How to see past your own perspective and find truth | Michael Patrick Lynch
218,812 views ・ 2017-07-10
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譯者: Szu-Wen Kung
審譯者: Yanyan Hong
00:12
So, imagine that you had
your smartphone miniaturized
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想像你的智慧型手機被縮小,
00:16
and hooked up directly to your brain.
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直接連上你的腦袋,
00:19
If you had this sort of brain chip,
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如果你的頭內植入晶片,
00:21
you'd be able to upload
and download to the internet
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你能彈指間在網路上,
00:24
at the speed of thought.
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下載和上傳資料。
00:25
Accessing social media or Wikipedia
would be a lot like --
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使用社群媒體或維基,
直接從腦中存取,
00:29
well, from the inside at least --
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00:30
like consulting your own memory.
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就像參考自己的記憶那樣。
00:33
It would be as easy
and as intimate as thinking.
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搜尋資料就像思考般親密和簡單,
00:37
But would it make it easier
for you to know what's true?
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但這會讓你更容易辨別真相嗎?
00:40
Just because a way
of accessing information is faster
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只因擷取資訊更迅速,
00:43
it doesn't mean it's more
reliable, of course,
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當然不代表更就會可靠,
00:46
and it doesn't mean that we would all
interpret it the same way.
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不代表每個人的解讀會一致,
00:49
And it doesn't mean that you would be
any better at evaluating it.
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也不代表,你比別人更會評估資訊。
00:52
In fact, you might even be worse,
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實際上,搞不好更糟糕,
00:54
because, you know, more data,
less time for evaluation.
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因為資訊愈多,評估的時間愈短。
00:58
Something like this is already
happening to us right now.
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這樣的事情,目前已經發生了。
01:01
We already carry a world of information
around in our pockets,
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我們已將全球資訊裝在口袋裡,
01:05
but it seems as if the more information
we share and access online,
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但似乎我們線上接觸、分享得愈多,
01:09
the more difficult it can be for us
to tell the difference
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就越難釐清真實與虛假。
01:12
between what's real and what's fake.
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01:15
It's as if we know more
but understand less.
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我們變得知道越多,懂得卻越少。
01:20
Now, it's a feature
of modern life, I suppose,
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這現象,似乎成為現代生活的特徵。
01:23
that large swaths of the public
live in isolated information bubbles.
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一堆人活在孤立的資訊泡泡裡,
01:27
We're polarized: not just over values,
but over the facts.
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我們對價值觀和事實皆過度兩極化。
01:32
One reason for that is, the data
analytics that drive the internet
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其中一個原因是
數據分析讓網路給我們更多的資訊,
01:36
get us not just more information,
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01:38
but more of the information that we want.
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遠多於我們所想要的資訊量。
01:40
Our online life is personalized;
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我們的網路生活已經個人化。
01:43
everything from the ads we read
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我們所瀏覽的,從廣告
01:44
to the news that comes down
our Facebook feed
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到臉書動態總匯上出現的新聞,
01:47
is tailored to satisfy our preferences.
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都經過調整以滿足個人的喜好。
01:51
And so while we get more information,
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在我們獲取更多資訊的同時,
01:53
a lot of that information ends up
reflecting ourselves
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不少資訊到最後反映我們自身喜好,
01:56
as much as it does reality.
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如同調整過而反映出的事實。
01:59
It ends up, I suppose,
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我想,到最後
02:01
inflating our bubbles
rather than bursting them.
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我們所處的被孤立泡泡
只會過度膨脹,而非爆破。
02:05
And so maybe it's no surprise
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所以我們處在矛盾的處境裡,
02:07
that we're in a situation,
a paradoxical situation,
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一點也不令人訝異,
02:10
of thinking that we know so much more,
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我們知道的這麼多,
02:12
and yet not agreeing
on what it is we know.
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但我們到底知道甚麼,卻看法不一。
02:17
So how are we going to solve
this problem of knowledge polarization?
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所以該如何解決知識極端化的問題?
02:20
One obvious tactic is to try
to fix our technology,
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最顯著的策略是,試著修復科技,
02:25
to redesign our digital platforms,
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重新設定數位平台,
02:26
so as to make them less
susceptible to polarization.
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減少知識被兩極化的現象。
02:30
And I'm happy to report
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很高興能跟各位說,
02:32
that many smart people at Google
and Facebook are working on just that.
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谷歌和臉書裡優秀的人才,
正朝此方向努力。
02:36
And these projects are vital.
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這些計畫很重要。
02:39
I think that fixing technology
is obviously really important,
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我認為修復科技顯然至關重要,
02:42
but I don't think technology alone,
fixing it, is going to solve the problem
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但我不認為光靠修復科技,
就能解決知識極端化的問題。
02:47
of knowledge polarization.
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02:49
I don't think that because I don't think,
at the end of the day,
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我不這麼認為,是因為到頭來,
終究不是科技的問題,
02:52
it is a technological problem.
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02:53
I think it's a human problem,
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而是人的問題,
02:55
having to do with how we think
and what we value.
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跟我們如何思考、
和所重視的價值有關。
03:00
In order to solve it, I think
we're going to need help.
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為了解決問題,我們需要各方協助,
03:02
We're going to need help
from psychology and political science.
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需要心理學與政治科學的幫忙。
03:05
But we're also going to need help,
I think, from philosophy.
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不過,我們也需要哲學的協助,
03:10
Because to solve the problem
of knowledge polarization,
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因為想要解決知識對立的問題,
03:15
we're going to need to reconnect
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我們必需重新思考
03:18
with one fundamental, philosophical idea:
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一個最基本的哲學問題:
03:23
that we live in a common reality.
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我們活在普遍的現實裡。
03:26
The idea of a common reality
is like, I suppose,
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活在普遍的現實裡的想法,
03:30
a lot of philosophical concepts:
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與眾多哲學概念類似:
說起來簡單,
03:32
easy to state
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03:33
but mysteriously difficult
to put into practice.
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但做起來,卻莫名困難。
想真正地接受,
03:37
To really accept it,
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03:38
I think we need to do three things,
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我們有三件事要做,
03:40
each of which is a challenge right now.
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目前,每一項都具有挑戰性。
03:44
First, we need to believe in truth.
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首先,我們必須相信真相。
03:48
You might have noticed
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大家可能注意到
03:49
that our culture is having
something of a troubled relationship
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我們的文化和這個概念
03:52
with that concept right now.
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似乎有所衝突。
03:55
It seems as if we disagree so much that,
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我們如此地不同意,
03:58
as one political commentator
put it not long ago,
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正如一位政治評論員不久前說的,
04:01
it's as if there are no facts anymore.
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彷彿真相不再存在一般。
04:04
But that thought is actually an expression
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但這種想法,實際上只是種表達方式,
04:09
of a sort of seductive line
of argument that's in the air.
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一種充斥在空氣裡、引人入勝的論述。
04:13
It goes like this:
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論述是這樣的:
04:16
we just can't step outside
of our own perspectives;
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我們就是無法跳脫自我的觀點,
04:19
we can't step outside of our biases.
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我們也無法放下偏見,
04:21
Every time we try,
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每次我們試著這麼做,
04:23
we just get more information
from our perspective.
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就只是從自我的觀點得到更多資訊。
04:27
So, this line of thought goes,
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順著這種思路,
04:31
we might as well admit
that objective truth is an illusion,
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我們乾脆承認,客觀事實只是假象,
04:34
or it doesn't matter,
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不痛不癢,
04:35
because either we'll never
know what it is,
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因為,要不就是我們無從得知真相,
04:39
or it doesn't exist in the first place.
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要不就是真相根本就不存在。
04:43
That's not a new philosophical thought --
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這不是新興的哲學思想——
04:46
skepticism about truth.
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真相懷疑論。
04:49
During the end of the last century,
as some of you know,
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在上世紀末,可能有人知道,
懷疑論在特定學術圈廣受歡迎。
04:52
it was very popular in certain
academic circles.
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04:55
But it really goes back all the way
to the Greek philosopher Protagoras,
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這真可追溯到希臘哲學家
普羅泰格拉,
05:00
if not farther back.
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如果不是更早的話。
05:02
Protagoras said that objective
truth was an illusion
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普羅泰格拉認為
客觀的事實只是假象。
05:04
because "man is the measure
of all things."
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因為「人是所有事物的衡量標準」。
05:07
Man is the measure of all things.
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人是所有事物的衡量標準。
05:10
That can seem like a bracing bit
of realpolitik to people,
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這話聽來像是權力政治中的支撐點,
05:13
or liberating,
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或是一種解放,
05:14
because it allows each of us
to discover or make our own truth.
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因為這讓每個人探索
或創造屬於自己的真相。
05:20
But actually, I think it's a bit
of self-serving rationalization
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但我覺得這其實是
05:24
disguised as philosophy.
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喬裝為哲理的自我合理化。
05:27
It confuses the difficulty
of being certain
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它使確定的難度
05:30
with the impossibility of truth.
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與真理的不可能性互相混淆。
05:34
Look --
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看哪,
05:36
of course it's difficult
to be certain about anything;
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對所有事感到有把握,並不容易。
05:40
we might all be living in "The Matrix."
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我們可能活在《駭客任務》的世界裡。
05:44
You might have a brain chip in your head
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你的腦中也許植有晶片,
05:46
feeding you all the wrong information.
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將錯誤的資訊灌輸給你。
05:49
But in practice, we do agree
on all sorts of facts.
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但事實上,我們認同各式各樣的事實。
05:53
We agree that bullets can kill people.
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我們認同子彈能殺人,
05:57
We agree that you can't flap
your arms and fly.
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我們認同人類不能振翅高飛,
06:02
We agree -- or we should --
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我們認同,或是我們應該認同,
06:05
that there is an external reality
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客觀的外在現實世界的存在,
06:07
and ignoring it can get you hurt.
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若你漠視的話,可能會因此受傷。
06:11
Nonetheless, skepticism
about truth can be tempting,
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但懷疑真相其實很誘人,
06:15
because it allows us to rationalize
away our own biases.
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因為這能讓我們把偏見合理化。
06:18
When we do that, we're sort of like
the guy in the movie
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當我們這麼做,就像電影中的人物,
06:21
who knew he was living in "The Matrix"
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知道他自己活在《駭客任務》裡,
06:24
but decided he liked it there, anyway.
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卻喜歡住在那裏。
06:29
After all, getting what you
want feels good.
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畢竟,得到你想要的讓你快樂。
06:32
Being right all the time feels good.
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你總是對的,讓你自我感覺良好。
06:34
So, often it's easier for us
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所以,通常我們更容易
06:37
to wrap ourselves in our cozy
information bubbles,
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將自己包裹在舒適的資訊泡泡中,
不信任地活著,
06:42
live in bad faith,
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06:43
and take those bubbles
as the measure of reality.
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還把這些泡泡
當作所有事物的衡量標準。
06:48
An example, I think, of how
this bad faith gets into our action
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一個這種不信任
如何滲入我們行動的例子
06:54
is our reaction
to the phenomenon of fake news.
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是我們對假新聞現象的反應。
06:59
The fake news that spread on the internet
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在 2016 年美國總統大選期間,
07:02
during the American
presidential election of 2016
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散佈於網路上的假新聞,
07:07
was designed to feed into our biases,
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被設計來餵養我們的偏見,
07:10
designed to inflate our bubbles.
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膨脹我們的泡泡。
07:12
But what was really striking about it
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但真正令人訝異的,
07:14
was not just that it fooled
so many people.
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不只是假新聞愚弄了許多人,
07:17
What was really striking to me
about fake news,
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真正令我訝異的是
07:20
the phenomenon,
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假新聞的現象
07:21
is how quickly it itself became
the subject of knowledge polarization;
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快速成為知識對立的議題,
07:27
so much so, that the very term --
the very term -- "fake news"
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「假新聞」這個詞,
07:31
now just means: "news story I don't like."
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現在的意思僅是:「我討厭的新聞。」
07:35
That's an example of the bad faith
towards the truth that I'm talking about.
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這就是我所說的
「不相信真相」的例子。
07:43
But the really, I think, dangerous thing
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不過我想懷疑真相的真正危險
07:47
about skepticism with regard to truth
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07:51
is that it leads to despotism.
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是它會導致專制。
07:54
"Man is the measure of all things"
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「人是所有事物的衡量標準」,
07:57
inevitably becomes "The Man
is the measure of all things."
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無可避免地變成「『個人』
是所有事物的衡量標準」,
08:01
Just as "every man for himself"
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就像是「人人只顧自己」,
08:04
always seems to turn out to be
"only the strong survive."
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結局總是「適者生存」。
08:08
At the end of Orwell's "1984,"
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在英國作家喬治·歐威爾的
小說《一九八四》的結尾,
08:12
the thought policeman O'Brien is torturing
the protagonist Winston Smith
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思想警察歐布萊恩
虐待主角史密斯,
08:16
into believing two plus two equals five.
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讓主角相信二加二等於五。
08:20
What O'Brien says is the point,
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歐布萊恩說到重點,
08:25
is that he wants to convince Smith
that whatever the party says is the truth,
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他想說服史密斯相信,
凡是黨說的就是真相,
08:29
and the truth is whatever the party says.
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真相就是黨說了算。
08:33
And what O'Brien knows
is that once this thought is accepted,
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歐布萊恩知道,一旦接受這個思想,
08:38
critical dissent is impossible.
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思想異議者就不可能存在。
08:41
You can't speak truth to power
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如果權力詮釋甚麼是真相,
08:44
if the power speaks truth by definition.
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你就不能跟權力說,甚麼才是事實。
08:48
I said that in order to accept
that we really live in a common reality,
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為了徹底接受我們活在現實裡,
08:53
we have to do three things.
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必須做三件事情。
08:54
The first thing is to believe in truth.
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第一就是相信事實,
08:56
The second thing can be summed up
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第二,則能用一句拉丁文總結,
08:58
by the Latin phrase that Kant took
as the motto for the Enlightenment:
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康德視之為啟蒙時期的座右銘
09:03
"Sapere aude,"
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「Sapere aude」,
09:04
or "dare to know."
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或是「勇於求知」,
09:06
Or as Kant wants,
"to dare to know for yourself."
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亦或康德的說法「為自己勇於求知」。
09:10
I think in the early days of the internet,
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在網路的早期
09:12
a lot of us thought
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有許多人認為,
09:13
that information technology
was always going to make it easier
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資訊科技總能
讓我們簡易地去自己求知,
09:17
for us to know for ourselves,
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09:19
and of course in many ways, it has.
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當然從很多面相來說,確實如此。
09:21
But as the internet has become
more and more a part of our lives,
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不過,當網路愈融入人們的生活,
09:25
our reliance on it, our use of it,
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人們依賴網路、
09:27
has become often more passive.
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使用網路的方式變得更被動。
09:30
Much of what we know today we Google-know.
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現今人們所知的,大多全靠谷歌搜尋。
09:33
We download prepackaged sets of facts
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我們下載事先包裝的事實,
09:37
and sort of shuffle them along
the assembly line of social media.
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沿著社群媒體裝配線重新組裝分享。
09:41
Now, Google-knowing is useful
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谷歌搜尋有用乃是歸功於
09:42
precisely because it involves
a sort of intellectual outsourcing.
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它匯集所有外部的智能資源。
09:46
We offload our effort onto a network
of others and algorithms.
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我們把自己該下的功夫卸載到
演算法和其他人的網路上。
09:51
And that allows us, of course,
to not clutter our minds
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這當然能讓我們的腦袋,
09:54
with all sorts of facts.
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不被各類事實所淹沒。
09:56
We can just download them
when we need them.
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我們能夠只在需要時才下載資訊,
09:58
And that's awesome.
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這是很棒的事情。
10:01
But there's a difference
between downloading a set of facts
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但下載各類事實與透徹辨別這些真相
10:06
and really understanding how or why
those facts are as they are.
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兩者之間是有差別的。
10:13
Understanding why
a particular disease spreads,
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了解為何某個疾病會散播、
10:17
or how a mathematical proof works,
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如何證明某數學公式,
10:19
or why your friend is depressed,
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或你的朋友為何憂鬱,
10:21
involves more than just downloading.
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這些都遠超過單純的下載動作。
10:25
It's going to require, most likely,
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反而更需要的是,
10:27
doing some work for yourself:
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你自己也下點功夫,
10:30
having a little creative insight;
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多一點創造巧思、
10:32
using your imagination;
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運用想像力、
10:33
getting out into the field;
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起身而行、
10:34
doing the experiment;
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做點小實驗、
10:36
working through the proof;
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引經據典驗證、
10:37
talking to someone.
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與人聊聊。
10:43
Now, I'm not saying, of course,
that we should stop Google-knowing.
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當然我不是要大家停用谷歌搜尋,
10:48
I'm just saying
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我是說,
10:49
we shouldn't overvalue it, either.
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我們也不該過度倚重谷歌。
10:51
We need to find ways of encouraging
forms of knowing that are more active,
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我們需要找到方法
鼓勵更積極地形成知識,
10:56
and don't always involve passing off
our effort into our bubble.
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而不總是將該盡的心力,
塞進資訊泡泡裡,
11:02
Because the thing about Google-knowing
is that too often it ends up
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因為谷歌搜尋最後多半變成
11:05
being bubble-knowing.
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泡泡搜尋,
11:07
And bubble-knowing means
always being right.
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而泡泡搜尋代表不會出錯。
11:11
But daring to know,
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但是勇於求知、
11:13
daring to understand,
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勇於理解,
11:16
means risking the possibility
that you could be wrong.
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意味著你有搞錯的可能,
11:19
It means risking the possibility
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意味著到頭來有可能
11:22
that what you want and what's true
are different things.
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你想要的和事實真相有出入。
11:28
Which brings me to the third thing
that I think we need to do
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第三件我們必須做的事,
11:31
if we want to accept that we live
in a common reality.
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如果我們想接受,
活在普遍的現實世界的話。
11:34
That third thing is:
have a little humility.
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那就是謙卑一點,
11:38
By humility here, I mean
epistemic humility,
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我指的是知識上的謙卑。
11:40
which means, in a sense,
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也就是說,
11:43
knowing that you don't know it all.
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明白你其實不是萬事通。
11:46
But it also means something
more than that.
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但這也進一步意味著,
11:48
It means seeing your worldview
as open to improvement
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藉由佐證與他人的經驗
來看待你可改進的世界觀。
11:52
by the evidence and experience of others.
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11:54
Seeing your worldview
as open to improvement
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藉由佐證與他人的經驗
11:56
by the evidence and experience of others.
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來看待你可改進的世界觀。
這不只是打開心門、擁抱改變,
12:00
That's more than just
being open to change.
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12:02
It's more than just being open
to self-improvement.
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也不只是打開心門、自我進步,
12:04
It means seeing your knowledge
as capable of enhancing
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而是看到自己的知識,
能透過他人的貢獻,有所提升增長。
12:08
or being enriched
by what others contribute.
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12:12
That's part of what is involved
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這就是認同現實世界存在,
12:14
in recognizing there's a common reality
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必須經歷的一個過程,
12:18
that you, too, are responsible to.
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那就是,你也要負起責任。
12:21
I don't think it's much
of a stretch to say
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我不認為這樣說太超過,
12:23
that our society is not particularly great
at enhancing or encouraging
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我們的社會不擅於提升或激勵
12:28
that sort of humility.
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我剛剛提到的謙卑,
12:30
That's partly because,
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部分原因是
12:32
well, we tend to confuse
arrogance and confidence.
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我們有分不清自大與自信的傾向,
12:36
And it's partly because, well, you know,
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還有部分是
自大比自信來得容易。
12:39
arrogance is just easier.
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12:40
It's just easier to think of yourself
as knowing it all.
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2677
認為自己是萬事通,可簡單多了,
12:43
It's just easier to think of yourself
as having it all figured out.
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3697
認為自己摸懂一切,也簡單多了。
12:48
But that's another example
of the bad faith towards the truth
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但這是我剛才提到,
不相信真相的另一個例子。
12:51
that I've been talking about.
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12:55
So the concept of a common reality,
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所以現實世界的概念
12:57
like a lot of philosophical concepts,
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與很多哲學概念雷同,
13:00
can seem so obvious,
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1484
是那麼的顯眼,
13:02
that we can look right past it
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我們卻視而不見,
13:05
and forget why it's important.
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並忘掉其重要性。
13:09
Democracies can't function
if their citizens don't strive,
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若人民不努力,民主就會失能,
13:14
at least some of the time,
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至少有時候是這樣,
13:15
to inhabit a common space,
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就是如果人民不努力,
13:17
a space where they can pass
ideas back and forth
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不在共有的時空裡交流意見,
13:22
when -- and especially when --
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尤其當大家的想法不一致時。
13:23
they disagree.
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13:25
But you can't strive to inhabit that space
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但如果你還沒接受
大家活在同一現實裡,
13:29
if you don't already accept
that you live in the same reality.
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你就無法力圖守著那個現實空間。
13:35
To accept that, we've got
to believe in truth,
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想要接受就必須相信真相,
13:37
we've got to encourage
more active ways of knowing.
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我們必須鼓勵更積極的求知方法,
13:41
And we've got to have the humility
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也必須謙卑,
13:44
to realize that we're not
the measure of all things.
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才能認知,我們不是
所有事物的衡量標準。
13:49
We may yet one day realize the vision
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也許腦袋裡配備網路的想法,
13:52
of having the internet in our brains.
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會有實現的一天。
13:56
But if we want that to be liberating
and not terrifying,
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但若希望它如釋重負而非恐怖嚇人,
14:00
if we want it to expand our understanding
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希望它擴展我們的理解
14:03
and not just our passive knowing,
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而不僅是添加被動的知識,
14:06
we need to remember that our perspectives,
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我們就必須謹記
我們的觀點是如此奇妙美麗,
14:10
as wondrous, as beautiful as they are,
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14:14
are just that --
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純粹只關注於單一的現實上。
14:15
perspectives on one reality.
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14:19
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
14:20
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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