชู†ุง.
11:07
And bubble-knowing means always being right.
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ูˆุชุนู†ูŠ ูู‚ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุฏูˆู…ู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุญู‚.
11:11
But daring to know,
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฌุฑุฃุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ
11:13
daring to understand,
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ุงู„ุฌุฑุฃุฉ ู„ู„ูู‡ู…
ุชุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุทุฑุฉ ุจุงุญุชู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ูƒูˆู†ูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฎุทุฃ.
11:16
means risking the possibility that you could be wrong.
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11:19
It means risking the possibility
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ุชุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุทุฑุฉ ุจุงู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ
11:22
that what you want and what's true are different things.
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ู…ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏูˆู†ู‡ ูˆู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ูˆุฏู†ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุนุชู‚ุฏู ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡
11:28
Which brings me to the third thing that I think we need to do
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11:31
if we want to accept that we live in a common reality.
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ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏู†ุง ู‚ุจูˆู„ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุนูŠุดู ููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ.
11:34
That third thing is: have a little humility.
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ูุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ู‡ูˆ: ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠ ุจู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูˆุงุถุน
11:38
By humility here, I mean epistemic humility,
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ุฃุนู†ูŠ ุจุงู„ุชูˆุงุถุน ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ุงู„ุชูˆุงุถุน ุงู„ู…ุนุฑููŠ.
11:40
which means, in a sense,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจู…ุนู†ู‰
11:43
knowing that you don't know it all.
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ุฃู†ูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุนู„ู…ู ุจุฃู†ูƒู… ู„ุง ุชุนุฑููˆู† ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุชุนู†ูŠ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ุงูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ.
11:46
But it also means something more than that.
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11:48
It means seeing your worldview as open to improvement
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ุชุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ูƒู… ุชุฑูˆู† ู†ุธุฑุชูƒู… ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ูุชูˆุญ ู„ู„ุชุทูˆุฑ
11:52
by the evidence and experience of others.
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ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฃุฏู„ุฉ ูˆุชุฌุงุฑุจ ูˆุฎุจุฑุงุช ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†.
11:54
Seeing your worldview as open to improvement
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ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูƒู…ูุชูˆุญ ู„ู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ
11:56
by the evidence and experience of others.
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ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฃุฏู„ุฉ ูˆุชุฌุงุฑุจ ูˆุฎุจุฑุงุช ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†.
ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ูƒูˆู†ูƒู… ู…ู†ูุชุญูŠู† ู„ู„ุชุบูŠุฑ.
12:00
That's more than just being open to change.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ูƒูˆู†ูƒู… ู…ู†ูุชุญูŠู† ู„ู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ.
12:02
It's more than just being open to self-improvement.
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12:04
It means seeing your knowledge as capable of enhancing
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุนู†ูŠ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ู…ุนุฑูุชูƒู… ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑู‡ุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนุฒูŠุฒ
12:08
or being enriched by what others contribute.
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ุฃูˆ ุฅุซุฑุงุก ู…ุนุฑูุชูƒ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู…ุง ูŠุณุงุนู…ู ุจู‡ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูˆู†.
12:12
That's part of what is involved
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู…ุง ูŠู†ุทูˆูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ
12:14
in recognizing there's a common reality
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ููŠ ุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ุจูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ
ุจุฃู†ูƒู… ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูˆู† ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ.
12:18
that you, too, are responsible to.
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12:21
I don't think it's much of a stretch to say
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ู„ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุงู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„
12:23
that our society is not particularly great at enhancing or encouraging
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ุจุฃู† ู…ุฌุชู…ุนู†ุง ู„ูŠุณ ุฑุงุฆุนู‹ุง ุจุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ุชุนุฒูŠุฒ ูˆุชุดุฌูŠุน
12:28
that sort of humility.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูˆุงุถุน.
ูˆูŠุฑุฌุนู ุฐู„ูƒ ุฌุฒุฆูŠู‹ุงุŒ
12:30
That's partly because,
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12:32
well, we tend to confuse arrogance and confidence.
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ู†ุญู†ู ู†ู…ูŠู„ู ู„ู„ุฎู„ุท ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุบุทุฑุณุฉ ูˆุงู„ุซู‚ุฉ.
12:36
And it's partly because, well, you know,
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ูˆูŠุฑุฌุนู ุฐู„ูƒ ุฌุฒุฆูŠู‹ุงุŒ ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ูˆูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†
12:39
arrogance is just easier.
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ุงู„ุบุทุฑุณุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃุณู‡ู„ ูู‚ุท.
12:40
It's just easier to think of yourself as knowing it all.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃุณู‡ู„ ู„ู„ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏ ุจุฃู†ูƒู… ุชุนุฑููˆู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก.
12:43
It's just easier to think of yourself as having it all figured out.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃุณู‡ู„ ู„ู„ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏ ุจุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ู…ููƒุชุดูุฉ.
12:48
But that's another example of the bad faith towards the truth
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุซุงู„ ุขุฎุฑ ู„ุณูˆุก ุงู„ู†ูŠุฉ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
12:51
that I've been talking about.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุฏุซุชู ุญูˆู„ู‡ุง.
12:55
So the concept of a common reality,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ
12:57
like a lot of philosophical concepts,
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ุงู„ูู„ุณู„ููŠุฉ
13:00
can seem so obvious,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู ุฃู† ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูˆุงุถุญู‹ุง ุฌุฏู‹ุง
13:02
that we can look right past it
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ุญูŠุซู ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุจุนุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง
13:05
and forget why it's important.
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ูˆู†ุณูŠุงู† ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‡ู…ู‹ุง.
13:09
Democracies can't function if their citizens don't strive,
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุงุช ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูˆู‡ุง ู„ุง ูŠูƒุงูุญูˆู†
13:14
at least some of the time,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†
13:15
to inhabit a common space,
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ู„ู„ุนูŠุด ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ
13:17
a space where they can pass ideas back and forth
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ู…ูƒุงู† ุญูŠุซู ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุฐู‡ุงุจู‹ุง ูˆุฅูŠุงุจู‹ุง
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง -- ูˆุจุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง --
13:22
when -- and especially when --
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13:23
they disagree.
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ูŠุฎุชู„ููˆู†.
13:25
But you can't strive to inhabit that space
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู…ูƒู… ุงู„ุณุนูŠ ู„ู„ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†
13:29
if you don't already accept that you live in the same reality.
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุชู… ู„ุง ุชุชู‚ุจู„ูˆู† ูุนู„ู‹ุง ุจุฃู†ูƒู… ุชุนูŠุดูˆู† ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน.
ู„ู‚ุจูˆู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุฅูŠู…ุงู† ุจุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
13:35
To accept that, we've got to believe in truth,
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13:37
we've got to encourage more active ways of knowing.
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ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุชุดุฌูŠุน ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ.
13:41
And we've got to have the humility
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ูˆุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุชุญู„ู‰ ุจุงู„ุชูˆุงุถุน
13:44
to realize that we're not the measure of all things.
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ู„ู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุณู†ุง ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก.
ู‚ุฏ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ูŠูˆู…ู‹ุง ู…ุง ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ
13:49
We may yet one day realize the vision
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13:52
of having the internet in our brains.
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ุจุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุจ ููŠ ุฃุฏู…ุบุชู†ุง.
13:56
But if we want that to be liberating and not terrifying,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุญุฑุฑู‹ุง ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู…ุฑุนุจู‹ุง
14:00
if we want it to expand our understanding
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ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชูˆุณูŠุน ูู‡ู…ู†ุง ูˆุงุฏุฑุงูƒู†ุง
14:03
and not just our passive knowing,
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุณู„ุจูŠุฉ
14:06
we need to remember that our perspectives,
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ู†ุญุชุงุฌู ู„ุชุฐูƒุฑ ุฃู† ูˆุฌู‡ุงุช ู†ุธุฑู†ุง
14:10
as wondrous, as beautiful as they are,
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ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ูˆุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูŠ
ู‡ูŠ ูู‚ุท ูƒุฐู„ูƒ --
14:14
are just that --
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14:15
perspectives on one reality.
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ูˆุฌู‡ุงุช ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุญูˆู„ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ.
ุดูƒุฑู‹ุง ู„ูƒู….
14:19
Thank you.
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14:20
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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